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ISSN 2222-1697 !a"er# ISSN 2222-2$%7 &nline#
'ol.() No.7) 2*1%

1*+
Prospects and Problems of RMG Industry: A study on
Bangladesh

,d. ,asud -howdhur.)
/ecturer) 0e"art1ent of Finance and 2an3ing) Jati.a 4a5i 4a6i Na6rul Isla1 7ni8ersit.)
9rishal) ,.1ensisngh-222* 1d.1asudchowdhur.:.ahoo.co1

Ra6u Ah1ed ).

Assistant !rofessor) 0e"art1ent of Accounting and Infor1ation S.ste1s)
Jati.a 4a5i 4a6i Na6rul Isla1 7ni8ersit.) 9rishal) ,.1ensingh-222*.

,asu1a ;as1in
/ecturer) School of 2usiness) -entral <o1an=s 7ni8ersit.) 1) R. 4. ,ission Road) 0ha3a-12*+.
> ?-1ail of the corres"onding author@ 1d.1asudchowdhur.:.ahoo.co1

Abstract:
9he de8elo"1ent of Aar1ents Industr. is considered as the "riorit. area in the de8elo"1ent "olic. in 1an.
countries) es"eciall. in 2angladesh. 9he .oung entre"reneurs are engaged in 8aried for1 of s1all and 1ediu1
scale gar1ents industr. which co1"rises of "roducts li3e shorts) trousers) shirts) sweaters) 5louses) s3irts) tea-
shirts) Bac3ets) s"orts attire and 1an. 1ore casual and fashion ite1s with the changing ti1es. 9his stud. is
conducted to anal.6e the "ros"ects) "ro5le1s and solution of "ro5le1s of Read.1ade Aar1ents Industr. in
2angladesh. 9he findings of this "a"er show that 2angladesh has a great o""ortunit. to earn a great foreign
currenc. through de8elo"ing read.1ade gar1ents industr.. 9he stud. also suggests so1e 1easure for the
re1o8al of ongoing crisis of gar1ent sectors.
Keywords: Read.1ade gar1ents) Cistor.) 9rend) Infrastructural de8elo"1ent.

Literature reiew:
Se8eral authors ha8e anal.6ed as"ects of the gar1ent industr. in 2angladesh. &f the 8arious as"ects of the
industr.) the "ro5le1s and the wor3ing conditions of wor3ers ha8e recei8ed the greatest attention. 9here are
se8eral studies including the 2angladesh Institute of 0e8elo"1ent Studies 2I0S# stud. 5. -howdhur. S) and
,a6u1dar !. 1991# and the 2angladesh 7nna.an !arisad 199*# stud. on this to"ic. 2oth of these studies use
acce"ted sur8e. and research 1ethodolog. to anal.6e a wealth of data on the social and econo1ic 5ac3ground)
"ro5le1s and "ros"ects of fe1ale wor3ers in the R,A sector. Ah1ad ,. loo3s at the industrial organi6ation of
the sector and discusses ro5ustness and long-ter1 8ia5ilit. of a""arel 1anufacturing in 2angladesh. <iigton
2***# "ro8ides a good o8er8iew of this industr.) es"eciall. the de8elo"1ents in the earl. .ears. &ne of the few
studies on the 2angladesh a""arel industr. to 5e "u5lished in a re"uted Bournal in the 7.S. is that of ;ung <hee
Rhee 2**+# who "resents what he calls a Dcatal.st 1odelE of de8elo"1ent. 9he 2angladesh !lanning
-o11ission under the 9rade and Industrial !olic. 9I!# "roBect also co11issioned se8eral studies on the
industr.. Cossain and 2rar 2**%# consider so1e la5or-related issues in the gar1ent industr.. Fuddus 2**6#
"resents a "rofile of the a""arel sector in 2angladesh and discusses so1e other as"ects of the industr.. Isla1 and
Fuddus 2**6# "resent an o8erall anal.sis of the industr. to e8aluate its "otential as a catal.st for the
de8elo"1ent of the rest of the 2angladesh econo1.. !aul-1aBu1der 2**7# found that de1and for wee3l.
holida. is a 1aBor reason for wor3er=s unrest during 2**6. It is o5ser8ed that the wor3ers are engaged in wor3
for all 1ost all da.s. A5din ,. J. 2**$# in his Bournal D&8erall !ro5le1s and !ros"ects of 2angladeshi Read.-
,ade Aar1ents IndustriesE focused on la5or unrest is R,A sector and "ro8ide so1e solution regarding this
"ro5le1. Sultana S. and et al 2*11# "resents results fro1 a sur8e. of D/i3el. I1"acts of Fuota !olic. on R,A
?G"ort fro1 2angladesh@ !rediction and the Realit.E which indicates that des"ite the concern and fear of
negati8e i1"act on in the after1ath of Huota re1o8al of R,A sector in 2angladesh a""ears with "ositi8e trends
along with the su5stantial increasing rate of eG"ort a1ount) the nu15er of Bo5s and industries and A0!=s growth.
In 2*1*) the sector 3ee"s around 2* "ercent A0! growth of the countr.. In another stud.) Ferdous R. 2*12#
found that the reason 5ehind the la5or unrest is the a5sence of legal and institutional arrange1ents to ensure
la5or rights in the R,A sector. ,an. of the gar1ents factories in 2angladesh are alleged not to co1"l. with the
/a5or /aw and I/& con8entions. 9he 1ain reason for la5or unrest is inadeHuate wages of the wor3ers. Isla1 ,.
S) and Ah1ad 2*1*# identified that con8e.ance) lunch 5ill and enhance1ent of casual lea8e) increase of
1onthl. 1ini1u1 wages fro1 t3. 1662 to t3. (***I low house rent and 5etter su""l. of water and gas are the
reasons for the la5or unrest in the read.-1ade gar1ent industr. of 2angladesh. In another stud.) ,irdha R. 7.
2*12# found that the ru1or) fear of Bo5 loss) Bhoot 5usiness) case with "olice stations) fear of shutdown of
factories) arrears) chec3ing at entr. "oint and identit. cards) "a. hi3e and discri1ination in grades) 5ad relation
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with wor3ers and 1id le8el 1anage1ent) "ro8ocation 5. locall. influential "eo"le and international cons"irators
and so1e NA&s) fear of "olice and role of industrial "olice) sudden order cut 5. international 5u.ers) "roduction
in "iece rate) acco11odation and higher house rent) lac3 of 1oti8ational training "rogra1) inflation etc. are also
the reasons for la5or unrest in read.-1ade industr. of 2angladesh.
!b"ecties:
o 9o identif. the future of the read.1ade gar1ents sector in 2angladesh.
o 9o identif. the i1"edi1ents faced 5. the read.1ade gar1ents sector and de8elo" so1e
o8erco1e strategies.
Methodology:
9his stud. is followed eG"lorator. research design 5ased on Huantif. and Hualitati8e research a""roach. <hereas
Hualitati8e research is an unstructured) eG"lorator. research 1ethodolog. 5ased on s1all sa1"les intended to
"ro8ide insight J understanding of the "ro5le1 setting ,alhotra and 0ash) 2*1*#. 9his research focused on
different 1ethods and least sHuare 1ethod of trend anal.sis is one of the1. 0ata reHuired for this Huantati8e and
Hualitati8e anal.sis were collected fro1 "ri1ar. sources and secondar. sources li3e) face to face inter8iew)
"roBect contract and records) 1edia re"orts and "u5lications) docu1ents and articles fro1 rele8ant agencies)
co1"anies J 2A,?A. 9his stud. 1ainl. focused on three as"ects@ firstl.) trend anal.sis and secondl.)
"ro5le1s faced 5. this sector and finall. reco11end so1e o8erco1e strategies. For trend anal.sis) three
"ara1eters such as factor.) wor3ers and eG"ort are considered. 9he "ro5le1s faced 5. this sector are gathered
through face to face inter8iew with the chief eGecuti8e 5od. and wor3ers. After eG"loring the "ro5le1 faced 5.
this eGisting gar1ents) this stud. reco11end so1e o8erco1e strategies. Further to 1a3e the stud. 1ore 5road
5ased J infor1ati8e this research conducted infor1al inter8iew with an eG"ert in this area. 9his eG"ert is the
senior consultant) "roBect de8elo"1ent) Infrastructure In8est1ent Facilitation center IIF-#. ,aterials of the
"a"er were "resented s.ste1aticall. for anal.tical "ur"ose J also to draw inference there fro1.
Rationale of the study:
9his "a"er will 5e significant for sta3eholder=s li3e- "u5lic sectors) "ri8ate sectors) "olic. 1a3ers) anal.sts etc
for gathering 3nowledge regarding read.1ade gar1ents sector in 2angladesh.
#he Bangladesh Garment Industry:
In the 19(*s) la5ors in the <estern <orld 5eca1e highl. organi6edI for1ing trade unions. 9his and other
changes "ro8ided wor3ers greater rights including higher "a.I which resulted in higher cost of "roduction.
Retailers started searching for "laces where the cost of "roduction was chea"er. 0e8elo"ing econo1ies li3e
Cong 4ong) 9aiwan and South 4orea "resented the1sel8es as good destinations for relocations 5ecause the.
had o"en econo1ic "olicies and had non-unioni6ed and highl. disci"lined la5or force that could "roduce high
Hualit. "roducts at 1uch chea"er costs. In order to control the le8el of i1"orted R,A "roducts fro1 de8elo"ing
countries into de8elo"ed countries) ,ulti Fi5er Agree1ent ,FA# was 1ade in 197%. 9he ,FA agree1ent
i1"osed an eG"ort rate 6 "ercent increase e8er. .ear fro1 a de8elo"ing countr. to a de8elo"ed countr..
It also allowed de8elo"ed countries to i1"ose Huotas on countries that eG"orted at a higher rate than the 5ilateral
agree1ents. In the face of such restrictions) "roducers started searching for countries that were outside the
u15rella of Huotas and had chea" la5or. 9his is when 2angladesh started recei8ing in8est1ent in the R,A
sector. In the earl. 19$*s) so1e 2angladeshis recei8ed free training fro1 4orean 0aewoo -o1"an.. After these
wor3ers ca1e 5ac3 to 2angladesh) 1an. of the1 5ro3e ties with the factor. the. were wor3ing for and started
their own factories. 9he hundred "ercent eG"ort-oriented R,A industr. eG"erienced "heno1enal growth during
the last 1( or so .ears. In 197$) there were onl. 9 eG"ort-oriented gar1ent 1anufacturing units) which generated
eG"ort earnings of hardl. one 1illion dollar. So1e of these units were 8er. s1all and "roduced gar1ents for
5oth do1estic and eG"ort 1ar3ets. Four such s1all and old units were Rea6 Aar1ents) !aris Aar1ents) Jewel
Aar1ents and 2aisha3hi Aar1ents. Rea6 Aar1ents) the "ioneer) was esta5lished in 196* as a s1all tailoring
outfit) na1ed Rea6 Store in 0ha3a. It ser8ed onl. do1estic 1ar3ets for a5out 1( .ears. In 197+ it changed its
na1e to ,Ks Rea6 Aar1ents /td. and eG"anded its o"erations into eG"ort 1ar3et 5. selling 1*)*** "ieces of
1enLs shirts worth French Franc 1+ 1illion to a !aris-5ased fir1 in 197$. It was the first direct eG"orter of
gar1ents fro1 2angladesh. 0esh Aar1ents /td) the first non-eHuit. Boint-8enture in the gar1ent industr. was
esta5lished in 1979. 0esh had technical and 1ar3eting colla5oration with 0aewoo -or"oration of South 4orea.
It was also the first hundred "ercent eG"ort-oriented co1"an.. It had a5out 12* o"erators including + wo1en
trained in South 4orea) and with these trained wor3ers it started its "roduction in earl. 19$*. Another South
4orean Fir1) ;oungones -or"oration for1ed the first eHuit. Boint- 8enture gar1ent factor. with a 2angladeshi
fir1) 9reGi1 /td. in 19$*. 2angladeshi "artners contri5uted (1M of the eHuit. of the new fir1) na1ed
;oungones 2angladesh. It eG"orted its first consign1ent of "added and non-"added Bac3ets to Sweden in
0ece15er 19$*.
<ithin a short "eriod) 2angladeshi entre"reneurs got fa1iliar with the world a""arel 1ar3ets and 1ar3eting.
9he. acHuired the eG"ertise of 1o5ili6ing resources to eG"ort-oriented R,A industries. Foreign 5u.ers found
2angladesh an increasingl. attracti8e sourcing "lace. 9o ta3e ad8antage of this chea" source) foreign 5u.ers
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1*(
eGtended) in 1an. cases) su""liersL credit under s"ecial arrange1ents. In so1e cases) local 5an3s "ro8ided "art
of the eHuit. ca"ital. 9he "ro5le1 of wor3ing ca"ital was greatl. sol8ed with the introduction of 5ac3-to-5ac3
letter of credit) which also facilitated i1"ort of Hualit. fa5ric) the 5asic raw 1aterial of the industr.. 9he
go8ern1ent assigned high "riorit. to the de8elo"1ent of R,A industr.. 9ill the end of 19$2) there were onl. %7
gar1ent 1anufacturing units. 9he 5rea3through occurred in 19$%-$() when the nu15er of gar1ent factories
increased to ($7. 9he nu15er of R,A factories shot u" to around 2)9** in 1999. 2angladesh is now one of the
12 largest a""arel eG"orters of the world) the siGth largest su""lier in the 7S 1ar3et and the fifth largest su""lier
of 9-shirts in the ?7 1ar3et. 9he industr. has grown during the 199*s roughl. at the rate of 22M. In the "ast)
until 19$*)Bute and Bute goods to""ed the list of 1erchandises eG"orted fro1 2angladesh and contri5uted 1ore
than (*M of the total eG"ort earnings. 2. late 19$*s) R,A eG"orts re"laced Bute and Bute goods and 5eca1e the
nu15er one in ter1s of eG"orts. 9he histor. of the Read.1ade Aar1ents Sector in 2angladesh is a fairl. recent
one. Nonetheless it is a rich and 8aried tale. 9he recent struggle to reali6e <or3ersL Rights adds an i1"ortant
e"isode to the stor.. 2elow) we "resent a detailed narration of the e8olution of the R,A sector fro1 its hu15le
origins to the "resent da..
Analysis $ %indings:
#rend analysis for factory establishment:
Research is conducted 5. using the least sHuare 1ethod in order to conduct the trend anal.sis of factor. of
read.1ade gar1ents industr.. In forecasting 1ethods) ti1e is the inde"endent 8aria5le and the 8alue of the ti1e
series is the de"endent 8aria5le. Further1ore) we often code the inde"endent 8aria5le ti1e to 1a3e the eHuation
easier to inter"ret. In other words) we let t 5e 1 for the first .ear) 2 for the second) and so on. <hen ti1e is coded)
we use the ?Gcel "rogra1 to find the slo"e) 5) and the interce"t) a) to su5stitute into the linear trend eHuation.
/IN?AR 9R?N0 ?F7A9I&N @ &'( a )bt

where@
;L read ; "ri1e) is the "roBected 8alue of the ;
8aria5le for a selected 8alue of t.
a is the ;-interce"t. It is the esti1ated 8alue of ;
when tN*. Another wa. to "ut it is@ a is the
esti1ated 8alue of ; where the line crosses the
;-aGis when t is 6ero.
5 is the slo"e of the line) or the a8erage change in
;L for each change of one unit in t.
t is an. 8alue of ti1e that is selected.
2. su5stituting the 8alue of slo"e and interce"t we get
;L N %(.1(*79O2*1.$2%6t#
#he oerall calculation shown on appendi* +,
#he no of factories - trend alues and forecasted no, of establishment are graphically presented below,

9he P aGis re"resent the fiscal .ears and the ; aGis re"resent the nu15er of factor. esta5lish1ent.
%indings:
Fro1 the gra"hical "reentation it can 5e easil. inferred that If all things else eHual than the no. of esta5lish1ent)
its trend and forcasted no. of esta5lish1ent are showing the "ositi8e trend. Fro1 ta5le-2 we 3now that o8er the
"ast twent. se8en .ears) the nu15er of gar1ent factor. has grown fro1 +$% to o8er (6**. Fro1 a""endiG 1 we
get that the forecasted no. of esta5lish1ent are ($9$) 61**) 6+*2) 6(*+) 67*() 69*7) 71*9) 7+11) 7(1+) 771%)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
n
o
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o
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g
a
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m
e
n
t
s

f
a
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t
o
r
y
Graph of present & projected no. of
garments factory
No. of Factory Trend values Forecasted value
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'ol.() No.7) 2*1%

1*6
7916) $11$ in F;2*1+-1%) F; 2*1%-1() F; 2*1(-16) F; 2*16-17) F; 2*17-1$) F; 2*1$-19) F; 2*19-2*) F;
2*2*-21) F; 2*21-22) F; 2*22-2+) F; 2*2+-2*2%) F; 2*2%-2( res"ecti8el.. 9he factor. growth rate was
+.7*M in Fiscal .ear 2*12-2*1+. It was also 1entiona5le that factor. growth rate was ne8er negati8e in "ast. 9he
1aBor ad8antage of R,A sector is its chea" la5or force which "ro8ides a co1"etiti8e ad8antage o8er its
co1"etitors. Although the Ao8t. has introduced the new "a. structure which has shown in ta5le 1) this structure
is relati8el. low in co1"arison to other countr.. 9he Net Salar. 8aries fro1 +*** to 9+** fro1 Arade7 to
Aedae1. fro1 F; 19$%-$( to F; 2*12-1+ in the countr..
#rend analysis for employment creation:
Research is conducted 5. using least sHuare 1ethod in order to conduct the trend anal.sis of e1"lo.1ent
creation of read.1ade gar1ents industr.. In forecasting 1ethods) ti1e is the inde"endent 8aria5le and the 8alue
of the ti1e series is the de"endent 8aria5le. Further1ore) we often code the inde"endent 8aria5le ti1e to 1a3e
the eHuation easier to inter"ret. In other words) we let t 5e 1 for the first .ear) 2 for the second) and so on. <hen
ti1e is coded) we use the ?Gcel "rogra1 to find the slo"e) 5) and the interce"t) a) to su5stitute into the linear
trend eHuation.
LI./AR #R/.0 /12A#I!.: &'( a )bt
where@
;L read ; "ri1e) is the "roBected 8alue of the ;
8aria5le for a selected 8alue of t.
a is the ;-interce"t. It is the esti1ated 8alue of ;
when tN*. Another wa. to "ut it is@ a is the
esti1ated 8alue of ; where the line crosses the
;-aGis when t is 6ero.
5 is the slo"e of the line) or the a8erage change in
;L for each change of one unit in t.
t is an. 8alue of ti1e that is selected.
2. using the eGcel 1ethod we get that the 8alue of interce"t and the 8alue of slo"e are -*.+2%1+ and *.1%*9(
res"ecti8el.. 2. su5stituting the 8alue of slo"e and interce"t we get trend eHuation is as follows@
;L N -*.+2%1+O*.1%*9(t#
#he oerall calculation shown on appendi* 3,

9he P aGis re"resent the fiscal .ears where ;- aGis re"resent the nu15er of wor3ers of R,A sector in 1illion.
%indings:
9he gra"hical re"resentation 1a3es it clear that in s.non.1ous of factor. esta5lish1ent) if all things else eHual
the e1"lo.1ent creation) trend 8alues and forecasted e1"lo.1ent show the "ositi8e trend. 9he sector has also
"la.ed a significant role in the creation of e1"lo.1ent o""ortunit.. Fro1 ta5le-2 In F; 19$%-$( the total
e1"lo.1ent was *.12 1illion which has increased to % 1illion in F; 2*12-1+. 9he forecasted e1"lo.1ent
creation are +.76+%2 1ill.) +.9*%+7 1ill.) %.*%(+2 1ill.) %.1$627 1ill.) %.+2722 1ill.) %.%6$17 1ill.) %.6*912
1ill.) %.7(**7 1ill.) %.$91*2 1ill.) (.*+197 1ill.) (.17292 1ill.) (.+1+$7 1ill. in F;2*1+-1%) F; 2*1%-1() F;
2*1(-16) F; 2*16-17) F; 2*17-1$) F; 2*1$-19) F; 2*19-2*) F; 2*2*-21) F; 2*21-22) F; 2*22-2+) F; 2*2+-
2*2%) F; 2*2%-2( res"ecti8el. which are shown in a""endiG 2. 9he growth rate of wor3er was 66.67M in F;
19$%-$( and shows the "ositi8e trend continuousl.. It is also 1entiona5le that 9*M of the wor3ers are fe1ale.
9his sector o"ened u" e1"lo.1ent o""ortunities for 1an. 1ore indi8iduals through direct and indirect
econo1ic acti8ities which e8entuall. hel"s the countr.=s social de8elo"1ent) wo1an e1"ower1ent and "o8ert.
alle8iation. If we loo3 at ta5le-+ then we can see that in ter1s of wages 2angladesh is the lowest wage "a.er
which is +%*.9*. 2ut in ter1s of "roducti8it. 2angladesh hold the lowest "osition which is $9*.1*. And in ter1s
of share of wages 2angladesh hold the second "osition that is +$.+M. So the authorities should focus on the
-2
0
2
4
6
W
o
r
k
e
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s

(
i
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m
i
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Graph of present & projected number of
workers
Workers Trend values Forcasted values
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'ol.() No.7) 2*1%

1*7
second and third ter1s for the effecti8eness and enrich1ent of this sector.
#rend analysis of RMG e*port:
Research is conducted 5. using least sHuare 1ethod in order to conduct the trend anal.sis of eG"ort of
read.1ade gar1ents industr.. In forecasting 1ethods) ti1e is the inde"endent 8aria5le and the 8alue of the ti1e
series is the de"endent 8aria5le. Further1ore) we often code the inde"endent 8aria5le ti1e to 1a3e the eHuation
easier to inter"ret. In other words) we let t 5e 1 for the first .ear) 2 for the second) and so on. <hen ti1e is coded)
we use the ?Gcel "rogra1 to find the slo"e) 5) and the interce"t) a) to su5stitute into the linear trend eHuation.
LI./AR #R/.0 /12A#I!.: &'( a )bt
where@
;L read ; "ri1e) is the "roBected 8alue of the ;
8aria5le for a selected 8alue of t.
a is the ;-interce"t. It is the esti1ated 8alue of ;
when tN*. Another wa. to "ut it is@ a is the
esti1ated 8alue of ; where the line crosses the
;-aGis when t is 6ero.
5 is the slo"e of the line) or the a8erage change in
;L for each change of one unit in t.
t is an. 8alue of ti1e that is selected.
2. using the eGcel 1ethod we get that the 8alue of interce"t and the 8alue of slo"e are -+6$*.%6 and 6(9.177$
res"ecti8el.. 2. su5stituting the 8alue of slo"e and interce"t we get trend eHuation is as follows@
;L N -*.+6$*.%6O6(9.177$t#
#he oerall calculation shown on appendi* 4,

9he P aGis re"resent the fiscal .ears where the ;- aGis re"resent the 8alue of eG"ort of R,A sector in 1illion.
%indings:
It can 5e o5ser8ed that the eG"ort cur8e is u"ward slo"ing which indicates that the 8alue of eG"ort is increasing
da. 5. da.. 0es"ite the concern and fear of negati8e i1"act on in the after1ath of Huota re1o8al) the whole
scenario of R,A sector in 2angladesh a""ears with "ositi8e trends. 2angladesh 1ainl. eG"orts gar1ent) 3nit
and wo8en goods including shorts) trousers) shirts) sweaters) 5louses) s3irts) tea-shirts) Bac3ets) s"orts attire and
1an. 1ore casual and fashion ite1s with the changing ti1es. Fro1 ta5le % we get that As "er the statistics of
2A,?A 2angladesh Aar1ent ,anufacturers and ?G"orters Association#) an a"eG trade 5od. of the countr.) in
F; 19$%-=$( the 8alue of eG"ort was 116.2* 1illion which is continuall. increases u" to F; 2*12-=1+. 9he
8alue of eG"ort was 21(1(.7+ 1illion in F; 2*12-=1+. 0es"ite re1o8ing "ri8ileged Huota s.ste1) the nu15er of
R,A industries rose u" o8er the "eriods Rah1an et.al.) 2**$#. R,A eG"ort of 2angladesh was +.$9M of total
eG"ort in 19$+-$% while in 2*12-1+. it was a5out $*M 9a5le-%#. After Huota re1o8al in 2**% a8erage 1ore than
16M growth were o5ser8ed fro1 2**%-*( to 2**$-*9 and during this "eriod total eG"ort growth rate were also
1ore than 1(M. 9here were negati8e growth rate in 19$(-$6) 199*-91 and 2**1-*2. In 19$(-$6 and 2**1-*2
growth rate was negati8e due to decrease in R,A eG"ort while in 199*-91 negati8e growth was due to decrease
in total eG"ort and this was "ro5a5l. due to se8ere flood in 19$$. 9hrough the techniHues of forecasting we get
that the "roBected eG"ort of R,A sector are 1(%+(.6962 1ill.) 16*9%.$7% 1ill.) 167(%.*(1$ 1ill.) 17%1+.2296
1ill.) 1$*72.%*7%1ill.) 19+9*.76+ 1ill.) 2**%9.11$6 1ill.) 2*7*9.11$6 1ill.) 21+6$.296% 1ill.) 22*27.%7%2 1ill.)
226$6.6(2 1ill. in F;2*1+-1%) F; 2*1%-1() F; 2*1(-16) F; 2*16-17) F; 2*17-1$) F; 2*1$-19) F; 2*19-2*)
F; 2*2*-21) F; 2*21-22) F; 2*22-2+) F; 2*2+-2*2%) F; 2*2%-2( res"ecti8el. which are shown in a""endiG
-5000
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
1
9
8
5
-
1
9
8
6
1
9
8
7
-
1
9
8
8
1
9
8
9
-
1
9
9
0
1
9
9
1
-
1
9
9
2
1
9
9

-
1
9
9
4
1
9
9
5
-
1
9
9
6
1
9
9
7
-
1
9
9
8
1
9
9
9
-
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
-
2
0
0
2
2
0
0

-
2
0
0
4
2
0
0
5
-
2
0
0
6
2
0
0
7
-
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
-
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
-
2
0
1
2
2
0
1

-
2
0
1
4
2
0
1
5
-
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
7
-
2
0
1
8
2
0
1
9
-
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
-
2
0
2
2
2
0
2

-
2
0
2
4
E
x
p
o
r
t

(
i
n

m
i
l
l
i
o
n
)
Graph of present and projected export of
readymade garments
!"#ort Trend values Forcasted $alues
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1*$
+ . So we can easil. conclude that this sector has a great o""ortunit. to 5urst out in future. 9he onl. things
needed are to re1o8al of all i1"edi1ents associated with this sector.
9he co1"arati8e chart of growth rate of R,A eG"ort) total eG"ort) nu15er of factories and wor3ers is gi8en
5elow. 9he calculation are shown on ta5le 2 and ta5le %.

Problems surrounding readymade garments sector:
In order to find out the !ro5le1s surrounding read.1ade gar1ents sector a co1"rehensi8e inter8iew
has 5een ta3en of 2* to" le8el 1anage1ent) 6* 1iddle le8el 1anage1ent and 2** wor3ers o8er 2* gar1ents
industr.) situated on the district of 0ha3a and Aa6i"ur. 9he Huestionnaires has "re"ared two sets. &ne is for
1anage1ent le8el and another one is for wor3ers. &n the 5asis of face to face inter8iew and Huestionnaires the
following o5stacles are found.
+, $*M of the 1anaging director of the gar1ents sector told that diesel and "ower crisis
is the core i1"ortant o5stacle for the de8elo"1ent of Read.1ade gar1ents. 9* "ercent of the generators
used in gar1ent factories is diesel run and onl. a5out fi8e "ercent is run 5. gas. So) in the face of diesel
and "ower crises) gar1ent factor. owners are 5eing forced to shi" their "roduct 5. air to 1a3e u" for
lost ti1e in a 5id to 1aintain deadlines.
2. 72M of the 1anaging director of the gar1ents sector eG"ressed that the. ha8e to
i1"orts raw 1aterials for gar1ents li3e cotton) thread color etc. 9his de"endence on raw 1aterials
ha1"ers the de8elo"1ent of gar1ents industr.. ,oreo8er) foreign su""liers often su""l. low Hualit.
1aterials) which result in low Hualit. "roducts.
+. (2M of the 1id le8el 1anager told that so1eti1es the. need to 5orrow 1one. for
shi""ing an order. 2ut the. didn=t get it fro1 the go8ern1ent and the "ri8ate 5an3 at a low interest rate.
At that ti1e the. ha8e faced "ro5le1s due to insufficienc. of loan in ti1e which often o5structs the
industr...
%. 99M of the -?& con8e.ed that freHuent general stri3es and "olitical unrest in recent
ti1es ha8e ta3en their toll on the read.1ade gar1ents sector) raising cost of "roduction.
(. (6M of the -?& con8e.ed that lead ti1e is another factor to hinder the de8elo"1ent
of gar1ents industr.. In the 19$*s) the usual lead ti1e in the gar1ent industr. was 12*-1(* da.s for the
1ain gar1ent su""lier countries of the worldI it has 5een reduced to +*-%* da.s in the current decade.
Cowe8er) in this regard the 2angladesh R,A industr. has i1"ro8ed littleI for eGa1"le) the a8erage
lead ti1e is 9*-12* da.s for wo8en gar1ent fir1s and 6*-$* da.s for 3nit gar1ent fir1s. In -hina) the
a8erage lead ti1e is %*-6* da.s and (*-6* da.s for wo8en and 3nit "roducts res"ecti8el.I in India) it is
(*-7* da.s and 6*-7* da.s for the sa1e "roducts res"ecti8el.. 2angladesh should i1"ro8e its a8erage
lead ti1e to co1"ete in the international 1ar3et.
6. $7M of the 1id le8el 1anager eG"ressed that 1ost of the illiterate 1en and wo1en
wor3ers in gar1ents are uns3illed and so their "roducts often 5eco1e lower in Hualit.. +*M wor3er
can=t 5e a5le to read and write their 1other language. +(M co1"lete their "ri1ar. education. 2(M of
the wor3er co1"lete their secondar. le8el and 1*M of the wor3er co1"lete their higher secondar. le8el.
9he. told that the. ha8e to lea8e their education due to 5ear their li8ing eG"enses and fa1il. 5urden.
,oreo8er 1*M of the gar1ents "ro8ide little training to its wor3ers. 9he other 7*M of the gar1ents
industr. don=t ha8e this facilit.. ?8en $*M of the wor3ers whose eG"erience is 1ore than ( .ears don=t
get an. sort of training. So inefficienc. 1ust 5e co11on "heno1ena for gar1ents wor3ers.
7. 67M of the su"er8isor con8e.ed that in the gar1ent industr. in 2angladesh) tas3s are
allocated largel. on the 5asis of gender. All the wor3ers in the sewing section are wo1en) while al1ost
all those in the cutting) ironing and finishing sections are 1en. <o1en wor3ers are a5sor5ed in a
8ariet. of occu"ations fro1 cutting) sewing) inserting 5uttons) 1a3ing 5utton holes) chec3ing) cleaning
the threads) ironing) folding) "ac3ing and training to su"er8ising. <o1en wor3 1ainl. as hel"ers)
1achinists and less freHuentl.) as line su"er8isors and Hualit. controllers. 9here are no fe1ale cutting
-200
0
200
1
9
8
%
1
9
8
%
1
9
8
%
1
9
8
%
1
9
8
%
1
9
9
%
1
9
9
%
1
9
9
%
1
9
9
%
1
9
9
%
1
9
9
%
1
9
9
%
1
9
9
%
1
9
9
%
1
9
9
%
2
0
0
%
2
0
0
%
2
0
0
%
2
0
0
%
2
0
0
%
2
0
0
%
2
0
0
%
2
0
0
%
2
0
0
%
2
0
0
%
2
0
1
%
2
0
1
%
2
0
1
%
omparati!e chart of growth rate(")
Factory &ro't( rate Workers &ro't( rate
)*+ &ro't( rate Total e"#ort &ro't( rate
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1*9
1asters. ,en do1inate the ad1inistrati8e and 1anage1ent le8el Bo5s. <o1en are discri1inated
against in ter1s of access to higher-"aid white collar and 1anage1ent "ositions.
$. 9(M of the wor3er told that ta3ing the ad8antages of wor3ersL "o8ert. and ignorance
the owners forced the1 to wor3 in unsafe and unhealth. wor3 "lace o8ercrowded with wor3ers 5e.ond
ca"acit. of the factor. floor and i1"ro"er 8entilation. It leads to a destruction that causes death to the
wor3ers. 9he. also 8iolate the safet. code in order gain the huge "rofit in 8iew of owners.
9. 9he go8ern1ent of 2angladesh sets 1ini1u1 wages for 8arious categories of
wor3ers that 1entioned in ta5le1. 99M of the wor3ers told that this "a. scale also relati8e 8er. low in
co1"arison to li8ing standard. A sur8e. conducted in 199$ showed that 7+M of fe1ale hel"ers) as
o""osed to 1(M of their 1ale counter"arts) did not recei8e e8en the 1ini1u1 wage. 9his result in
la5or unrest.
1*. 9he wor3ing en8iron1ent of factor. wor3er was not sound. 9he. often ha8e to
eG"osed of 0ust J fu1es) Fire) gas) fla1es) /oud noise) ?Gtre1e heat) 0angerous tools) <or3
underground) <or3 at height. +*M of the wor3ers are eG"osed of dust and fu1es) 67M are eG"osed of
fire) gas) fla1es. $*M of the wor3ers are eG"osed of loud noise. %2M are eG"osed of eGtre1e heat and
cold. $%M of the wor3ers are eG"osed of dangerous tool) 2M of the wor3ers are eG"osed of wor3
underground and wor3 at height. So without the "ro"er wor3er en8iron1ent it is a drea1 to get high
Hualit. "roduct. At the ti1e of face to face inter8iew sur8e.ors find that
Q Routes are 5loc3ed 5. storage 1aterials
Q ,achine la.out is often staggered
Q /ac3 of signage for esca"e route
Q No "ro8ision for e1ergenc. lighting
Q 0oors) o"ening along esca"e routes) are not fire resistant
Q 0oors are not self-closing and often do not o"en along the direction of esca"e
Q AdeHuate doors as well as adeHuate staircases are not "ro8ided to aid Huic3 eGit
Q Fire eGit or e1ergenc. staircase lac3s "ro"er 1aintenance
Q /ac3 of "ro"er eGit route to reach the "lace of safet.
Q !ar3ed 8ehicles) goods and ru55ish on the outside of the 5uilding o5struct eGits to the o"en
air
Q Fire in a 2angladesh factor. is li3el. to s"read Huic3l. 5ecause the "rinci"le of
co1"art1entali6ation is "racticed
11. 9he 196( factor. Act allows wo1en to wor3 deli8er. deadlinesI howe8er) wo1en are
8irtuall. co1"elled to wor3 after $ o=cloc3. So1eti1es the. wor3 until + o=cloc3 in the 1orning and
re"ort 5ac3 to start wor3 again fi8e hours later ar $ o=cloc3. 9he. are as3ed to wor3 whole 1onths at a
ti1e the Factor. Act) which sti"ulates that no e1"lo.ee should wor3 1ore than ten da.s consecuti8el.
without a 5rea3.

Recommendation:
+, Ao8ern1ent also ha8e so1e res"onsi5ilit. to i1"ro8e the situation 5. "ro8iding-
"ro"er "olic. to "rotect the gar1ents industries) sol8e the license "ro5le1) Huic3l. loading facilit. in
the "ort) "ro8iding "ro"er en8iron1ent for the wor3) 3ee" the industr. free fro1 all 3ind of "olitical
"ro5le1 and the 5iasness. -redit 1ust 5e "ro8ided when the industr. fall in need.
3, Solar ?nerg. can 5e a great source for sol8ing "ower crisis in 2angladesh.
2angladesh is situated 5etween 2*.+* and 26.+$ degrees north latitude and $$.*% and 92.%% degrees east
which is an ideal location for solar energ. utili6ation.
4, 9he go8ern1ent should focus on "roduction and "rocure1ent of high Hualit. raw
1aterials within the countr.. For this endea8or Ao8ern1ent should use !u5lic !ri8ate !artnershi". 9his
will in turn gi8es the nation an a1"le o""ortunit. to add a significant a1ount with the national inco1e.
5, 2angladesh la5or "roducti8it. is 3nown to 5e lower when it co1"ared with of Sri
/an3a) South 4orea and Cong 4ong. 2angladesh 1ust loo3 for wa.s to i1"ro8e the "roducti8it. of its
la5or force if it wants to co1"ete regionall. if not glo5all.. 2ecause of chea" la5or if our countr.
1a3es the la5or "roducti8it. in the a"eG "osition) then we thin3 the future of this sector is highl.
o"ti1istic. 24,?A has alread. introduced educational "rogra1 on fashion designing. 9he 8arious
"ri8ate uni8ersit. and training institution has alread. introduced 8arious "rogra1 regarding this issue.
6, 9he eGistence of sound infrastructural facilities is a "rereHuisite for econo1ic
de8elo"1ent. 9he "olic.1a3ers should not onl. focus on creating the law 5ut also focus on
i1"le1entation of the law. 9he go8t. should focus on se"arate route for the eG"ort and i1"ort acti8ities.
It 1a. 5e high wa.) 1etro line) 1ore cargo shi" etc. 9he de8elo"1ent of infrastructure will a8oid the
"ro5le1 of safet.) uns3illed wor3er) lead ti1e) trans"ortation "ro5le1 and so on.
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11*
7, 9he 1ain causes of la5or unrest include lac3 of 1ini1u1 facilit. and safet. at wor3)
su5-standard li8ing conditions) deferred "a.1ent of wages and 5enefits) international cons"irac. and
coerci8e role of the law enforcing agenc.) too 1uch de"endenc. on 5u.ers) "ressures fro1 the wor3ers
and local terrorists) use of wor3ers 5. others and ru1ors) un-fulfill1ent of education de1ands of their
children) distorted 1inded wor3ers) "olitical insta5ilit. of the countr.) too 1uch wor3load) lac3 of
"ro1otion o""ortunit.) insufficient wages to sur8i8e etc. If the "olic. 1a3ers of 2angladesh consider
these causes and 1a3e "olicies to o8erco1e the "ro5le1s the la5or unrest in gar1ent sector 1a. 5e
1ini1i6ed.
8, 9he 1ain two "olitical "arties should not ta3e an. har1ful and destructi8e ste"s
which will causes a great lose to the general interest of "eo"le such as stri3e. 9he.
should ta3e action 5e.ond the 2usiness sector.
9, Ao8ern1ent 5od. 1ust ensure that the gar1ents sector full. co1"l. with the factor.
act 196( in order to construct a gar1ents factor.. 9he wor3ers right and "ri8ileges 1ust also 5e ensured.
9he wor3ing en8iron1ent should 5e fa8ora5le to wor3. 9he following ste"s should 5e ta3en to i1"ro8e
the en8iron1ent.
Q2uilding should 5e constructed with fire resisting 1aterials
Q AdeHuate eGits and "ro"er esca"e routes should 5e designed
Q !rotection against fire and s1o3e should 5e ensured
Q ?lectrical wiring 1ust 5e "ro"erl. designed) installed and 1aintained
Q ?sca"e routes should 5e lighted at all ti1es) 3e"t clear) 5e indicated 5. signs
Q Regular fire drills should 5e held
Q 0oors should 5e "rotected and should o"en along the direction of esca"e
Q 0oors should not o"en on the ste"s and sufficient s"ace should 5e "ro8ided.
Q S1o3eKFire alar1 s.ste1s 1ust 5e installed
Q AdeHuate nu15er of eGtinguishers should 5e "ro8ided
Q !rior relationshi" with local Fire ser8ice.

:onclusion
9he Read.-,ade Aar1ents R,A# industr. occu"ies a uniHue "osition in the 2angladesh econo1.. It is the
largest eG"orting industr. in 2angladesh) which eG"erienced "heno1enal growth during the last 2( .ears. 2.
ta3ing ad8antage of ,ulti Fi5er Agree1ent ,FA# of AA99) the industr. "la.s a 3e. role in e1"lo.1ent
generation and in the "ro8ision of inco1e to the "oor. 9o re1ain successful) 2angladesh needs to re1o8e all the
structural o5stacles in the trans"ortation facilities) teleco11unication networ3) and "ower su""l.) 1anage1ent
of sea"ort) utilit. ser8ices and in the law and order situation. 9he go8ern1ent and the R,A sector would ha8e to
Bointl. wor3 together to 1aintain co1"etiti8eness in the glo5al R,A 1ar3et. Ai8en the re1ar3a5le
entre"reneurial initiati8es and the dedication of its wor3force) 2angladesh can loo3 forward to ad8ancing its
share of the glo5al R,A 1ar3et.

References:
Sultana S. and et al 2*11) D/i3el. I1"acts of Fuota !olic. on R,A ?G"ort fro1 2angladesh@ !rediction and
the Realit..E
A6i1) ,. 9ahlil) and Nasir 7ddin) 2**+) D-hallenges for Aar1ents Sector in 2angladesh After 2**%@ A8enues
for Sur8i8al and ArowthE 2angladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies Journal) 'ol. 2%) No. 1)
!age %9-$2.
2hattachar.a) 0) ,. Rah1an and A. Raihan) 2**2) D-ontri5ution of the R,A Sector to the 2angladesh
?cono1.E) -!0 &ccasional !a"er Series) !a"er (*.
Isla1) SadeHul) 2**1) 9he 9eGtile and -lothing Industr. of 2angladesh in a -hanging <orld ?cono1.) -!0
and 9he 7ni8ersit. !ress /td.
Jahan) Sarwat) 2**() D9he ?nd of ,ulti-Fi5er Arrange1ent@ -hallenges and &""ortunities for 2angladeshE)
<2I !olic. Note.
2hattachar.a) 0.) J ,. Rah1an. 1999#. Fe1ale ?1"lo.1ent 7nder ?G"ort-!ro"elled Industriali6ation@
SiddiHi) C. A. A. 2**%#. 9he Read.1ade Aar1ent Industr. of 2angladesh. 9he 7ni8ersit. !ress /i1ited)
0ha3a.
Rafour) A5u. 2**9#. !ro5le1s and !ros"ects of Aar1ents Industries in 2angladesh. S&nlineT A8aila5le@
2A,?A data5ase. S&nlineT A8aila5le

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111
#able +: :urrent minimum wage ;tructure <effectie since + .oember 3=+=>
Arading ,ain
!osts#
2asic
Couse
rent
,edical
Allowance
Net Salar.
Arade 1@ !attern
,aster)-hief
Fualit.
-ontroller
6(** 26** 2** 9+**
Arade 2@ ,echanic)
?lectrician) -utting ,aster
(*** 2*** 2** 72**
Arade +@ Sa1"le
,achinist)
Senior ,achine
&"erator
2$7* 11%$ 2** %21$
Arade %@ Sewing
,achine
&"erator) Fualit.
Ins"ector) -utter)
!ac3er) /ine
/eade
261( 1*%6 2** +$61
Arade (@ Junior
,achine
&"erator) Junior
-utter) Junior
,ar3er
2+9( 9($ 2** +((+
Arade 6@ &"erator of
Aeneral SewingK 2utton
,achine
22+* $92 2** ++22
Arade 7@ Assistant Sewing
,achine &"erator) Assistant
0r. washing 1an) /ine
Iron ,an
2*** $** 2** +***
9rainee 2(**
Source@ 4A ,oa66e1 and Saifa Ra6 -!0# 2*1+@ Re8ision of the ,ini1u1 <age in the R,A
Sector in 2*1+

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'ol.() No.7) 2*1%

112
#able 3: M/MB/R;?IP A.0 /MPL!&M/.#
&/AR
.2MB/R !%
GARM/.#
%A:#!RI/;
%actory Growth
rate
/MPL!&M/.#
I. MILLI!.
@!RK/R;
@orAers
Growth
Rate
19$%-$( +$% - *.12 -
19$(-$6 (9% (%.69 *.2* 66.67
19$6-$7 629 (.$9 *.2$ %*.**
19$7-$$ 6$( $.9* *.+1 1*.71
19$$-$9 72( (.$% *.+2 +.2+
19$9-9* 7(9 %.69 *.+% 6.2(
199*-91 $+% 9.$$ *.%* 17.6(
1991-92 116+ +9.%( *.($ %(.**
1992-9+ 1(+7 +2.16 *.$* +7.9+
199+-9% 1$+9 19.6( *.$+ +.7(
199%-9( 21$2 1$.6( 1.2* %%.($
199(-96 2+(+ 7.$% 1.29 7.(*
1996-97 2(*+ 6.+7 1.+* *.7$
1997-9$ 2726 $.91 1.(* 1(.+$
199$-99 296+ $.69 1.(* *.**
1999-** +2** $.** 1.6* 6.67
2***-*1 +%$* $.7( 1.$* 12.(*
2**1-*2 +61$ +.97 1.$* *.**
2**2-*+ +76* +.92 2.** 11.11
2**+-*% +9(7 (.2% 2.** *.**
2**%-*( %1*7 +.79 2.** *.**
2**(-*6 %22* 2.7( 2.2* 1*.**
2**6-*7 %%9* 6.%* 2.%* 9.*9
2**7-*$ %7%+ (.6+ 2.$* 16.67
2**$-*9 %92( 1.7+ +.(* 1*.71
2**9-1* (*6+ 2.$* +.6* 2.$6
2*1*-11 (1(* 1.72 +.6* *.**
2*11-12 (%** %.$( %.** 11.11
2*12-1+ (6** +.7* %.** *.**
;ource : BGM/A,
#able 4: Labor productiity
-ountries <ages !roducti8it. Share of <ages
M#
!a3istan 1((+.( +2+6.1 %$.*
Srilan3a 6(+.1 1$76.1 +%.$
India 627.( +1%6.1 19.9
2angladesh +%*.9 $9*.1 +$.+
Ne"al - - -
Source@ Isla1) 2**1
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'ol.() No.7) 2*1%

11+
#able 5: RMG e*port $ total e*port
&/AR
/BP!R#
!% RMG
<I.
MILLI!.
2;C>
RMG
/*port<D>
#!#AL
/BP!R# !%
BA.GLA0/;?
<I. MILLI!.
2;C>
#otal
/*port<D>
D !%
RMG'; #!
#!#AL
/BP!R#
19$+-$% +1.(7 - $11.** - +.$9
19$%-$( 116.2 - 9+%.%+ - 12.%%
19$(-$6 1+1.%$ 1+.1( $19.21 -12.++ 16.*(
19$6-$7 29$.67 127.16 1*76.61 +1.%2 27.7%
19$7-$$ %++.92 %(.2$ 12+1.2 1%.+6 +(.2%
19$$-$9 %71.*9 $.(7 1291.(6 %.9* +6.%7
19$9-9* 62%.16 +2.%9 192+.7* %$.9% +2.%(
199*-91 $66.$2 +$.$$ 1717.(( -1*.72 (*.%7
1991-92 11$2.(7 +6.%+ 199+.9* 16.*9 (9.+1
1992-9+ 1%%(.*2 22.19 2+$2.$9 19.(1 6*.6%
199+-9% 1(((.79 7.67 2(++.9* 6.+% 61.%*
199%-9( 222$.+( %+.2+ +%72.(6 +7.*% 6%.17
199(-96 2(%7.1+ 1%.+1 +$$2.%2 11.$* 6(.61
1996-97 +**1.2( 17.$+ %%1$.2$ 1+.$* 67.9+
1997-9$ +7$1.9% 26.*1 (161.2* 16.$1 7+.2$
199$-99 %*19.9$ 6.29 (+12.$6 2.9% 7(.67
1999-** %+%9.%1 $.19 (7(2.2* $.27 7(.61
2***-*1 %$(9.$+ 11.7% 6%67.+* 12.%+ 7(.1%
2**1-*2 %($+.7( -(.6$ (9$6.*9 -7.%% 76.(7
2**2-*+ %912.*9 7.16 6(%$.%% 9.+9 7(.*1
2**+-*% (6$6.*9 1(.76 76*2.99 16.1* 7%.79
2**%-*( 6%17.67 12.$7 $6(%.(2 1+.$+ 7%.1(
2**(-*6 79**.$* 2+.11 1*(26.16 21.6+ 7(.*6
2**6-*7 9211.2+ 16.(9 12177.$6 1(.69 7(.6%
2**7-*$ 1*699.$* 16.16 1%11*.$* 1(.$7 7(.$+
2**$-*9 12+%7.77 1(.%* 1((6(.19 1*.+1 79.++
2**9-1* 12%96.72 1.21 162*%.6( %.11 77.12
2*1*-11 1791%.%6 %+.+( 2292%.+$ %1.%7 7$.1(
2*11-12 19*$9.69 6.(6 2%2$7.66 (.9( 7$.6*
2*12-1+ 21(1(.7+ 12.71 27*1$.26 11.2% 79.6+
;ource : BGM/A,
Research Journal of Finance and Accounting www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1697 !a"er# ISSN 2222-2$%7 &nline#
'ol.() No.7) 2*1%

11%
Appendi* +: :alculation of trend of number of garment factories
&ear :oded
Ealues
.2MB/R !%
GARM/.#
%A:#!RI/;
#rend
alues
%orecasted
alues of no, of
garments
factory
19$%-$( * +$% - -
19$(-$6 1 (9% 2%6.97(+9 -
19$6-$7 2 629 %%$.79999 -
19$7-$$ + 6$( 6(*.62%(9 -
19$$-$9 % 72( $(2.%%919 -
19$9-9* ( 7(9 1*(%.27+79 -
199*-91 6 $+% 12(6.*9$+9 -
1991-92 7 116+ 1%(7.92299 -
1992-9+ $ 1(+7 16(9.7%7(9 -
199+-9% 9 1$+9 1$61.(7219 -
199%-9( 1* 21$2 2*6+.+9679 -
199(-96 11 2+(+ 226(.221+9 -
1996-97 12 2(*+ 2%67.*%(99 -
1997-9$ 1+ 2726 266$.$7*(9 -
199$-99 1% 296+ 2$7*.69(19 -
1999-** 1( +2** +*72.(1979 -
2***-*1 16 +%$* +27%.+%%+9 -
2**1-*2 17 +61$ +%76.16$99 -
2**2-*+ 1$ +76* +677.99+(9 -
2**+-*% 19 +9(7 +$79.$1$19 -
2**%-*( 2* %1*7 %*$1.6%279 -
2**(-*6 21 %22* %2$+.%67+9 -
2**6-*7 22 %%9* %%$(.29199 -
2**7-*$ 2+ %7%+ %6$7.116(9 -
2**$-*9 2% %92( %$$$.9%119 -
2**9-1* 2( (*6+ (*9*.76(79 -
2*1*-11 26 (1(* (292.(9*+9 -
2*11-12 27 (%** (%9%.%1%99 -
2*12-1+ 2$ (6** (696.2+9(9 -
2*1+-1% 29 ($9$.*6%19
2*1%-1( +* 6*99.$$$79
2*1(-16 +1 6+*1.71++9
2*16-17 +2 6(*+.(+799
2*17-1$ ++ 67*(.+62(9
2*1$-19 +% 69*7.1$719
2*19-2* +( 71*9.*1179
2*2*-21 +6 7+1*.$+6+9
2*21-22 +7 7(12.66*99
2*22-2+ +$ 771%.%$((9
2*2+-2% +9 7916.+1*19
2*2%-2( %* $11$.1+%79
Interce"t@ %(.1(*79
Slo"e@ 2*1.$2%6

Research Journal of Finance and Accounting www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1697 !a"er# ISSN 2222-2$%7 &nline#
'ol.() No.7) 2*1%

11(
Appendi* 3: :alculation of trend of employment opportunity garment factories
&ear :oded
Ealues
/MPL!&M/.#
I. MILLI!.
@!RK/R;
#rend
alues
%orecasted
/mployment
<million>
19$%-$( * *.12
19$(-$6 1 *.2 -*.1$+1$
19$6-$7 2 *.2$ -*.*%22+
19$7-$$ + *.+1 *.*9$72
19$$-$9 % *.+2 *.2+967
19$9-9* ( *.+% *.+$*62
199*-91 6 *.% *.(21(7
1991-92 7 *.($ *.662(2
1992-9+ $ *.$ *.$*+%7
199+-9% 9 *.$+ *.9%%%2
199%-9( 1* 1.2 1.*$(+7
199(-96 11 1.29 1.226+2
1996-97 12 1.+ 1.+6727
1997-9$ 1+ 1.( 1.(*$22
199$-99 1% 1.( 1.6%917
1999-** 1( 1.6 1.79*12
2***-*1 16 1.$ 1.9+1*7
2**1-*2 17 1.$ 2.*72*2
2**2-*+ 1$ 2 2.21297
2**+-*% 19 2 2.+(+92
2**%-*( 2* 2 2.%9%$7
2**(-*6 21 2.2 2.6+($2
2**6-*7 22 2.% 2.77677
2**7-*$ 2+ 2.$ 2.91772
2**$-*9 2% +.( +.*($67
2**9-1* 2( +.6 +.19962
2*1*-11 26 +.6 +.+%*(7
2*11-12 27 % +.%$1(2
2*12-1+ 2$ % +.622%7
2*1+-1% 29 *.2 +.76+%2
2*1%-1( +* *.2$ +.9*%+7
2*1(-16 +1 *.+1 %.*%(+2
2*16-17 +2 *.+2 %.1$627
2*17-1$ ++ *.+% %.+2722
2*1$-19 +% *.% %.%6$17
2*19-2* +( *.($ %.6*912
2*2*-21 +6 *.$ %.7(**7
2*21-22 +7 *.$+ %.$91*2
2*22-2+ +$ 1.2 (.*+197
2*2+-2% +9 1.29 (.17292
2*2%-2( %* 1.+ (.+1+$7
Interce"t@ -*.+2%1+
Slo"e@ *.1%*9(

Research Journal of Finance and Accounting www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1697 !a"er# ISSN 2222-2$%7 &nline#
'ol.() No.7) 2*1%

116
Appendi* 4: :alculation of trend of e*port of Readymade garment factories
&ear :oded
Ealues
/*port
< MILLI!.>
#rend
alues
%orecasted
/*port
<million>
19$%-$( * 116.2
19$(-$6 1 1+1.%$ -+*21.2$22
19$6-$7 2 29$.67 -2+62.1*%%
19$7-$$ + %++.92 -17*2.9266
19$$-$9 % %71.*9 -1*%+.7%$$
19$9-9* ( 62%.16 -+$%.(71
199*-91 6 $66.$2 27%.6*6$
1991-92 7 11$2.(7 9++.7$%6
1992-9+ $ 1%%(.*2 1(92.962%
199+-9% 9 1(((.79 22(2.1%*2
199%-9( 1* 222$.+( 2911.+1$
199(-96 11 2(%7.1+ +(7*.%9($
1996-97 12 +**1.2( %229.67+6
1997-9$ 1+ +7$1.9% %$$$.$(1%
199$-99 1% %*19.9$ ((%$.*292
1999-** 1( %+%9.%1 62*7.2*7
2***-*1 16 %$(9.$+ 6$66.+$%$
2**1-*2 17 %($+.7( 7(2(.(626
2**2-*+ 1$ %912.*9 $1$%.7%*%
2**+-*% 19 (6$6.*9 $$%+.91$2
2**%-*( 2* 6%17.67 9(*+.*96
2**(-*6 21 79**.$ 1*162.27+$
2**6-*7 22 9211.2+ 1*$21.%(16
2**7-*$ 2+ 1*699.$ 11%$*.629%
2**$-*9 2% 12+%7.77 121+9.$*72
2**9-1* 2( 12%96.72 1279$.9$(
2*1*-11 26 1791%.%6 1+%($.162$
2*11-12 27 19*$9.69 1%117.+%*6
2*12-1+ 2$ 21(1(.7+ 1%776.(1$%
2*1+-1% 29 1(%+(.6962
2*1%-1( +* 16*9%.$7%
2*1(-16 +1 167(%.*(1$
2*16-17 +2 17%1+.2296
2*17-1$ ++ 1$*72.%*7%
2*1$-19 +% 1$7+1.($(2
2*19-2* +( 19+9*.76+
2*2*-21 +6 2**%9.9%*$
2*21-22 +7 2*7*9.11$6
2*22-2+ +$ 21+6$.296%
2*2+-2% +9 22*27.%7%2
2*2%-2( %* 226$6.6(2
Interce"t@ -*.+6$*.%6
Slo"e@ 6(9.177$

Research Journal of Finance and Accounting www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1697 !a"er# ISSN 2222-2$%7 &nline#
'ol.() No.7) 2*1%

117

1uestionnaire for :hief /*ecutie !fficerFManaging 0irectorF2nit ?ead
1 Na1e J address of the Factor.
2 Na1e of the ,0K-?&K7nit Cead
+ Cow long .our co1"an. 5een in 5usinessU
% Is .our 5usiness registeredU


<hat t."e of licenseU
a#;es
5#No

a#!u5lic /td
5#!ri8ate /td
c#!artnershi"
d#!ro"rietorshi"
( 9otal nu15er of wor3ers engaged In .our factor.

,ale @
Fe1ale@
6 <hat are the "ro5le1s that .ou face at the ti1e of running .our
gar1ents factor.U
a# 0iesel J "ower crisis
5# Raw 1aterials
c# Insufficient of loan
d# Inefficienc. of
wor3ers
e# /a5or unrest
f# !olitical crisis
g# /ead ti1e
h# <age
i# &ther
7 0o .ou "ro8ide ?ducation J on-the-Bo5 training facilities to the
wor3ers

a#;es
5#No
c#Not a""lica5le
#hanAs for your cooperation

Research Journal of Finance and Accounting www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1697 !a"er# ISSN 2222-2$%7 &nline#
'ol.() No.7) 2*1%

11$

1uestionnaire for worAers
Factor. Na1e
<or3er na1e
Address
1 -an .ou read 1other tongueKan. languageU

a#;es

5#No
2 -an .ou write 1other tongueKan. languageU

a#;es
5#No
+ Ca8e .ou e8er attended schoolU

a#;es
5#No
% Are .ou attending an. school
"resentl.U
a#;es
5#No
( If .es) what is the le8el of school .ou are attendingU

a#!ri1ar.
5#Secondar.
c#Cigh School
d#-ollegeK7ni8ersit.
6 If no) what is the 1ain reason for lea8ing the schoolU

a#No schoolKSchool too far
5#-annot afford
c#Fa1il. did not allow
d#Not InterestedK!oor in studies
e#?ducation considered not
f#i1"ortant
g#9o learn a Bo5
h#9o wor3 for "a.
i#9o contri5ute in fa1il. 5usiness
B#9o hel" at ho1e in household
3#acti8ities
l#0isa5led
7 9otal .ears of wor3ing

a#*-+ .ears
5#+-( .ears
c#A5o8e ( .ears
$ Are .ou aware of the s3ills reHuired in .our Bo5U a#;es
5#No
9 0o .ou recei8e an. sorts of training a#;es
5#No
1* Are .ou satisfied with .our wage a#;es
5#No
11 Are .ou eG"osed to an. of the following at wor3U

a#0ust J fu1es
5#Fire) gas) fla1es
c#/oud noise) 8i5ration
d#?Gtre1e cold or heat
e#0angerous tools
f#<or3 underground
g#<or3 at height
h#Insufficient 8entilation
i#-he1icals"esticides) glues#
l# ?G"losi8e
#hanAs for your cooperation

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