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Solutions of exercise 3
Prof. Goran Andersson
ETH Zurich
Autumn term 2009
Exercise 1
a) Surge impedances
In general, the surge impedance of a line is
R + jL
ZW =
G + jC
(1)
2
UN
U
=
ZW
ZW
(4)
1100002
= 36.42 j6.42 = 36.99 10 MVA
322.19 + j56.79
1
(5)
1100002
= 238.37 j100.65 = 258.75 22.89 MVA (6)
43.08 + j18.19
SN = UN 3 IN
(7)
OL
= 110000 3 330 = 62.87 MVA
(8)
SN
C
(9)
SN = 110000 3 290 = 55.25 MVA
The comparison shows:
The nominal power of the overhead line is much higher than the surge
impedance loading.
The nominal power of the cable is much lower than the surge impedance
loading.
c) Unnecessary data
We do not need to know the line length for the considerations above. Both
the surge impedance and the surge impedance loading of the line are independent from the line length.
Exercise 2
a) Maximum transferable power
The power transmitted over a purely inductive line can be calculated with
the following equation (see lecture notes p. 122):
p=
uGi uN
sin
xtot
(10)
where the transmission angle corresponds to the angle between the two
voltage phasors:
(11)
= (uGi , uN )
For = 90 , sin equals 1 and the transmitted power becomes maximal.
Both voltages are controlled to a value of 1 p.u. Thus, the product of the
absolute values of the voltages is uGi uN = 1. The total reactance between
(12)
uGi uN
1
= 0.3226 p.u.
=
xtot
3.10
(13)
uGi uN
sin
xS + xT + xL
pmax
x'L
0.3 p'max
xL
0.7 p'max
d'
90
180
d in
(14)
(15)
and from that, the new reactance of the overhead line becomes
(16)
The reactance of the line would almost have to be halved to maintain the
demanded stability margin.
u2Gi
uGi uN
1
= 0.3226 p.u.
cos =
xtot
xtot 3.10
(17)
qN (xL ) =
u2N
uN uGi
1
= 0.3226 p.u.
cos() =
xtot
xtot 3.10
(18)
With reduced line reactance xL (and thus reduced transmission angle ) we
obtain
qG xL =
=
qN xL =
=
u2Gi
uGi uN
cos
xtot
xtot
1
[1 cos (arcsin(0.7))] = 0.1317 p.u.
2.17
uN uGi
u2N
cos( )
xtot
xtot
1
[1 cos ( arcsin(0.7))] = 0.1317 p.u.
2.17
(19)
(20)
We note that, while transmitting the same active power in both cases, less
reactive power is exchanged in the more stable operating point a than in
the operating point a.
Exercise 3
The voltage drop along a line is explained in chapter 6.5 of the lecture notes
(from p. 116).
a) Exact calculation
The current at the end of the line is
I2 =
S 2
U 2
(= I 1 )
(21)
(22)
From these two relations, we obtain an implicit expression for the voltage
at the end of the line:
S
(23)
U 2 = U 1 Z 2
U2
We cannot directly solve this equation for U 2 in an analytic way. Therefore,
we proceed in two steps:
1. At rst, we form a quadratic equation for U2 = |U 2 |.
2. We then calculate the corresponding angle 2 = (U 2 ).
By converting equation (23), we can develop an equation for the absolute
value (see equation (6.36) in the lecture notes):
RP2 + XQ2
XP2 RQ2
U2 +
+j
(24)
U1 =
U2
U2
U12 =
2
2
RP2 + XQ2
XP2 RQ2
U2 +
+
U2
U2
(25)
where U 2 = U2 has been put in the real axis. From this relation, we can
derive a quadratic equation for U22 :
(26)
U24 + 2A U12 U22 + A2 + B 2 = 0
As solutions we obtain
2
2
2A U12
2A
U
1,2
1
A2 B 2
U2 =
2
4
(27)
(28)
10
(29)
(30)
U21
U22
0
200
P2 in MW
{U 1 }
2
{U 1 }
(31)
For the equations above, U 2 has been put in the real axis, i.e. 2 = 0.
According to the formulation of the exercise, U 1 is in the real axis. We solve
this problem by setting 2 = 1 and 1 = 0. We obtain the angle of
voltage U 2 as
B/U2
U2 + A/U2
1.93 1010 /372470
= 7.44
= arctan
372470 + (9 109 ) /372470
1.93 1010 /57170
= 57.56
= arctan
57170 + (9 109 ) /57170
2 = arctan
(32)
12
(33)
22
(34)
b) Simplification R = 0
In this case, the constants correspond to
A = XQ2 = 100 70 106 = 7 109
6
10
(35)
(36)
(37)
U 22 = 56.06 63.11 kV
c) Simplifications R = 0 and P2 = 0
In this case, we obtain with
the solutions
(38)
B = 0
(39)
U 12 = 381.660 kV
U 22 = 18.340 kV
(40)
Inserted value in kV
4000
380.57 7.28
373.12 7.28
372.65 7.44
Result in kV
380.57 7.28
373.12 7.28
372.65 7.44
372.48 7.44
Change in %
4.86
1.96
0.13
0.04
Exercise 4
a) Elements of the equivalent circuit (with exact equations)
The corresponding equations can be found on p. 100 of the lecture notes:
(41)
Z l = Z W sinh l
l
Yq
1
=
(42)
tanh
2
ZW
2
where Z W is the surge impedance and the propagation constant of the
line. We can calculate both quantities from the distributed line parameters.
The surge impedance is
R + jL
0.12 + j 314.16 103
=
= 321.75 j59.36 (43)
ZW =
G + jC
0 + j 314.16 108
where = 2f = 2 50 = 314.16 rad/s. The propagation constant results
in
(R + jL ) (G + jC )
(44)
=
(0.12 + j 314.16 103 ) (0 + j 314.16 108 )
(45)
=
= 0.0001865 + j0.0010108 Np/km
(46)
(47)
1
(0.0001865 + j0.0010108) 300
=
tanh
321.75 j59.36
2
= 1.364 + j474.75 S
(48)
(49)
We compare this value with table 5.3 and gure 5.27 on p. 103 in the lecture
notes and note that the approximation should not lead to great deviations
in this case.
l
300
= 0 + j 314.16 108
2
2
= 0 + j471.24 S
=
(50)
G + jC
(51)
a)
Zl
Yq
2
U1
Il
Yq
2
U2
Z'l
U1
Y'q
2
b)
I'l
I'l
Y'q
2
Um
l/2
Z'l
Y'q
2
Y'q
2
U2
l/2
the voltage at the beginning of the line is the same as at the end. In this
case, no current ows over the series element Z l :
U1 = U2 = U
The losses in the shunt elements
Yq
2
Il = 0
(53)
Y q
= |U |2 Y q
2
(54)
are
P + jQ = 2 |U |2
The same line can also be modelled with two elements of the length
l/2. We consider gure 3 b) and calculate the losses in this circuit. Also in
this case, we assume for the voltages that U 1 = U 2 = U .
P + jQ = |U |2 Y q + |U m |2 Y q + 2 Z l |I l |2
(55)
(57)
From (54) and (57) it becomes clear that Y q has to have an ohmic component:
(58)
{Y q } = 0
10