Type equation here.

DESIGN OF 180 MW, 130 KM TRANSMISSION LINE

 Most Economical Voltage Calculation:

The most economical voltage is given by the following empirical
formula:
Vt

Where,
Lt = length of transmission
line =180 Km P = Power to
be transmitted =100MW
cosØ = Power factor =0.95

Then, using the above values (For Nc= 1)

130 180∗1000
Vt =5.5*√ +
1.6 0.95∗1∗150

=201.66 KV
Nearest standard value: 220 KV
For Nc= 2
130 180∗1000
Vt =5.5*√ +
1.6 0.95∗2∗150

= 146.84KV
Nearest standard value: 132KV
Checking technical criterion:
For Nc= 1

Surge impedance Loading (SIL1) = V2 /Z0

= 220^2/400 (For Nc=1, Z0 =
400Ω)
=121
Multiplying factor (mf1) = 𝑃/𝑆𝐼𝐿
=180/121

1
 Type equation here.

= 1.487
mflimit for 130Km is obtained from provided standard table by interpolation=
2.4375

For Nc= 2
Surge impedance Loading (SIL2) = V2 /Z0

= 1322/200 (For Nc= 2, Z0 = 200Ω)

=87.12
Multiplying factor (mf2) = P/SIL
= 180/87.12
= 2.066

∴ mflimit >mf2 and mf2 so criteria is not satisfied ,mf limit should be less
After calculating power margin we get pm1<pm2
Voltage Level for given Power Transmission = 132 KV
Number of Circuit =2
Power Factor ( cosØ ) = 0.95
Length of Transmission Line (L) = 130Km

 Air Clearance and Conductor

Spacing Calculation Air clearance (a)
from earthed object is given by:- a
(factor of safety)

=148.5553cm
= 1.485553m

Cross arm length is given by:-

Cl =a(1+tanθ)
Where, maximum swing insulator (θ) is 45⁰)
Cl =1.485553(1+tan45)
= 2.9711m

Length of string is given by:- l=asecθ =2.093m

2
 Type equation here.

Vertical separation between two adjacent conductors

is given by:- y =

where, 0.25 < x/y< 0.333

2.093+1.48
y= 2.093+1.48
= 3.83m
√1−(0.3)2∗( 2.96
)^2

Distance between the earth wire and the topmost cross-arm (for double
circuit):-

d’ =√3 × 𝐶𝑙 =3.04

Width of the tower (b) = 1.5a =1.5×1.48555=2.228m

Air clearance from earthed object (a) =1.48555m

String Length (l) =2.093 m
Tower Width (b) =2.22 m
Cross Arm Length (Cl) =2.97 m
Vertical distance between two adjacent line conductors (y) =3.83 m
Horizontal distance between two adj. line conductors,ROY (2Cl+b) =8.14m
Height of Earth wire from top cross arm (d’) =3.04 m

Selection criteria for number of earth wire

Voltage levels Number of earth wire (Ne)
Upto 66 kV 1
132 KV -132KV 1 (for single circuit)
2 (for double circuit)
>132KV 2
From above table, for double circuit of 132 kV, number of earth wire is 2

 Number of Disc Selection

For all the calculations of number of insulator discs of size 254*154 mm,
we considered following value of different factors:
FWR= Flashover Withstand Ratio=1.15
NAC= Non-Standard Atmospheric Condition=1.15
FS = Factor of Safety=1.2

Max. System voltage= 132*1.1=145.2 kV

3
 Type equation here.

1 minute Dry Test

Equivalent Flashover Voltage = 1 min. dry withstand voltage * FWR *
NAC * FS
Where, 1 min. dry withstand voltage is given in table A-2 for 145.2
system voltage
= 265Kv
Equivalent FOV = 265* 1.15 * 1.15 * 1.2
= 420.27KV
Nearest higher 1 min. dry FOV voltage (in table A-3) =435 kV
From table A-3, for 1 minute dry FOV = 270 kV, no.
of discs = 7 No. of disc = Nd1 = 7

1 minute Wet Test

Equivalent FOV = 1 min. wet withstand voltage * FWR * NAC * F S
Where, 1 min. wet withstand voltage is given in table A-2 for 145.2
system voltage
= 230 kV
Equivalent FOV = 230* 1.15 * 1.15 * 1.2 = 365.01 kV
Nearest higher 1 min. wet FOV voltage (in table A-3) = 349.14kV.
From table A-3, for 1 minute dry FOV = 370 kV, no.
of discs = 9 No. of discs = Nd2 = 9

Temporary Over Voltage Test

Temporary o/v = EF * maximum system voltage*√2
Where, EF = Earthing Factor = 0.8 (for Nepal)
Temporary o/v = 0.8 * 145.2*√2 = 116.16 kV
Equivalent FOV = Temporary o/v * FWR * NAC * FS
= 116.16 * 1.15 * 1.15 * 1.2
= 249.365kV
Wet season is the worst condition.
Thus, nearest higher FOV (from table A-3, 1 min. wet
FOV) =250 kV No. of discs = Nd3 = 6

Switching Over Voltage Test

Switching withstand voltage = Maximum per phase peak voltage * SSR
Where, SSR = Switching Surge Ratio = 2.8
Switching withstand voltage = 132* √2/√3 * 1.1* 2.8 = 331.9548kV
Equivalent s/w FOV = Switching withstand voltage * FWR * NAC *
FS Equivalent FOV*SIR = 331.9548* 1.15 * 1.15 * 1.2*1.2
= 603.8kv
The nearest higher voltage (in table A-3, impulse
FOV) = 610kV No. of discs = Nd4 = 6

4
 Type equation here.

Lightening Over Voltage Test

Equivalent impulse withstand o/v = 550 kV (from table A-2) for 145.2
kV
Equivalent impulse FOV = Equivalent impulse withstand voltage *
FWR * NAC * FS
= 550* 1.15 * 1.15 * 1.2
= 834.5kV
The nearest higher voltage (in table A-3, impulse
FOV) = 860kV No. of discs = Nd5 = 9

S.N. Test No. of Discs

a. 1 min. Dry Test 7
b. 1 min. Wet Test 9
c. Temporary O/V Test 6
d. Switching O/V Test 6
e. Lightening O/V Test 9
From the table, it is seen that the minimum no. of disc required to withstand
all tests is 10.
∴ The No. of discs required for our design (Nd) is 9.

 Conductor selection

I. Continuous Current Carrying Capability

P = 180 MW, Nc = 2, VL = 132 kV,
Cosφ = 0.95 Line current is calculated
as:
180∗1000
Line current (IL) =
√3∗132∗0.95∗2
= 410.04 Amperes
Comparing this value of the current with the current carrying capacity
from the given standard ASCR conductor table, the conductor “wolf”
(with current carrying Capacity 430 A) is selected for ambient
temperature 45 degree Celsius.

II. Transmission Efficiency Criterion

For wolf conductor (From ASCR conductor table)
Resistance at 200C (R20) = 0.18440 Ώ/Km
Coefficient of Resistivity (α20) =0.004 /0C (For Aluminum)
So Resistance at 650C (R65) = R20 (1 +α20(65-20))
= 0.18440(1+0.004*45)

5
 Type equation here.

= 0.217592 Ώ/Km
Total Resistance of the line for 130Km = 28.280Ώ
Total Power Loss (PL) = 3* IL2*R65 * Nc
= 3*410.042 *28.28*2
=
28.53
ɳ= 87.14%
=
This efficiency is <94%. So this conductor cannot be used. To get the
higher efficiency in the same way efficiency was calculated for next
conductor until efficiency is greater than 94%.

For lion conductor (From ASCR conductor table)

Resistance at 200C (R20) = 0.12230/Km
Coefficient of Resistivity (α20) =0.004 /0C (For Aluminum)
So Resistance at 650C (R65) = R20 (1 +α20(65-20))
= 0.12230(1+0.004*55)
= 9.169Ώ/Km
Total Resistance of the line for 130Km = 11.90Ώ

6
 Type equation here.

Total Power Loss (PL) = 3* IL2*R65 * Nc

= 3*4102 *9.163*2
= 18.87MW

180−18.87
ɳ= = 93.28%
180

=93.28%

Again the efficiency is less than 94 % so we move to the next

conductor.

For Sheep conductor (From ASCR conductor table)

Resistance at 200C (R20) = 0.07771Ώ/Km
Coefficient of Resistivity (α20) =0.004 /0C (For Aluminum)
So Resistance at 650C (R65) = R20 (1 +α20(75-20))
= 0.07771(1+0.004*45)
= 9.169 Ώ/Km

Total Power Loss (PL) = 3* IL2*R65 * Nc

= 3*4102 *9.169*2
= 11.901MW
180−11.90
ɳ= = 0.94572
180
=94.57%

Here the efficiency is greater then 94 %So we stop here with Sheep
Conductor.

****************************************************************
*******

7
 Type equation here.

Voltage Regulation Criterion

Diameter of conductor (D) = 27.93mm

Radius of the conductor(R) =13.965mm
GMR for inductance (r’) =0.7688R=0.7688 * 13.965 =10.723 mm = 1.0723 cm
GMR for capacitance (r) = R = 13.965mm.
= 1.3965 cm
Here,
Vertical distance between two conductors (y) = 3.83m
Cross arm length (CL) = 2.96 m
Width of tower (b) = 2.22 m
Horizontal distance between two conductors (2*CL + b) = 8.14m (i.e. ROY)

daa'=√8.170452 + 7.694822
= 11.22 m

Fig. Double Circuit Line Representation

dbb'=8.17045 m
dcc'=11.22 m

Geometric Mean Radius (GMR) of phase a.

4
Dsa=√𝑑 𝑎𝑎′ 𝑑𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑎′𝑎 𝑑𝑎′𝑎 =0.34931 m

Similarly,
Dsb=0.2980m
Dsc=0.34931m
Self GMD or GMR,
3
=√(0.34931) ∗ (0.34931) ∗ (0.2980)
= 0.3436

For GMD,

8
 Type equation here.

4
Dab=√𝑑𝑎𝑏 𝑑𝑎𝑏′ 𝑑𝑎′𝑏 𝑑𝑎′𝑏′ =5.89456 m

Dbc=5.89546 m
Dca=7.92 m
GMD= 6.496 m

Now, Inductance of whole length (L) = [Lt is in km]

=2*10^(-7)ln(6.496/0.3107) *130*1000
.
= 0.0807H
2∗𝜋∗8.85∗10^−12
Capacitance of whole Length(C) = 6.496 *130*1000
𝑙𝑛
0.34

=2.45 ∗ 10−6 F

[f=50 Hz]

Inductance of whole length (L) = 0.0807 H

Capacitance of whole length (C) =2.450*𝟏𝟎−6 F
Resistance of whole length(R) = 9.169Ώ
Impedance of the line (Z) =R+jX
=R+j(2π*f*L )

= 26.9∠70.117Ω
Susceptance of the line (Y) =jwC
= j*2π*50*2.45 *10-6
= j7.696 *10-4 Siemens
=7.696 *10-4 900 Siemens

Calculation of ABCD parameters

Since 130 km line length lies on medium
Transmission line (i.e. 50 –200 km), Calculation of
parameters is done Using π-model.

.
𝑌𝑍
A=D= 1+ 2 Fig: Nominal π- model of T.L
= 0.99<0.2

B=Z= = 26.95∠70Ω
𝑌𝑍
C=Y(1+ )
4
= 7.658*10-4<90.10

∴|𝑰𝑹| @ full load =410.04 A

Cos Φ = 0.95(lag)

9
 Type equation here.

Φ = -18.190 Then, IR =410.04 -18.19 A = 0.41004 ∠−𝟏𝟖. 𝟏𝟗𝟎 kA

VR per phase @ full load = 132
|VR| per phase @ full load = 𝟕𝟔. 𝟐𝟏 kV

Therefore, Sending end voltage is given by

VS (per phase) @ full load = A VR + B IR

=
82.74∠4.76𝟎

|𝑽𝒔 @𝒇𝒖𝒍𝒍 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅| 82.74

Hence, |VR| per phase @ no load = = = 83.57kV
𝑨 0.99

|𝑉𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑛𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑|−|𝑉𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑|

Voltage Regulation (V.R.) = |𝑉𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑|
83.57−76.21
=
76.21
= 9.65%
Hence the Voltage regulation is 9.65% <12 %
Since calculated voltage regulation < 12 %, the conductor SHEEP satisfies voltage regulation criterion.
Thus, the conductor SHEEP can be used for our design.

IV. Corona Inception Voltage Criterion

Maximum system voltage = 132 * 1.1 = 145 kV (rms)

Corona inception voltage (Vci) = √3 ∗ Air dielectric strength *GMRC*m * δ *
Where, Air dielectric strength = 21.21 kV/ cm (rms)
GMRc = 33.129 cm
GMD = 649.6cm

m = Roughness factor = 0.95

δ = Relative density of air = 0.95
650.4
Vci= √3 ∗ 21.21 * 33.129 * 0.95 * 0.95 * log 𝑒 = 3228.67𝑘𝑣kV
33.129
Since Vci> Maximum system voltage (145kV), there is no corona effect on SHEEP conductor.
So, Corona Inception Voltage criterion is satisfied and all the technical criteria is met by SHEEP
conductor.

Hence the best five conductors which satisfy all the criteria are:

A→SHEEP
B→DEER
C→ZEBRA
D→ELK
E→MOOSE

 Tension calculation for different conductors:

i. Toughest condition -
T1 tension and Sag is minimum (Dmin).
- Wt. of conductor (w1)
ii. Normal Operating Condition (Stringing Condition) – T2 tension and S2 sag

10
 Type equation here.

- Wt. of conductor (w2)

iii. Easiest condition – T3 tension and Sag is maximum (Dmax). - Wt. of conductor
(w3)

Let wc = weight of conductor per unit length ww =

weight per unit length due to wind wice= weight per unit
length due to ice = 0

Weight during toughest condition = w1 =

T where UTS = Ultimate Tensile Strength of the conductor

FS = Factor of safety = 2
Calculation of Tension @ Normal condition (T2)
T2 is given by stringing equation
T22 (T2 + k1) – k2 = 0

Where k1 = -𝑇1 + α (θ2 – θ1) A ϵ + Aϵ ; K Aϵ

ϵ= Modulus of Elasticity α= Coefficient of

linear expansion A = Cross-section area of
conductor θ2 = Temperature @ normal
condition = 270C θ1 = Temperature @
toughest condition = 00C w1 = per unit
length conductor weight @ toughest
condition w2 = per unit length conductor
weight @ stringing condition

Calculation of Tension @ Easiest condition (T3)

T3 is given by Stringing equation
T32 (T3 + k1’) – k2’= 0

Where k1’ = -T2 + α (θ3 – θ2) A ϵ + Aϵ

k Aϵ = k2

θ3 = Temperature @ easiest condition = 750C

Four Different conductors below conductor SHEEP in ASCR conductor table is chosen.
Hence Tension calculation will be done for conductor “SHEEP, DEER, ZEBRA, ELK,
11
 Type equation here.

MOOSE” with Span length 250 m, 275 m, 300 m, 325 m, and 350 m. Tensions for
Toughest, Stringing(Normal ) and Easiest condition are calculated and tabulated below.
Sample Calculation
For SHEEP
Area(A)= 462.60 mm2
Coefficient of linear expansion (α)= 17.73*10-6/0C
Modulus of Elasticity (ε)= 0.786*106 kg/cm2
Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS)=15910 kg
Wt. of conductor per unit length (wc)= 1726 kg/km
Wind Pressure (wp) = 100 kg/m2
Conductor diameter (d)= 27.93 mm
‫ ؞‬Wt. due to wind (ww) per km = (wp*1000)*(d*2/3)
= 100*1000*27.93*10-3*2/3
= 1862 kg/km
‫ ؞‬Wt. @ Toughest condition (w1) = √𝑤𝑐 2 + 𝑤𝑤 2
= √17262 + 18262
= 2538.92 kg/km
‫ ؞‬Wt. @ Normal Condition (w2) = wc = 1726 kg/km
‫ ؞‬Wt. @ Easiest Condition (w3) = wc = 1726 kg/ km
Temperature @ Toughest condition (ɵ1) = 00C
Temperature @ Normal Condition (ɵ2) = 270C

Temperature @ Easiest Condition (ɵ3) = 750C

Calculation of T1

𝑈𝑇𝑆 15910
T1 = 𝐹𝑆
= 2
= 7955 kg

Calculation of T2

𝑤12 𝑙 2
k1 = -T1 + α (θ2 – θ1) A ϵ + 24 𝑇12 Aϵ

2538.922 ∗0.25^2
= -7955 + [17.73 ∗ 10−6 ∗ (27 − 0) + 24∗79552
]*[462.60 ∗ 10−2 ∗ 0.789 ∗ 106 ]

= -7955 + 2715.459

= -5239.54

𝑤22 𝑙 2
k2 = 24
Aϵ

17262 ∗0.25^2
= (462.60*10-2*0.789*106)
24

= 2.8316*1010

From String’s eqn

12
 Type equation here.

T22 (T2 + k1) – k2 = 0

or, T23 + k1 T22 – k2 = 0

or, T23 -5239.54 T22 – 2.831*1010 = 0

∴ T2 = 6020.697 kg

Calculation of T3

𝑤22 𝑙 2
k1’ = -T2 + α (θ3 – θ2) A ϵ + 24 𝑇22 Aϵ

17262 ∗0.25^2
= -6020.697 + [17.73 ∗ 10−6 ∗ (75 − 27) + 24∗6020.6972 ]*[462.60 ∗ 10−2 ∗ 0.789 ∗ 106 ]

= -6020.697 + 3887.382

= -2133.315

k2’ = k2 = 2.8316 * 1010

From String’s equation

T32 (T3 + k1’) – k2’ = 0

or, T33 +k1’ T2 – k2’ = 0

or, T33 -2133.15 T32 – 2.831*1010 = 0

∴ T3 = 3948.951 kg

So far, five best conductors have been chosen. The tension due to these five different conductors for
different span length from 250m to 350m (step of 25m ) are shown in the following tables

13
 Type equation here.

TENSION
CALCULATION
For SHEEP (Table
1.1)
A ε α θ θ θ UTS T1 W Ww W1 l W2 k1 k2 T2 k1' k2' T3
462.6 789000 1.77E- 10 22 37 159 795 p10 1862 2538.9 0.25 172 5239.5 2.8316E+ 6020.5656 - 28316070 3948.95
462.6 789000 05
1.77E- 0 7
2 5
7 10
159 7955 0
10 1862 21
2538.9 0.27 1726 4- 10
3.4262E+ 21
5990.851 2133.1- 832
34262445 4034.691
462.6 789000 05
1.77E- 0 7
2 5
7 10
159 7955 0
10 1862 21
2538.9 0.35 1726 5036.2- 10
4.0775E+ 5961.0274 1929.95- 707
40775141 4115.132
462.6 789000 05
1.77E- 0 7
2 5
7 10
159 7955 0
10 1862 21
2538.9 0.32 1726 4813.52- 10
4.7854E+ 45
5931.594
84-
1707.3 998
47854159 4190.444
462.6 789000 05
1.77E- 0 7
2 5
7 10
159 7955 0
10 1862 21
2538.9 0.355 1726 4571.43- 10
5.5499E+ 5902.8574 03-
1465.2 706
55499498 4260.837
05 7 5 10 5 0 21 6 4310.08 10 87 52
1203.8 831 1
6 23

For DEER (Table

1.2)
A ε α θ θ θ UTS T1 W Ww W1 l W2 k1 k2 T2 k1' k2' T3
529.8 787000 1.77E- 10 22 37 182 911 p10 1992.6 2807 0.25 197 - 4.2439E+ 6964.2835 - 42439357 4571.5
529.8 787000 05
1.77E- 0 7
2 5
7 30
182 9115 0
10 67
1992.6 2807 0.27 1977 6089.2- 10
5.1352E+ 13
6939.3988 2540.8- 519
51351622 32
4674.5
529.8 787000 05
1.77E- 0 7
2 5
7 30
182 9115 0
10 67
1992.6 2807 0.35 1977 5873.07- 10
6.1113E+ 48
6914.4378 34-
2324.5 598
61112674 88
4771.7
529.8 787000 05
1.77E- 0 7
2 5
7 30
182 9115 0
10 67
1992.6 2807 0.32 1977 5636.12- 10
7.1723E+ 34
6889.7102 89-
2087.7 827
71722514 31
4863.0
529.8 787000 05
1.77E- 0 7
2 5
7 30
182 9115 0
10 67
1992.6 2807 0.355 1977 5378.78- 10
8.3181E+ 48
6865.4721 49-
1830.3 207
83181140 61
4948.7
05 7 5 30 5 0 67 7 5100.75 10 7 15
1552.2 737 72
For ZEBRA (Table 2 85
1.3)
A ε α θ θ θ UTS T1 W Ww W1 l W2 k1 k2 T2 k1' k2' T3
484.5 686000 1.94E- 10 22 37 133 665 p10 1908 2504.9 0.25 162 - 2.2799E+ 4719.859 - 22799415 3053.9
484.5 686000 05
1.94E- 0 7
2 5
7 16
133 6658 0
10 1908 14
2504.9 0.27 1623 3696.4- 10
2.7587E+ 238
4692.165 609.38- 452
27587292 47
3143.6
484.5 686000 05
1.94E- 0 7
2 5
7 16
133 6658 0
10 1908 14
2504.9 0.35 1623 3439.11- 10
3.2831E+ 599
4665.596 69-
352.10 696
32831158 42
3225.6
484.5 686000 05
1.94E- 0 7
2 5
7 16
133 6658 0
10 1908 14
2504.9 0.32 1623 3157.33- 10
3.8531E+ 316
4640.419 82
70.326
235.95 250
38531012 69
3300.7
484.5 686000 05
1.94E- 0 7
2 5
7 16
133 6658 0
10 1908 14
2504.9 0.355 1623 2851.05- 10
4.4687E+ 617
4616.796 65
76
566.74 113
44686854 14
3369.4
05 7 5 16 8 0 14 3 2520.27 10 647 46 285 1
8
For ELK (Table 1.4)
A ε α θ θ θ UTS T1 W Ww W1 l W2 k1 k2 T2 k1' k2' T3
588.4 787000 1.77E- 10 22 37 202 101 p10 2100 3038.4 0.25 219 - 5.8154E+ 7777.519 - 58154167 5105.8
588.4 787000 05
1.77E- 0 7
2 5
7 40
202 20
101 0
10 2100 89
3038.4 0.27 2196 6816.1- 10
7.0367E+ 158
7757.216 2875.2- 580
70366542 94
5224.6
05 7 5 40 20 0 89 5 6 6587.83 10 321 13
2646.9 771 94
14 4 22
 Type equation here.

588.4 787000 1.77E- 0 2 7 202 101 10 2100 3038.4 0.3 219 - 8.3742E+ 7736.811 - 83742001 5336.9
588.4 787000 05
1.77E- 0 7
2 5
7 40
202 20
101 0
10 2100 89
3038.4 0.32 2196 6337.8- 10
9.8281E+ 302
7716.551 2396.8- 314
98280543 52
5442.7
588.4 787000 05
1.77E- 0 7
2 5
7 40
202 20
101 0
10 2100 89
3038.4 0.355 2196 6066.01- 10
1.1398E+ 418
7696.642 88-
2125.1 209
1.13982E+ 56
5542.3
05 7 5 40 20 0 89 6 5772.53 11 322 13
1831.5 11 02
For MOOSE (Table 1 95
1.5)
A ε α θ θ θ UTS T1 W Ww W1 l W2 k1 k2 T2 k1' k2' T3
597 686000 1.95E- 10 22 37 162 812 p10 2118 2914.4 0.25 200 - 4.2746E+ 5844.584 - 42745988 3766.7
597 686000 05
1.95E- 0 7
2 5
7 50
162 8125 0
10 2118 34
2914.4 0.27 2002 4593.2- 10
5.1723E+ 184
5827.890 753.99- 911
51722646 45
3887.7
597 686000 05
1.95E- 0 7
2 5
7 50
162 8125 0
10 2118 34
2914.4 0.35 2002 4305.01- 10
6.1554E+ 518
5811.795 68-
465.82 582
61554224 9
3999.0
597 686000 05
1.95E- 0 7
2 5
7 50
162 8125 0
10 2118 34
2914.4 0.32 2002 3989.44- 10
7.2241E+ 715
5796.455 150.217
192.84 031
72240721 94
4101.4
597 686000 05
1.95E- 0 7
2 5
7 50
162 8125 0
10 2118 34
2914.4 0.355 2002 3646.32- 10
8.3782E+ 784
5781.968 26
66
563.35 259
83782138 99
4195.7
05 7 5 50 5 0 34 2 3275.86 10 881 06 265 75
6

15
 Type equation here.

SAG AND TOWER HEIGHT CALCULATION

The transmission line system in this case has single circuit.

𝑤3𝑙𝑠𝑝2
Dmax = 8𝑇3

Where w3 = weight of conductor per unit length @ easiest condition.

Lsp = Span length

T3 = Tension @ easiest condition.

(𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥−33)
Minimum ground clearance = hg = + 17 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡
33

Where Vmax = Maximum system voltage.

Now,

Height of lowest conductor = h1 = hg + Dmax

Height of middle conductor = h2 = h1 + Y

Height of topmost conductor = h3 = h2 + Y

Height of tower = ht = h3 + d’

From air clearance section, we have

d’ = 3.04m

16
 Type equation here.

Y = 3.83 m

Vsmax = 132*1.1 = 145.2 kV

(145.2−33)
hg = 33
+ 17 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 = 20.4 ft. = 6.21792 m

Sample Calculation

For SHEEP and span length lsp = 250m

w3 = wt. per unit length @ easiest condition = 1726 kg/km. (=w2 in table 1.1)

lsp = 250m = 0.25 km

T3 = 3948.951 kg (from table 1.1)

𝑤3𝐿𝑠𝑝2 1726∗0.252
∴ Dmax = = = 3.414 m
8𝑇3 8∗3948.951

∴ h1 = 6.21792 + 3.414 = 9.632 m

h2 = 9.632 + 3.83= 13.46 m

h3 = 13.47859 + 3.83 = 17.2 m

ht = 17.32459+ 3.04 = 20.34m

So for different span length we can find height of each conductor, tower height and maximum sag. It is shown in the following tables:

17
 Type equation here.

SAG AND TOWER HEIGHT CALCULATION

For SHEEP (Table 2.1)
w3 lsp hg T3 Dmax h1 h2 h3 ht
1726 0.25 6.21792 3948.951355 3.41 9.62 13.45 17.28 20.32
1726 0.275 6.21792 4034.692201 4.04 10.25 14.08 17.91 20.95
1726 0.3 6.21792 4115.134013 4.71 10.92 14.75 18.58 21.62
1726 0.325 6.21792 4190.446884 5.43 11.64 15.47 19.3 22.34
1726 0.35 6.21792 4260.830899 6.20 12.41 16.24 20.07 23.11

For DEER (Table 2.2)

w3 lsp hg T3 Dmax h1 h2 h3 ht
1977 0.25 6.21792 4571.53197 3.37 9.58 13.41 17.24 17.28
1977 0.275 6.21792 4674.587583 3.99 10.20 14.03 17.86 20.9
1977 0.3 6.21792 4771.730529 4.66 10.877 14.707 18.537 21.577
1977 0.325 6.21792 4863.060956 5.36 11.57 15.4 19.23 22.27
1977 0.35 6.21792 4948.772194 6.11 12.327 16.157 19.987 23.027

For ZEBRA (Table 2.3)

w3 lsp hg T3 Dmax h1 h2 h3 ht
1623 0.25 6.21792 3053.947014 4.15 10.367 14.197 18.027 21.067
1623 0.275 6.21792 3143.642047 4.88 11.097 14.927 18.757 21.797
1623 0.3 6.21792 3225.669288 5.66 11.87792 15.707 19.537 22.57
1623 0.325 6.21792 3300.71372 6.49 12.70 16.53 20.36 23.4
1623 0.35 6.21792 3369.409774 7.37 13.58 17.41 21.24 24.28

For ELK (Table 2.4)

w3 lsp hg T3 Dmax h1 h2 h3 ht
2196 0.25 6.21792 5105.893678 3.36 9.5779 13.407 17.237 20.277

18
 Type equation here.

2196 0.275 6.21792 5224.693957 3.97 10.1879 14.0179 17.8479 20.887

2196 0.3 6.21792 5336.952042 4.6 10.817 14.647 18.477 21.517
2196 0.325 6.21792 5442.756455 5.32 11.5379 15.3679 19.1979 22.2379
2196 0.35 6.21792 5542.301576 6.06 12.2779 16.1079 19.9379 22.9779

For MOOSE (Table 2.5)

w3 lsp hg T3 Dmax h1 h2 h3 ht
2002 0.25 6.21792 3766.745233 4.15 10.36792 14.197 18.027 21.067
2002 0.275 6.21792 3887.789538 4.86 11.07792 14.907 18.737 21.777
2002 0.3 6.21792 3999.094317 5.63 11.84 15.67 19.5 22.54
2002 0.325 6.21792 4101.498549 6.44 12.65 16.48 20.31 23.35
2002 0.35 6.21792 4195.774651 7.30 13.51 17.34 21.17 24.21

19
 Type equation here.

EARTH WIRE

The voltage level is 132 kV and the system is double circuit. Hence, we go for the double earth wire system. The earth conductor is “GUINEA”.

BENDING MOMENT AND TOWER WEIGHT CALCULATION

For design purpose, we consider 80% of the towers are of class A, 15% of the towers are of class B and 5% of the towers are of class C.

The bending moment acting on the tower are due to wind force on power conductor (BM wcr) , Turning of power conductor (BMtcr), Wind force on earth wire
(BMwer) and turning of earth conductor (BMter).

Sample Calculation

For SHEEP and span length = 250m

a. BM due to power conductor

i. BM due to wind force (BMwcr)
= Fwcr * (h1+h2+h3)*Nc
Where,
Fwcr = Wind force =wp * dp * lsp * 2/3
wp = Wind pressure = 100kg/m2
dcr = diameter of power conductor =27.93 mm = 27.93*10-3m

h1 = height of bottommost conductor = 9.632m (table 2.1)

h2 = height of middle conductor = 13.47859 m (table 2.1)
h3 = height of topmost conductor = 17.32459m (table 2.1)

20
 Type equation here.

Nc = No. of circuits = 2
lsp = span length = 250m

∴ BMwcr = wcr* dcr*lsp* 2/3* (h1+h2+h3)*Nc

= 100*27.93*10-3*250*2/3*(9.632 +13.47859 +17.32459)*2

= 37645.71kgm

ii. BM due to turning (BMtcr)

= 2*T1*(0.8 sin10+0.15 sin7.50+ 0.05 sin 150)*(h1+h2+h3)*Nc

Where,

T1 = Tension @ toughest condition = 7955kg (table 1.1)

∴ BMtcr = 2*7955*(0.8 sin10+0.15 sin7.50+ 0.05 sin 150)* (9.632 +13.47859 +17.32459)*2
= 59806.5715kgm.

b. BM due to earth wire

i. BM due to wind force (BMwer)

= Fwer * ht * Ne

= wp*de*lsp*2/3*ht*Ne

Where,

Fwer = Wind force on earth conductor

Wp = wind pressure = 100kg/m2

21
 Type equation here.

der = Diameter of earth conductor = 14.60 mm = 14.60*10-3m (for GUINEA)

lsp = Span length = 250m

ht = tower height = 22.47059235m(from table 2.1)

Ne = No. of earth wire = 2

∴ BMwer = 100*14.60* 10-3*250*2/3*22.47059*2
= 10935.68828 kgm

ii. BM due to turning (BMter)

BMter = 2 T1er*(0.8 sin10+0.15 sin7.50+ 0.05 sin 150)*ht*Ne

Where T1er = Tension on earth conductor @ toughest condition

T1er = UTS of GUINEA /2 = 6664/2 = 3332 kg

∴ BMter = 2*3332*(0.8 sin10+0.15 sin7.50+ 0.05 sin 150)* 22.47059*2
= 13920.7439 kgm

∴ Total Bending Moment (TBM) = BMwcr+BMtcr+BMwer+BMter

= 37645.71+59806.5715+10935.68828+13920.7439
= 122308.712 kgm

∴ Tower weight (TW) = 0.000631*ht *√𝑇𝐵𝑀 ∗ 𝐹𝑆

Where FS = Factor of Safety = 2

∴ TW = 0.000631*22.47059*√122308.712 ∗ 2= 7.012737 tonnes

Similarly, we can calculate the total bending moment and tower weight for different conductors at different span length:

22
 Type equation here.

BENDING MOMENT AND TOWER WEIGHT CALCULATION

For SHEEP (Table 3.1)
Span(lsp) ht der Fwer BMwer T1er BMter h1 h2 h3 dcr Fwcr B
250 22.47059235 0.0146 243.3333333 10935.68828 3332 13920.7439 9.63259235 13.478592 17.32459 0.02793 465.5
275 23.09987006 0.0146 267.6666667 12366.13044 3332 14310.5873 10.2618701 14.10787 17.95387 0.02793 512.1
300 23.77447836 0.0146 292 13884.29536 3332 14728.5135 10.9364784 14.782478 18.62848 0.02793 558.6
325 24.49414518 0.0146 316.3333333 15496.62918 3332 15174.3539 11.6561452 15.502145 19.34815 0.02793 605.2
350 25.25878879 0.0146 340.6666667 17209.65476 3332 15648.0579 12.4207888 16.266789 20.11279 0.02793 651.7

For DEER (Table 3.2)

Span(lsp) ht der Fwer Bmwer T1er BMter h1 h2 h3 dcr Fwcr B
250 22.43450569 0.0146 243.3333333 10918.1261 3332 13898.3878 9.59650569 13.442506 17.28851 0.02989 498.2
275 23.05388298 0.0146 267.6666667 12341.51202 3332 14282.0979 10.215883 14.061883 17.90788 0.02989 548
300 23.71696485 0.0146 292 13850.70747 3332 14692.8834 10.8789648 14.724965 18.57096 0.02989 597.8
325 24.42344024 0.0146 316.3333333 15451.89653 3332 15130.5516 11.5854402 15.43144 19.27744 0.02989 647.6
350 25.17315703 0.0146 340.6666667 17151.31099 3332 15595.0082 12.335157 16.181157 20.02716 0.02989 697.4
0
For ZEBRA (Table 3.3)
Span(lsp) ht der Fwer Bmwer T1er BMter h1 h2 h3 dcr Fwcr B
250 23.2078216 0.0146 243.3333333 11294.47318 3332 14377.4643 10.3698216 14.215822 18.06182 0.02862 477
275 23.93638083 0.0146 267.6666667 12813.94254 3332 14828.8137 11.0983808 14.944381 18.79038 0.02862 524.7
300 24.71637319 0.0146 292 14434.36194 3332 15312.0263 11.8783732 15.724373 19.57037 0.02862 572.4
325 25.54805282 0.0146 316.3333333 16163.40142 3332 15827.2597 12.7100528 16.556053 20.40205 0.02862 620.1
350 26.43174816 0.0146 340.6666667 18008.83108 3332 16374.7172 13.5937482 17.439748 21.28575 0.02862 667.8

For ELK (Table 3.4)

Span(lsp) ht der Fwer Bmwer T1er BMter h1 h2 h3 dcr Fwcr B
250 22.41600759 0.0146 243.3333333 10909.1237 3332 13886.9281 9.57800759 11.498008 13.41801 0.0315 525
275 21.10317904 0.0146 267.6666667 11297.23518 3332 13073.6184 10.191179 12.111179 14.03118 0.0315 577.5
300 21.75896666 0.0146 292 12707.23653 3332 13479.885 10.8469667 12.766967 14.68697 0.0315 630
325 22.45701166 0.0146 316.3333333 14207.80271 3332 13912.3305 11.5450117 13.465012 15.38501 0.0315 682.5
350 23.19711962 0.0146 340.6666667 15804.97083 3332 14370.8344 12.2851196 14.20512 16.12512 0.0315 735

For MOOSE (Table 3.5)

Span(lsp) ht der Fwer Bmwer T1er Bmter h1 h2 h3 dcr Fwcr B
250 23.20821171 0.0146 243.3333333 11294.66303 3332 14377.706 10.3702117 14.216212 18.06221 0.03177 529.5
275 23.92376484 0.0146 267.6666667 12807.18878 3332 14820.9979 11.0857648 14.931765 18.77776 0.03177 582.5
300 24.68782018 0.0146 292 14417.68698 3332 15294.3374 11.8498202 15.69582 19.54182 0.03177 635.4
325 25.50055382 0.0146 316.3333333 16133.35038 3332 15797.8336 12.6625538 16.508554 20.35455 0.03177 688.4
350 26.36222874 0.0146 340.6666667 17961.46518 3332 16331.6493 13.5242287 17.370229 21.21623 0.03177 741.3

TOWER COST PER UNIT LENGTH

Assumptions:

Cost of steel = Rs 1,50,000 per tonnes

23
 Type equation here.

𝐿𝑡
No. of towers = 𝑙𝑠𝑝 + 1 = Nt [Lt = Total Length and lsp = Span length]

∴Cost of tower per unit length = Cost per tower * Nt /Lt

Sample Calculation

For SHEEP and for span length = 250m

lsp = 250m

Lt = 180km
Tower weight (TW) = 7.012737 tonnes (from table 3.1)

𝐿𝑡 180000
∴ Nt = 𝑙𝑠𝑝
+1= 250
+ 1 =721

Cost of tower per unit length = Cost per tower * Nt / Lt

= (Cost of steel* TW) * Nt /Lt

= 150000*7.012737 *721/180
=Rs 4213486.369/km

Similarly we can find tower cost/km for 5 different conductors for their different span length. The
tower cost per unit length is shown in the following table:
TOWER COST PER UNIT LENGTH
For SHEEP (Table 4.1)
lsp TW Nt Cost/tower Cost/length
0.25 4.209299739 313 631394.9609 2533674.651
0.275 4.532058894 285 679808.8341 2483916.894
0.3 4.884212336 261 732631.8504 2451498.884
0.325 5.267540549 241 790131.0823 2441302.447
0.35 5.683954106 224 852593.116 2448472.538

For DEER (Table 4.2)

lsp TW Nt Cost/tower Cost/length
0.25 4.384091192 313 657613.6788 2638885.66

24
 Type equation here.

0.275 4.714635485 285 707195.3228 2583982.91

0.3 5.074772395 261 761215.8593 2547145.375
0.325 5.466229782 241 819934.4673 2533387.264
0.35 5.890851029 224 883627.6543 2537597.366

For ZEBRA (Table 4.3)

lsp TW Nt Cost/tower Cost/length
0.25 4.321741267 313 648261.1901 2601355.801
0.275 4.68761461 285 703142.1915 2569173.392
0.3 5.088000661 261 763200.0991 2553784.947
0.325 5.525337076 241 828800.5615 2560781.222
0.35 6.002188314 224 900328.2471 2585558.043

For ELK (Table 4.4)

lsp TW Nt Cost/tower Cost/length
0.25 4.531496343 313 679724.4515 2727612.222
0.275 4.869044745 285 730356.7118 2668611.062
0.3 5.236452571 261 785467.8856 2628296.386
0.325 5.635406303 241 845310.9455 2611794.075
0.35 6.067708992 224 910156.3487 2613782.335

For MOOSE (Table 4.5)

lsp TW Nt Cost/tower Cost/length
0.25 4.601466589 313 690219.9883 2769728.928
0.275 4.982844232 285 747426.6348 2730981.935
0.3 5.399112423 261 809866.8634 2709939.12
0.325 5.852626372 241 877893.9559 2712467.223
0.35 6.345867498 224 951880.1247 2733604.461

MOST ECONOMICAL SPAN AND CONDUCTOR SELECTION

The table above (table 4.1 through 4.5) give the best span length for each conductor which has
cost/length minimum (bolded). Hence from the table, we can select the 5 conductors with their
respective economic span length.

Assumptions

Cost of Al/tonnes = Rs 20105 /-

Cost of Steel/ tonnes = Rs 1500000/-

25
 Type equation here.

Load Factor (LF) = 0.5

Loss of Load Factor (LLF) = k1*(LF)+k2*(LF)2

k1 = 0.2 and k2 = 0.8

∴ LLF = 0.5 * 0.2 + 0.52 * 0.8 = 0.3 [Note: k1+k2=1]

Per unit energy cost = Rs 7.5 /-

Life span (n) = 25 years

Rate of interest (i) = 10%

𝑖 (1+𝑖)𝑛
∴ Annuity factor (ϒ) = [(1+𝑖)𝑛 −1] = 0.110168

Annual Capital cost = ϒ*capital cost per km

Capital cost per km = Tower cost per km (from table 4) + power conductor cost per km

Total cost of power conductor per km = (cost of Al/km + cost of steel/km) * Total no. of conductor

Cost of Al/km = Weight of Al/km * cost of Al/tons

Cost of Steel/km = Weight of Steel/km * cost of Steel / tons

Cost of energy loss/km = PL*LLF*time*Rate of cost

PL = Power loss = IL2 * r65 * Total no. of power conductor

Total annual cost per km = Annual energy loss cost + Annual capital cost

Sample Calculation

For SHEEP

From table (4.1), the economical span length = 350 m

Cost of Aluminum per tonnes = Rs 20105/-

Cost of Steel/tonnes = Rs 150000/-

Weight of steel = 690 kg/km

Weight of Aluminum = 1036 kg/km

Cost of power conductor per km = (20105 * 1.036 + 150000*0.690)*6

= Rs 745972.68

26
 Type equation here.

Tower cost per km per phase= Rs 3972520.66[From table 4.1]

∴ Capital cost per km = Tower cost per km + Power conductor cost per km
= Rs (3972520.66+745972.68)
= Rs 4718493.34

Annual capital cost = ϒ * Capital cost per km

= 0.110168 * 2814288.787
= Rs 519826.9743per km

Power loss = IL2 * r65 * Total no of conductors

IL =230.2035 [ From conductor selection section]

R75 = 0.0948062 Ω/km [From Voltage Regulation section in conductor selection]

Total no. of conductors = 6

∴ PL = 230.20352* 0.0948062*6 = 30144.7603W

Annual Cost of energy loss per km = PL * LLF * time * cost per unit energy
= 30144.7603* 0.3*(365*24)*10-3*7.5
= Rs 594153.2253/-

∴ Total annual cost per km = Annual cost of energy loss per km + Annual capital cost
= Rs 594153.2253+ Rs519826.9743
= Rs 1105640.422/

27
 Type equation here.

Similarly we can calculate the Total annual cost per km for each conductor with their respective economic span length.
The tabulated form of the calculation is shown below:
MOST ECONOMICAL SPAN AND CONDUCTOR SELECTION
Conductor Economic span(lesp) Tower C/km wt of st/km wt Al/km Cond. cost/km capital cost/km Annual cost/km r65
SHEEP 325 2441302.447 690 1036 372986.34 2814288.787 310044.567 0.09

DEER 325 2533387.264 789 1188 426704.22 2960091.484 326107.3586 0.09

ZEBRA 300 2553784.947 438 1185 268573.275 2822358.222 310933.5606 0.09

ELK 325 2611794.075 876 1320 473815.8 3085609.875 339935.4687 0.09

MOOSE 300 2709939.12 539 1463 330790.845 3040729.965 334991.1388 0.09

Thus, from above table, it can be seen that SHEEP is the m

28
 Type equation here.

TRANSMISSION LINE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONDUCTOR ELK

Electrical Characteristics
 37 strands with 7 Steel strands and 30 Aluminum strands.
Diameter of each strands = 4.5mm
Diameter of conductor = 18.5m
GMR for inductance (GMRL) = 6.496 m
GMR for capacitance (GMRc) = 0.321m
GMD for double circuit = 6.495m
Resistance of the whole line per phase(R) = 9.1650C
Inductance of Whole length (L) = 0.0807 H
Capacitance of whole Length(C) =2.450μF
Now Impedance of the Line (Z) = 26.9<70.117
Susceptance of the Line (Y) = j 7.696siemens
A, B, C, D parameters calculation
A = 1+YZ/2 = 0.99633 + j 7.3133*10-4 = 0.99<0.2
B = Z(1+YZ/4) = 6.39568 + j32.0998 = 26.95<700
C = Y = j 2.278578*10-4
D = A = 0.99<4.760
Now, Sending end Voltage
(Vs) = A*Vr +B*Ir
132
= (0.99633< 0.04200)* ( <0) + (32.73<78.730)*(460.407<-18.1950)
√3
= 82.74< kV (per phase)
Now Voltage Regulation = (|Vs|/A -|Vr| )/|Vr|
= (84.378/0.99633-132/√3)/(132/√3)
= 9.65
Corona Inception Voltage Criterion
Corona Inception voltage (Vci) =21.1*GMR*m*δ*ln(GMD/GMR)
Where, m = factor of roughness =0.9
δ = relative density of air =0.95
Vci =√3 * 21.21 * 1.575*0.9*0.95* ln (726.054/1.575)
= 3228.67kV

Mechanical characteristics:
Length of span =250m
Tension at toughest condition = T1 = 10120 kg
Tension at stringing condition = T2= 7777.519158 kg
Tension at easiest condition =T3=5074.995 kg
Heights:
Maximum sag = 27.04436423m; H1= 33.2623m; H2= 35.3176522m; H3= 37.3730202m; Ht= 44.93333m

BME BMEt BMPw BMPt

10933.77702 13918.3109 55625.3 99679.6551

29
 Type equation here.

Bending moment :

Tower weight, no. of towers, cost per tower and tower cost per unit length
TW Nt Cost/tower Cost/length Energy loss cost/km Total Annual cost / km
17.01917836 321 2552876.755 Rs 10243417.98 Rs 903680.5448 Rs 2049577.196

30
 Type equation here.

31