International Journal of Zoology

and Research (IJZR)

ISSN(P): 2278-8816; ISSN(E): 2278-8824
Vol. 4, Issue 4, Aug 2014, 1-10
TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) AGAINST TUTA ABSOLUTA

(MAYERICK, 1917) ON TOMATO FIELD
SIHEM ZIRI & F. MOUHOUCHE
Department of Zoologie, National High School of Agronomy El-Harrach, Algeria

ABSTRACT
In Algeria, the cultivation of tomato glasshouse and field takes damage following the introduction of a new pest
Tuta absoluta. A test been executed to contribute to the development of an integrated by the combination of the use of
pheromone traps and chemical control. The latter focused on the study of the effectiveness of four formulations of
insecticides against this pest on tomato season crop in open field in the region of Staoueli. The results show that despite the
favorable development of Tuta absoluta (temperature ranging from 17.2 to 28.4 C and ranging between 51.1 and
67.7% humidity) climatic conditions that Voliam flexi 300 SC Chlorantraniliprole composed by the association and
Thiamethoxam which records the lowest infection rate with 13.88% of the season crop is three times less than the control.
Regarding the study of the associated fauna, 329 species divided into 5 classes, 14 orders and 34 families on the tomato
crop fauna are listed among these species have been identified taxa that can be any potential pests Tuta absoluta

KEYWORDS: Tuta absoluta, IPM, Tomato, Pheromone Traps, Mass Trapping, Insecticide
INTRODUCTION
The tomato is one of the most common worldwide cultures. It is the subject of important crops for sale fresh, supply
for canning, juicing, and concentrated extracts, etc. As this is a relatively short culture cycle which gives a high yield, it has
good economic prospects and acreage is growing day by day. Indeed, it is the first vegetable worldwide, with a production
volume of more than 120 million tons and an area larger cultivated 4,000,000 hectares (BLANCARD, 2010). The tomato
industry is in full expansion in Algeria, thanks to the many programs implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture and
Rural development, new production techniques are introduced in recent years to more than yield to hectare, in addition to
the organization of this sector to better manage the concerns of farmers. The production is valued to 7.6 million of quintals,
either an increase of 2.4 million of quintals (+48%) compared to targets in performance agreements for 2010, which is
5.1 million quintals for industrial tomato (MA, 2010). To allow better development of this sector the Ministry of
Agriculture has made the establishment of a standby plant to prevent attacks of parasites that cause bacterial and viral pests
and diseases especially Tuta absoluta (AMARNI, 2010). The latter is a serious pest of the Solanaceae family. This miner is
responsible for extensive damage on tomato and causes considerable losses to the economic value of fruit by reducing
significantly the profitability of the crop. Given his new introduction in the Mediterranean region, particularly in Algeria in
2008, Tuta absoluta is a pest poorly known by agronomists and farmers in these regions. However, the work done is
particularly interested in biology and IPM against the miner and to minimize the damage on tomato crops. A review of
current knowledge and general biology of Tuta absoluta and the tomato is acquired, for a better understanding; the
objective of this study contributes to implement a strategy for integrated control of full field tomato.

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MATERIALS AND METHODS

This work helps to evidence an integrated control strategy based on the use of insecticides and installation of
pheromone traps. In this study we were able to detect the presence of potential enemies Tuta absoluta. The test was to
highlight the efficacy of four insecticide formulations against Tuta absoluta on tomato crop season of 2010 for their
approval in Algeria. The follow-up of the sanitary state of the culture required surveillance and an observation of the
tomato plantations since the stage nursery, what has us permits the setting up of a suitable struggle strategy, this
surveillance had taken place during the whole culture. It is very important to detect the first symptoms in the plantations.
The establishment of pheromone traps was done since transplanting culture. We used the seed of industrial tomato
provided by the horticultural station ENSA El Harrach in which we conducted the nursery, it was a determinate tomato up
to 1 m long and bushy dense foliage. Insecticide treatments are performed on a population of Tuta absoluta naturally
present in the experimental plot tomato. The monitoring and observations are made on all states of the pest with the
exception of the stage nymphal. Insecticides used are presented tabular form indicating the active ingredient and the dose
used (Table 1).
Table1: The Insecticides Used in Tomato Season in 2010 against Tuta absoluta
Chemical Family
Neonicotinoids
Spinosyns
Pyrthrinods &
Neonicotinoids
Avermectines &
Neonicotinoids

Active Matter
Chlorantraniliprole 100g/l &
Thiamethoxam 200g/l
Spinetoram 120 g/L
Lambda-cyhalothrine 50 g/l &
Chlorantraniliprole 100g/l
Abamectine &
Chlorantraniliprole

Formulation & Title

Dose

Dose Proposed

Voliam flexi 300 SC

400ml/ha

0,4ml/l

Radiant 120 SC

50ml/ha

0,4ml/l

Ampligo 150 ZC

50g/l

50g/l

Voliam targo 63 SC

450ml/ha

0,45ml/l

The major purpose related to IPM research is the development of prediction systems which aim to assess the
expected level of pest problem, allowing the farmer to initiate, in a reasoned manner, a control strategy (JOHNSON 1987
in NANDRIS & al., 1997). Trapping was twofold, firstly estimate the potential miners and other risk beyond using sex
pheromone, is a complementary means of struggle which has the effect significant reduction in the male population of
Tuta absoluta and therefore decrease the chances coupling. We have processes in the implementation of pheromone traps
provided by the El Harrach INPV to capture Tuta absoluta in the first week of transplanting tomato plants. The Trap by
Delta De PROF (2007) is a trap triangular with a sticky substance that is deposited pheromone capsule and a hook attached
to the power. We distributed traps to cover the whole plot. In the field, the Delta traps are installed homogeneously remote
from each other from 15 to 20m. One trap Delta sufficient if the plot size is less than 3500 m2 AMAZOUZ (2010).
The location of the Delta trap is by hanging a fixed support in order to reach the upper part of the culture. We count the
number of male moths of Tuta absoluta captured by the trap for each week by eliminating those already captured
previously. Capsules of pheromone for T. absoluta are renewed every 4 weeks. As part of the study biocenotic
Tuta absoluta tomato leafminer, as complete as possible fauna attending tomato crops knowledge was indispensable to
achieve this goal before we used two other type of trap, pots Barber cylindrical containers filled with water to 1/3, are
located in the ground close to the ground to trap insects walkers, a detergent is added to water to better reflect the trapped
animals (BOURBONNAIS, 2007), and yellow plates or yellow containers; fill with water more a detergent, placed on the
ground to capture flying insects. We placed ten pots Barber and eight plates in the whole plot in a random manner.

Impact Factor (JCC): 1.6864

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) against Tuta absoluta (Mayerick, 1917) on Tomato Field

Good quality vegetable production depends on the physiological quality, but most of the phytosanitary status of
plants used (FABREGUES & al., 2003). Cleaning and weeding are done regularly at the nursery as well as its neighbor to
ensure the normal and healthy development of tomato seedlings environment. Observations and checks on the health of
seedlings were recorded daily mentioning any abnormalities due to fungal, viral and insect attacks as well as shortcomings.
And especially the possible presence of the tomato leafminer "Tuta absoluta" In case of observation of the first symptoms,
infected plants should be removed and burnt. In nursery seedlings can be selected according to their growth rate and their
state of health before transplanting in the field (NAIKA & al., 2005).
The experimental design adopted was randomized blocks; it is composed of five treatments including control with a
number of repetitions equal to four. Every experimental plot consisted of seven rows of tomato plants; the spacing between
each two successive line was 1m. The distance between two seedlings is 40 cm. The plot was surrounded with an
emptiness of 1m that separates it of the neighboring cultures formed of a strip of land weeded regularly. The experimental
plot has an area of 400 m2, divided into five blocks and four replicates or 20 basic plots 7.2 m2; 16 each elementary plots
treated with insecticide and 4 treated control tap water. The active ingredients in place to fight against crop pests are
among the most dangerous pesticides for the user, the consumer and life in general; due to more well known to use better
(SIMON & al., 1994). Application of insecticides is done by manual spraying with a backpack sprayer every week on a
regular basis over a period of two months. The first treatment began three weeks after transplanting.
The sampling was done in each basic plot of the 28 plants we chose five of which 4 plants located at the end and
one central plant. On each plant we collected 9 sheets (3 base, 3 middle and 3 at the apex), making a total of 45 leaves per
plot are 180 sheets for each treatment. The leaves taken are stored in codified paper bags. The samples were examined in
the laboratory under a binocular microscope. We count the different life stages of Tuta absoluta on both leaf surfaces of
each sheet taking into account their state of development. This sampling allowed us to calculate the rate of infestation of
tomato, to study the dynamics of populations of Tuta absoluta (egg counts and individuals of different larval stages), an
inventory of potential predators or parasites potential pest and assess the effectiveness of insecticides. To calculate the rate
of infection we used a simple formula of dividing the number of mined on total number of observed time sheets 100 sheets,
to obtain a percentage (BALAJAS & al., 2008).
Number of mined leaves
Infestation Rate =

100
Number of observed leaves

The results obtained were statistically analyzed with the STATISTICA software (ANOVA) by analysis of variance
two classification criteria. The separation medium was made by the Newman-Keuls test (probability threshold is 0.05).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The installation of traps occurred on the second day after transplanting; counts catches have been made since the
04/05/2010 and it is over a period of three months (May, June and July). The study of changes in catches of adult males by
sex pheromone trapping (trap Delta) shows the appearance of three peaks during the three month follow-up.
The number was low at the beginning with the 04/05/2010 23 individuals to reach the first peak with
95 individuals on 01/06/2010 from which it decreases to 84 individuals on 08/06/2010 then rises to reach the second peak

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Sihem Ziri & F. Mouhouche

with 127 people on 15/06/2010 after which it decreased to 119 individuals on 29/06/2010 after which it increases to a
maximum of 132 individuals captured on 06/07/2010. While comparing the gleam of the curve of the histograms (figure 1)
with the one of the monthly thermal average variation (figure 2) we note that the number of catch was following the
increase of temperature.

Figure 1: Evolution of Weekly Catches of Males of T. absoluta by Trapping Delta

POPULATION DYNAMICS
To track populations of Tuta absoluta and their evolution in time was to make the counts of adult males captured
by the trap Delta installed from the second day of planting tomato plants in the field and by direct counting of eggs and
individuals of different larval stages on tomato leaves sampled. The infestation of the tomato crop took place in the first
week of transplanting, and this can be explained by a movement of adults from neighboring crops, mainly Solanaceae to
lay their eggs in the culture of newly installed tomato, more favorable climatic conditions for its development May:
T = 19.1 C, HR = 59.3 % in 2010 and the opening of greenhouses which coincides with the growing season.

Figure 2: Thermal Variation of the Monthly Average Recorded during 2010

According to LACORDAIRE & FEUVRIER (2010), the duration of the development cycle of Tuta absoluta is
between 23.8 to 39.7 days with an average of 31.75 day. Period during which took place the tomato crop season in 2010,
has a thermal average of 22.76 C (figure 2) for the three month follow-up, the cycle of development in these condition is
near 31.75 days which gives at least two generations in this culture period, in the graph whose peaks show the formation of
three generations (figure 1).
The study of population dynamics of T. absoluta in the biotope reveals a close relationship between the two
parameters, the rate of infection and the number of individuals captured (figure 3), governing the chronology of
externalizing symptoms and damage. Indeed, at the beginning for the test, we observed a small infestation, followed by an
Impact Factor (JCC): 1.6864

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) against Tuta absoluta (Mayerick, 1917) on Tomato Field

increase in the population with dominance of eggs and first instar larvae. Infestation increasingly growing causes a
progressive drying of the culture. It be noted that the number of eggs begins to decline from 08/06/2010, while
representatives of other developmental stages of the pest Tuta absoluta are increasingly present on the tomato crop.

(A)
(B)
Figure 3: (A) The Number of Individuals Per Sheet Depending on the Evolutionary Stage of Tuta absoluta on
Tomato Crop (B) Calculated Infestation Rates for the Culture of Tomato in Season Some 2010
The final infestation rate was of 41.66% while at the beginning of the culture was 1.66% with a 40% increase
(figure 3B). The presence of all dynamically evolving stage of Tuta absoluta has been reported. The initial infestation for
growing season 2010 rate is 1.66 for an initial number of eggs counted with the presence 0.05 individuals per leaf, and the
dominance of undergraduate instar with 0.02 individuals per leaf then the fourth stage larval individuals with 0.01 per leaf
(figure 3A).

CHEMICAL CONTROL
Insecticides play a central role in controlling the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta. IPM uses pesticides, but only
after systematic monitoring of pest populations.

(A)

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(B)

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Sihem Ziri & F. Mouhouche

(C)

(D)

(E)
Figure 4: Changes in Various Developmental Stages of Tuta absoluta Next Insecticide Applied Treatment
(A) Radian, (B) Ampligo, (C) Voliam Flexi, (D) Voliam Targo
The evolution of the efficient of the eggs took convergent paces for the treated experimental units not exceeding
0.21 eggs by leaf, contrary to the control where they progress till the end of the culture (fig 4). Voliam targo and Voliam
flexi have almost the same paces which decreases after every application of the insecticide with a maximum of 32 and
26 of the eggs and a minimum of 1et 2 eggs after the last application respectively. The results of the analysis of the
variance of the factors treatment (F1) and number of application (F2), are highly significant for F1 and interaction (F1*F2)
p=0 and not significant for (F2), p=0.26831. The coefficient of variation (C.V) is of a high value of 43.34%. The test of
NEWMAN-KEULS for the action of insecticides on eggs of Tuta absoluta gives two homogeneous groups (A) contain
Ampligo with an average of 8.063 and Voliam flexi of an average of 7.75, and (B) present Voliam targo, the Radiant and
the control with averages respectively of 5.469, 4.906 and 4.375. The evolution of the populations of the first of the first
larval stage L1 in the parcel control and those treated progress in the time and according to the number of application of
treatments. Voliam flexi records a weak accumulates for a minimum of 5 and a maximum of 30 larvae at the end of the
culture follow-up by Voliam targo with a minimum of 18 individuals and a maximum of 40 individuals after the third
application. The analysis of the variance shows significant results for F1 and interaction (F1*F2) p=0 and not significant
for (F2) p=0.0522. The coefficient of variance is raised at 36.98 %. The test of NEWMAN-KEULS for the action of
insecticides on larvae L1 highlights 3 homogeneous groups (A) contains the control, Voliam targo respectively with an
average de12.594 and 11.031; (B) present Voliam targo and Ampligo with an average of 9.438 and 9 for Radian; the group
(C) contains Voliam flexi with an average of 4.344. Populations L2 of T. absoluta accumulates are raised well that those of
the parcels treated according to the same paces of the L1 populations, where the lowest was registered in blocks handled by
Voliam targo with a minimum of 7 individuals after the third application and a maximum of 26 individuals at the end of
the culture. The analysis of variance for both factors on the larvae of the second stage shows highly significant results for

Impact Factor (JCC): 1.6864

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) against Tuta absoluta (Mayerick, 1917) on Tomato Field

(F1) and (F1*F2) with p=0 and a not significant result for (F2) p=0.601; the coefficient of variation (C.V) is raised at
49.68 %. The comparison of the averages for larvae L2 by the test of NEWMAN-KEULS makes by 3 homogeneous
groups, The control, the Voliam targo and the Ampligo in the same group (A) respectively with averages of 7.063, 6.063
and 5.844,

(B) contain the Radiant with 4.5 next to Voliam targo and Ampligo, (C) includes Voliam flexi with an

average of 3.094. For the populations of L3 accumulate them handled blocks remain very low with regard to that of the
control do not exceed 26 individuals for all the blocks considerable results with a minimum of 0 individuals at the
beginning of the culture of which Voliam flexi registers and maximum of 17 individuals after the third application.
The results of the analysis of the variance are highly significant for (F1) and (F1*F2) p=0 and not significant for (F2)
p = 0.114; (C.V) = 51.33 %. The test of NEWMAN-KEULS in the threshold 5 % for the action of the insecticidal
treatments on the populations L3 gives four homogeneous groups; (A) contain The control with an average of 7.625, (B)
include Voliam targo and Ampligo respectively with averages of 6.188 and 4.875; (C) present the Radiant with an average
of 4.5 and the Ampligo; Voliam flexi in the group (D) with an average of 2.906. Accumulates recorded for the last stage
L4 in the treated blocks are clearly lower than those of the control from the third application. Voliam flexi and Voliam
targo present a least low accumulates. The analysis of the variance of the action of both factors on the populations L4
reveals highly significant results with p=0 for (F1) and (F1*F2) and p=0.00632 for (F2). The comparison of the averages
gets organized in three homogeneous groups; (A) the control with an average of 11.75; (B) present Voliam targo, Ampligo
and the Radiant respectively with averages of 9.281, 8.688 and 7.625; In the group (C), Voliam flexi with an average of
5.969. The difference between the control and the insecticides is very remarkable. On eggs, Voliam flexi and Voliam targo
show very significant results, by decreasing the number of eggs of 32 eggs at the beginning of the culture in a number
bordering the zero after the eighth application of treatments. Insecticides exercise a positive effect on the larvae of the first
stage with result very highly significant, by maintaining the number of staff lower than 50 individuals and are very held far
from the control. They have appreciably the same efficiency on the populations of L3; efficient remain below
25 individuals at the end of the sixth application then decrease below 17 individuals. Voliam targo, Voliam flexi and
Ampligo showed appreciably the same efficiency on the larvae of the third stage of Tuta absoluta, they remained relatively
stable after the second application with efficient lower than 20 individuals. The Radiant had a moderate efficiency,
efficient were lower than 25 individuals then decreased after the fourth application of the treatment up to 7 individuals then
went back to 27 individuals after the seventh application and decreased again after the eighth application to reach a number
of 25 individuals. Treatments had a very estimable effect on the populations L4 which remained between 9 and 50 from the
second application.
After the first application of the treatments, the rate of infestation recorded for the block treated by the Voliam flexi
is of 1.66% either of a reduction of 15.66% in relation to the one calculated for the witness who is of 17.22. The rate of
infestation increases after the second application of the treatments, decrease then after the third application of which the
calculated infestation rate for the Voliam flexi is the weakest with a reduction of 21.66%. After the fourth application the
rate calculated for the treated blocks is the same for those treated by the Voliam flexi and Voliam targo of a value of
10.55%. At the end the culture weakest rate is the one calculated for the blocks dealt by the Voliam flexi with a reduction
of 27.78% follow-up by the one calculated for the Voliam targo with a reduction of 27.22% in relation to the one
calculated for the witness who is of 41.66%.

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Table 2: Loss in Tomato Fruits as Compared to the Total Production Process According to the Insecticide
Treatment

Total Number of Fruits

Control
Voliam flexi
Voliam targo
Ampligo
Radiant

1133
1254
1065
1141
1212

Total Number of Infested

Fruits
489
134
128
180
198

Total Loss
%
43.15
10.68
12.01
15.77
16.33

According to the gotten results, Voliam Flexi presents the lowest losses with 10.68 follow-ups by Voliam targo
with 12.01 %.
Table 3: Number of the Species According to the Order Taxonomic Collected in Tomato Season Crop in 2010
Class
5

Order
14

Family
34

Species
43

Total Number
329

During the season of trapping spread over 12 weeks; 5 Classes, 14 Orders, 34 Families and 43 Species were
collected on culture of tomato of the season 2010. The listed species were identifying in laboratory then ordered in Class,
Order, Family and Species.
Among the captured species are susceptible to be natural enemies for the mineuse of the tomato Tuta absoluta, it
is about three Hmiptra and two Hymenoptera.

Figure 5

CONCLUSIONS
The objective fixed at the beginning of this study was to contribute to the elaboration of a struggle integrated with
regard to Tuta absoluta. To know the parasites and the predators of Tuta absoluta who could be possibly present on the
culture of tomato; an inventory of the tomato associated fauna allowed us to list 5 Classes, 14 Orders, 34 Families and
43 Species. Among collected insects 3 thumbtacks and 2 hymenopterans can constitute natural enemies of Tuta absoluta.
A test being based on the chemical struggle and the biotechnical struggle by the use of traps with pheromone
against Tuta absoluta were realized in the region of Staoueli. The gotten results allowed us to note that all done insecticide
Impact Factor (JCC): 1.6864

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) against Tuta absoluta (Mayerick, 1917) on Tomato Field

treatments, showed an efficiency that varies from an insecticide to another. Insecticides tested on Tuta absoluta in culture
of tomato of season showed a good efficiency towards it devastating. The difference between the witness and the particle
treated by insecticides was very remarkable. On eggs, Voliam flexi and Voliam targo show very significant results, by
decreasing the number of eggs of 32 eggs with regard to control, at the beginning of the culture, to a number bordering the
zero after the eighth application of treatments. These insecticides show the same efficiency on the individuals of on the
first larval stage (L1) with very significant results, by maintaining the number of staff lower than 50 individuals and are
very held far from the control, with a minimal total reduction of more than 51 individuals with regard to the control, either
0.25 individual by leaf. The four active matters have appreciably the same efficiency on the individuals of the second
larval stage (L2), staff remain below 25 individuals, either 0.13 individual by leaf at the end of the sixth application with a
reduction of more than 27 individuals either 0.15 individual by leaf; after the seventh application of treatments, they reach
a strength lower than 17 individuals either 0.09 individual by leaf. Voliam flexi gives considerable results with a final
reduction of 31 individuals either 0.1 individual by leaf. Voliam targo, Voliam flexi and Ampligo show appreciably the
same efficiency on the larvae of the third stage of Tuta absoluta, they remain relatively stable after the second application
with strength lower than 0.11 individual by leaf. And they have the same efficiency on the individuals of the fourth
embryonic stage of Tuta absoluta, the number of (L4) fluctuates between 0.05 and 0.27 individual by leaf from the second
application of treatments.
With regard to the rate of infestation, this one increases gradually in the time in the plots of land control and the
plots of land treated with however a lower infestation. The most reliable rate of infestation calculated for the elementary
plots of land handled by Voliam flexi during the culture of tomato of season was the lowest, with a rate of 13.88% either of
a reduction of 27.78% in relation to the control. The percentage of loss estimated by the report of the number of fruits
infested on the total number of collected fruits, lists Voliam flexi in head with 10.68 % and Voliam targo in second
position with 12.01 %; the control posts a percentage of equal loss 43.15 % on the culture of tomato of season.

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Sihem Ziri & F. Mouhouche

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Impact Factor (JCC): 1.6864

Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0