Chapter 5

CHEMICALS
FOR
CONSUMERS

1. Define the soap

2. Define the detergent
3. Explain how the soap reacted in a
cleaning process?
4. Define the hard water
5. Explain why detergent more effective
than soap when cleaning using the
hard water?

1. Define food additive

2. What information we can get from
the food covers
3. List the types of food additive and
then gives one example for each type
of food additive respectively

Soap and Detergent

Food Additive

1. What is medicine?
2. State the difference between modern
medical and traditional medical
3. State four type of modern medicine.
Give functions.
4. List 2 example of medicine for each
type of the medicine respectively.
5. Gives three example of traditional
medicine and their usage.

Medicine

A. SOAP AND DETERGENT

1. Definition
(i)

Soap

: A sodium or potassium salt of long-chain .

General formula of soap:

or

(ii)

Detergent

: A sodium or potassium salt of acids or .. acid.

General formula of detergent:

Sodium alkyl sulphate

Sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate

2. Soap preparation process

Soap is prepared by hydrolyzing fats or oils under alkaline condition. This reaction is called .
The process involves boiling fats or oils with .. or .to
produce .. and the salts of fatty acids which are the ..
Write down the general equation for this reaction:

+ 3NaOH

PREPARATION A SOAP IN LAB

Describe how soap can be prepared in laboratory

3. Detergent preparation process

During the preparation of detergent, a long-chain hydrocarbon obtained from .is
converted into an organic acid through a series of steps.
The organic acid is then neutralized with ..solution to produce a detergent.
4. Draw the general formulae for two common detergent

A sodium alkyl sulphate

A sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate

5. Structure of Soap and Detergent

The molecular structure of soap/detergent can be divided into two parts:
a. . part Soluble in water but insoluble in oil
b. ... part Insoluble in water but soluble in oil

6. Using suitable diagram describe the cleaning action of soap and detergent

7. Comparison of Cleaning Action of Soaps and Detergents.

Washing Agents

Soaps

Effectives
Q: Detergent is more effective than soap in hard water. Explain why.

Formation of scum
Source
Formation of compounds
Effect on the environment

Detergents

8. Complete the table below.

Additive in detergent
Biological enzyme

Examples

Function

Amylase, proteases, cellulose

and lipases

To remove protein stain such as blood

Builder

Filler

Sodium sulphate, sodium

silicate

Foam control agent

To control foaming in detergent

Fragrance

Optical whitener

Suspension agent

Carboxymethylcellulose

Whitening agent

B. FOOD ADDITIVE
1. Food additives
Complete the table below:
Food additives

Function

Examples

Antioxidant

To prevent oxidation of food

Flavourings

To improve or restore taste of

food

Food dyes

Ascorbic acid, BHA, BHT,

tocopheral, sodium citrate

Tatrazine, brilliant blue FCF

Preservatives

Stabilizers

To prevent an emulsion from

separating out

Thickeners

2. Preservatives
Complete the table below:
Preservative
Salt

Example

How it works

Salted fish

Sugar

Vinegar
Sodium nitrate or sodium
nitrate

Burger, sausage,
launcheon meat

Benzoic acid or sodium

benzoate

Slow down the growth of microorganism

Sulphur dioxide

3. Antioxidant
Complete the table below:
Antioxidant

Example

Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)

Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)

Margarine

Function
To retard rancidity in oils

Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)

Alpha tocopheral (Vitamin E)

Sodium citrate

4. Flavourings
Complete the table:
Food additives
Monosodium glutamate
(MSG)

Function

Examples

To bring out the flavor in many

food

Diet drink, low-calories frozen

desserts and some soft drinks

Aspartame

Synthetic essences

To produce artificial flavor which

resemble natural flavours

5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using food additives?

Advantages

Disadvantages

Make food stay fresh longer, look nicer and taste

better

C. MEDICINE
1. Traditional medicines are derived from plants and animals. Complete the table below:
Medicinal plant

Function

Aloe vera (lidah buaya)

To treat skin wound

Andrographis paniculata (hempedu

bumi)
Eurycoma longifolia (tongkat ali)

Centella asiata (pegaga)

Ocimum basilicum (selasih)

Orthosiphon aristatus (misai kucing)

2. Give three examples of animals that are claim to have medicinal properties.
(i)

(ii)

(iii)

3. Modern medicine are made by .in laboratories and are based on substances found in
.

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4. Types of modern medicine. Complete the diagram below:

TYPES OF MODERN
MEDICINES

Psychotherapeutic
medicine

Function:

Function:

Common analgesics:

Function:

Function:

Function:

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5. Complete the table below:

Type of medicine / example of medicine

Side effect

Traditional medicine

Analgesic

Antibiotic

Antidepressant

Stimulant

Usually high doses or excessive use of stimulants

over long periods of time can lead to anxiety,
hallucinations, severe depression or physical and
psychological dependence

Antipsychotic

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