Proyekto

sa
Araling
Panlipunan
Ipinasa ni:
Lorraine L. Lacuesta
Grade 9 Dao
Ipinasa kay:
G. Melvin Duero
Guro

United
Kingd
om

Henry VIII of England

Henry VIII (28 June 1491 28 January 1547) was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death.
He was Lord, and later King, of Ireland, as well as continuing the nominal claim by the English
monarchs to the Kingdom of France. Henry was the second monarch of the House of Tudor,
succeeding his father, Henry VII.
Besides his six marriages, Henry VIII is known for his role in the separation of the Church of
England from the Roman Catholic Church. Henry's struggles with Rome led to the separation of the
Church of England from papal authority, the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and establishing himself
as the Supreme Head of the Church of England. Yet he remained a believer in core Catholic
theological teachings, even after his excommunication from the Catholic Church. Henry oversaw the
legal union of England and Wales with the Laws in Wales Acts 15351542.
Henry was considered an attractive, educated and accomplished king in his prime and has a
reputation as "one of the most charismatic rulers to sit on the English throne". Besides ruling with
absolute power, he also engaged himself as an author and composer. His desire to provide England
with a male heirwhich stemmed partly from personal vanity and partly because he believed a
daughter would be unable to consolidate the Tudor Dynasty and the fragile peace that existed
following the Wars of the Rosesled to the two things for which Henry is remembered: His six
marriages, and the English Reformation (making England a mostly Protestant nation). In later life, he
became morbidly obese and his health suffered; his public image is frequently depicted as one of a
lustful, egotistical, harsh, and insecure king.
One of Henry's favourite pursuits, alongside hunting and dancing, was to wage war. Wolsey
organised the first French campaign and proved to be an outstanding minister. The Scots were
defeated at Flodden in 1513. But war with France ultimately proved expensive and unsuccessful and
Wolsey's ascendancy was cut short by Henry's need for a male heir. He was determined to replace
Catherine - whose only surviving child was a daughter, Mary, but the pope refused to grant the
divorce. In 1533, Henry went ahead anyway and married Anne Boleyn, with whom he had a daughter,
Elizabeth. The pope excommunicated him, and parliamentary legislation confirmed Henry's decision
to break with Rome. With the help of Wolsey's replacement, Thomas Cromwell, Henry established
himself as head of the Church of England and ordered the dissolution of the monasteries. Other
reforms - including the uniting of England and Wales and the creation of the Council of the North and
the Household and Exchequer - were also instigated during the 1530s. Henry grew tired of Anne
Boleyn, who had failed to produce a male heir, and she was executed for adultery and treason in
1536. Jane Seymour became queen and in 1537 produced a male heir, Edward, but died after
childbirth.
Henry's personal religious beliefs remained Catholic, despite the growing number of people at
court and in the nation who had adopted Protestantism. In an attempt to establish a Protestant
alliance with German princes, Cromwell arranged a marriage between the king and Anne of Cleves.
Henry divorced her a few months later and turned on Cromwell, who was executed. The final years of
his reign witnessed his physical decline and an increasing desperation to appear all-powerful. In
1540, he married Catharine Howard but she was executed for adultery and treason within two years.
A final marriage to Catherine Parr was more harmonious. There were fruitless and expensive wars
against Scotland and France. Henry died on 28 January 1547 and was succeeded by his son.

Alfred the Great

Alfred the Great (Old English: lfrd, lfrd, "elf counsel"; 849 26 October 899) was King
of Wessex from 871 to 899.
Alfred successfully defended his kingdom against the Viking attempt at conquest, and by his
death had become the dominant ruler in England. He is the only English monarch to be accorded
the epithet "the Great". Alfred was the first King of the West Saxons to style himself "King of the
Anglo-Saxons". Details of his life are described in a work by the 10th century Welsh scholar and
bishop Asser. Alfred was a learned and merciful man who encouraged education and improved his
kingdom's legal system and military structure.
King of the southern Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex and one of the outstanding figures of
English history, as much for his social and educational reforms as for his military successes against
the Danes. He is the only English monarch known as 'the Great'.
Alfred was born at Wantage in Oxfordshire in 849, fourth or fifth son of Aethelwulf, king of the
West Saxons. Following the wishes of their father, the sons succeeded to the kingship in turn. At a
time when the country was under threat from Danish raids, this was aimed at preventing a child
inheriting the throne with the related weaknesses in leadership. In 870 AD the Danes attacked the
only remaining independent Anglo-Saxon kingdom, Wessex, whose forces were commanded by
Alfred's older brother, King Aethelred, and Alfred himself.
In 871 AD, Alfred defeated the Danes at the Battle of Ashdown in Berkshire. The following
year, he succeeded his brother as king. Despite his success at Ashdown, the Danes continued to
devastate Wessex and Alfred was forced to withdraw to the Somerset marshes, where he continued
guerrilla warfare against his enemies. In 878 AD, he again defeated the Danes in the Battle of
Edington. They made peace and Guthrum, their king, was baptised with Alfred as his sponsor. In 886
AD, Alfred negotiated a treaty with the Danes. England was divided, with the north and the east
(between the Rivers Thames and Tees) declared to be Danish territory - later known as the 'Danelaw'.
Alfred therefore gained control of areas of West Mercia and Kent which had been beyond the
boundaries of Wessex.
Alfred built up the defences of his kingdom to ensure that it was not threatened by the Danes
again. He reorganised his army and built a series of well-defended settlements across southern
England. He also established a navy for use against the Danish raiders who continued to harass the
coast.
As an administrator Alfred advocated justice and order and established a code of laws and a
reformed coinage. He had a strong belief in the importance of education and learnt Latin in his late
thirties. He then arranged, and himself took part in, the translation of books from Latin to AngloSaxon.
By the 890s, Alfred's charters and coinage were referring to him as 'king of the English'. He
died in October 899 AD and was buried at his capital city of Winchester.

Elizabeth I of England
Elizabeth I (known simply as "Elizabeth" until the accession of Elizabeth II; 7 September 1533
24 March 1603) was queen regnant of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death.
Sometimes called "The Virgin Queen", "Gloriana" or "Good Queen Bess", Elizabeth was the fifth
and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. The daughter of Henry VIII, she was born a princess, but her
mother, Anne Boleyn, was executed two and a half years after her birth, and Elizabeth was declared
illegitimate. Her half-brother, Edward VI, bequeathed the crown to Lady Jane Grey, cutting his two
half-sisters, Elizabeth and the Catholic Mary, out of the succession in spite of statute law to the
contrary. His will was set aside, Mary became queen, and Lady Jane Grey was executed. In 1558,
Elizabeth succeeded her half-sister, during whose reign she had been imprisoned for nearly a year on
suspicion of supporting Protestant rebels.
Elizabeth set out to rule by good counsel, and she depended heavily on a group of trusted
advisers led by William Cecil, Baron Burghley. One of her first moves as queen was the
establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the Supreme Governor.
This Elizabethan Religious Settlement later evolved into today's Church of England. It was expected
that Elizabeth would marry and produce an heir so as to continue the Tudor line. She never did,
however, despite numerous courtships. As she grew older, Elizabeth became famous for her virginity,
and a cult grew up around her who was celebrated in the portraits, pageants, and literature of the day.
In government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and half-siblings had been. One
of her mottoes was "video et taceo" ("I see, and say nothing"). In religion she was relatively tolerant,
avoiding systematic persecution. After 1570, when the pope declared her illegitimate and released
her subjects from obedience to her, several conspiracies threatened her life. All plots were defeated,
however, with the help of her ministers' secret service. Elizabeth was cautious in foreign affairs,
moving between the major powers of France and Spain. She only half-heartedly supported a number
of ineffective, poorly resourced military campaigns in the Netherlands, France, and Ireland. In the
mid-1580s, war with Spain could no longer be avoided, and when Spain finally decided to attempt to
conquer England in 1588, the failure of the Spanish Armada associated her with one of the greatest
victories in English history.
Elizabeth's reign is known as the Elizabethan era, famous above all for the flourishing
of English drama, led by playwrights such as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe, and for
the seafaring prowess of English adventurers such as Sir Francis Drake. Some historians are more
reserved in their assessment. They depict Elizabeth as a short-tempered, sometimes indecisive
ruler, who enjoyed more than her share of luck. Towards the end of her reign, a series of economic
and military problems weakened her popularity. Elizabeth is acknowledged as
a charismatic performer and a dogged survivor, in an age when government was ramshackle and
limited and when monarchs in neighboring countries faced internal problems that jeopardized their
thrones. Such was the case with Elizabeth's rival, Mary, Queen of Scots, whom she imprisoned in
1568 and eventually had executed in 1587. After the short reigns of Elizabeth's half-siblings, her 44
years on the throne provided welcome stability for the kingdom and helped forge a sense of national
identity.

William and Mary

William
and
Mary usually
refers
to
the regency over
the
Kingdoms
of England, Scotland and Ireland, of spouses (and first-cousins) King William III & II and Queen Mary
II. Their joint reign began in February 1689, when they were offered the throne by the Parliament of
England, replacing James II & VII, Mary's father and William's uncle/father-in-law, who was "deemed
to have fled" the country in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. After Mary died in 1694, William ruled
alone until his death in 1702. William and Mary were childless and were ultimately succeeded by
Mary's younger sister, Anne.
To end the Glorious Revolution, William and Mary signed the English Bill of Rights and began
a new co-operation between the Parliament and the monarchs, leading to a greater measure of
personal liberty and democracy in Britain. This action both signaled the end of several centuries of
tension and conflict between the crown and parliament, and the end of the idea that England would
be restored to Roman Catholicism, King William being a Protestant leader. The English Bill of Rights
also inspired the English colonists in North America to revolt against the rule of James II and his
proposed changes in colonial governance. These colonial revolts occurred in Massachusetts, New
York, and Maryland.

Oliver Cromwell
Oliver
Cromwell (25
April
1599

3
September
1658)
was
an
English military and political leader and later Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England,
Scotland and Ireland. Born into the middle gentry, he was relatively obscure for the first 40 years of
his life. After undergoing a religious conversion in the 1630s, Cromwell became
an independent puritan, taking a generally (but not completely) tolerant view towards the many
Protestant sects of his period. An intensely religious mana self-styled Puritan Moseshe fervently
believed that God was guiding his victories.
He was elected Member of Parliament for Huntingdon in 1628 and for Cambridge in
the Short (1640) and Long (164049) Parliaments. He entered the English Civil War on the side of
the "Roundheads" or Parliamentarians. Nicknamed "Old Ironsides", he was quickly promoted from
leading a single cavalry troop to become one of the principal commanders of the New Model Army,
playing an important role in the defeat of the royalist forces.
Cromwell was one of the signatories of King Charles I's death warrant in 1649, and as a
member of the Rump Parliament (164953) he dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England.
He was selected to take command of the English campaign in Ireland during 164950. Cromwell's
forces defeated the Confederate and Royalist coalition in Ireland and occupied the country bringing
to an end the Irish Confederate Wars. During this period a series of Penal Laws were passed against
Roman Catholics (a significant minority in England and Scotland but the vast majority in Ireland), and
a substantial amount of their land was confiscated. Cromwell also led a campaign against the
Scottish army between 1650 and 1651.
On 20 April 1653 he dismissed the Rump Parliament by force, setting up a short-lived
nominated assembly known as the Barebones Parliament, before being invited by his fellow leaders
to rule as Lord Protector of England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland from 16 December 1653. As a ruler
he executed an aggressive and effective foreign policy. After his death in 1658 he was buried
in Westminster Abbey, but after the Royalists returned to power in 1660 they had his corpse dug up,
hung in chains, and beheaded.
Cromwell is one of the most controversial figures in the history of the British Isles, considered
a regicidal dictator by historians such as David Hume as quoted by David Sharp, but a hero of liberty
by others such as Thomas Carlyle and Samuel Rawson Gardiner. In a 2002 BBC poll in Britain,
Cromwell was selected as one of the ten greatest Britons of all time. However, his measures against
Catholics in Scotland and Ireland have been characterized by some as genocidal or near-genocidal,
and in Ireland his record is harshly criticized.

William the Conqueror

William I (Old Norman: Williame I; circa 1028 9 September 1087), usually known as William
the Conqueror and sometimes as William the Bastard, was the first Norman King of England,
reigning from 1066 until his death in 1087. Descended from Viking raiders, he had been Duke of
Normandy since 1035 under the title of William II. After a long struggle to establish his power, by
1060 his hold on Normandy was secure, and he launched the Norman conquest of England in 1066.
The rest of his life was marked by struggles to consolidate his hold over England and his continental
lands and by difficulties with his eldest son.
William was the son of the unmarried Robert I, Duke of Normandy by his mistress Herleva.
His illegitimate status and his youth caused some difficulties for him after he succeeded his father, as
did the anarchy that plagued the first years of his rule. During his childhood and adolescence,
members of the Norman aristocracy battled each other, both for control of the child duke and for their
own ends. In 1047 William was able to quash a rebellion and begin to establish his authority over the
duchy, a process that was not complete until about 1060. His marriage in the 1050s to Matilda of
Flanders provided him with a powerful ally in the neighboring county of Flanders. By the time of his
marriage, William was able to arrange the appointments of his supporters as bishops and abbots in
the Norman church. His consolidation of power allowed him to expand his horizons, and by 1062
William was able to secure control of the neighboring county of Maine.
In the 1050s and early 1060s William became a contender for the throne of England, then held
by his childless relative Edward the Confessor. There were other potential claimants, including the
powerful English earl Harold Godwinson, who was named the next king by Edward on the latter's
deathbed in January 1066. William argued that Edward had previously promised the throne to him,
and that Harold had sworn to support William's claim. William built a large fleet and invaded England
in September 1066, decisively defeating and killing Harold at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October
1066. After further military efforts William was crowned king on Christmas Day 1066, in London. He
made arrangements for the governance of England in early 1067 before returning to Normandy.
Several unsuccessful rebellions followed, but by 1075 William's hold on England was mostly secure,
allowing him to spend the majority of the rest of his reign on the Continent.
William's final years were marked by difficulties in his continental domains, troubles with his
eldest son, and threatened invasions of England by the Danes. In 1086 William ordered the
compilation of the Domesday Book, a survey listing all the landholders in England along with their
holdings. William died in September 1087 while leading a campaign in northern France, and was
buried in Caen. His reign in England was marked by the construction of castles, the settling of a new
Norman nobility on the land, and change in the composition of the English clergy. He did not try to
integrate his various domains into one empire, but instead continued to administer each part
separately. William's lands were divided after his death: Normandy went to his eldest son, Robert,
and his second surviving son, William, received England.

Edward II of England
Edward II (25 April 1284 21 September 1327), also called Edward of Caernarfon, was King
of England from 1307 until he was deposed by his wife Isabella in January 1327. He was the
sixth Plantagenet king, in a line that began with the reign of Henry II. Between the strong reigns of his
father Edward I and son Edward III, the reign of Edward II was considered by some to be disastrous
for England, marked by alleged incompetence, political squabbling and military defeats.
Edward fathered at least five children by two women, but widely rumoured to have
been bisexual. His inability to deny even the most grandiose favors to his male favourites (first
a Gascon knight named Piers Gaveston, later a young English lord named Hugh Despenser) led to
constant political unrest and his eventual deposition.
Edward I had pacified Gwynedd and some other parts of Wales and the Scottish lowlands, but
never exerted a comprehensive conquest. However, the army of Edward II was
devastatingly defeated at Bannockburn, freeing Scotland from English control and allowing Scottish
forces to raid unchecked throughout the north of England.
In addition to these disasters, Edward II is remembered for his probable death in Berkeley
Castle, allegedly by murder, and for being the first monarch to establish colleges at Oxford and
Cambridge: Oriel College at Oxford and King's Hall, a predecessor of Trinity College, at Cambridge.

Charles II of England
Charles II (29 May 1630 6 February 1685) was king of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
Charles II's father, King Charles I, was executed at Whitehall on 30 January 1649, at the climax of
the English Civil War. Although the Parliament of Scotland proclaimed Charles II King of Great Britain
and Ireland in Edinburgh on 6 February 1649, the English Parliament instead passed a statute that
made any such proclamation unlawful. England entered the period known as the English
Interregnum or the English Commonwealth, and the country was a de facto republic, led by Oliver
Cromwell. Cromwell defeated Charles at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, and Charles
fled to mainland Europe. Cromwell became virtual dictator of England, Scotland and Ireland. Charles
spent the next nine years in exile in France, the United Provinces and the Spanish Netherlands.
A political crisis that followed the death of Cromwell in 1658 resulted in the restoration of the
monarchy, and Charles was invited to return to Britain. On 29 May 1660, his 30th birthday, he was
received in London to public acclaim. After 1660, all legal documents were dated as if Charles had
succeeded his father as king in 1649.
Charles's English parliament enacted laws known as the Clarendon Code, designed to shore
up the position of the re-established Church of England. Charles acquiesced to the Clarendon Code
even though he himself favored a policy of religious tolerance. The major foreign policy issue of
Charles's early reign was the Second Anglo-Dutch War. In 1670, Charles entered into the secret
treaty of Dover, an alliance with his first cousin King Louis XIV of France. Louis agreed to aid Charles
in the Third Anglo-Dutch War and pay Charles a pension, and Charles secretly promised to convert to
Catholicism at an unspecified future date. Charles attempted to introduce religious freedom for
Catholics and Protestant dissenters with his 1672 Royal Declaration of Indulgence, but the English
Parliament forced him to withdraw it. In 1679, Titus Oates's revelations of a supposed "Popish Plot"
sparked the Exclusion Crisis when it was revealed that Charles's brother and heir (James, Duke of
York) was a Catholic. The crisis saw the birth of the pro-exclusion Whig and antiexclusion Tory parties. Charles sided with the Tories, and, following the discovery of the Rye House
Plot to murder Charles and James in 1683, some Whig leaders were killed or forced into exile.
Charles dissolved the English Parliament in 1681, and ruled alone until his death on 6 February 1685.
He was received into the Catholic Church on his deathbed.
Charles was popularly known as the Merrie Monarch, in reference to both the liveliness
and hedonism of his court and the general relief at the return to normality after over a decade of rule
by Oliver Cromwell and the Puritans. Charles's wife, Catherine of Braganza, bore no children, but
Charles acknowledged at least twelve illegitimate children by various mistresses. As illegitimate
children were excluded from the succession, he was succeeded by his brother James.

William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare (26 April 1564 (baptized) 23 April 1616) was an English poet and playwright,
widely regarded as the Greatest Writer in the English Language and the world's pre-eminent
dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". His surviving works,
including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, two
epitaphs on a man named John Combe, one epitaph on Elias James, and several other poems. His
plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those
of any other playwright.
Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon. At the age of 18, he
married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith.
Between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and part owner
of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Men. He appears
to have retired to Stratford around 1613 at age 49, where he died three years later. Few records of
Shakespeare's private life survive, and there has been considerable speculation about such matters
as his physical appearance, sexuality, religious beliefs, and whether the works attributed to him
were written by others.
Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were
mainly comedies and histories, genres he raised to the peak of sophistication and artistry by the end
of the 16th century. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, King
Lear, Othello, and Macbeth, considered some of the finest works in the English language. In his last
phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights.
Many of his plays were published in editions of varying quality and accuracy during his lifetime.
In 1623, John Heminges and Henry Condell, two friends and fellow actors of Shakespeare, published
the First Folio, a collected edition of his dramatic works that included all but two of the plays now
recognized as Shakespeare's. It was prefaced with a poem by Ben Jonson, in which Shakespeare is
hailed, presciently, as "not of an age, but for all time."
Shakespeare was a respected poet and playwright in his own day, but his reputation did not
rise to its present heights until the 19th century. The Romantics, in particular, acclaimed
Shakespeare's genius, and the Victorians worshipped Shakespeare with a reverence that George
Bernard Shaw called "bardolatry". In the 20th century, his work was repeatedly adopted and
rediscovered by new movements in scholarship and performance. His plays remain highly popular
today and are constantly studied, performed, and reinterpreted in diverse cultural and political
contexts throughout the world.

Queen Victoria
Queen Victoria (born as: Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 22 January 1901) was the monarch of
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876,
she used the additional title of Empress of India.
Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son
of King George III. Both the Duke of Kent and the King died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under
close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She
inherited the throne at the age of 18, after her father's three elder brothers had all died without
surviving legitimate children. The United Kingdom was already an established constitutional
monarchy, in which the Sovereign held relatively few direct political powers. Privately, Victoria
attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments. Publicly, she became a
national icon, and was identified with strict standards of personal morality.
Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine
children married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together and earning
her the nickname "the grandmother of Europe". After Albert's death in 1861, Victoria plunged into
deep
mourning
and
avoided
public
appearances.
As
a
result
of
her
seclusion, republicanism temporarily gained strength, but in the latter half of her reign, her popularity
recovered. Her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration.
Her reign of 63 years and seven months, which is longer than that of any other British
monarch and the longest of any female monarch in history, is known as the Victorian era. It was a
period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and
was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. She was the last British monarch of
the House of Hanover. Her son and successor, Edward VII, belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg
and Gotha, the line of his father.