LECTURE 6

UPDATE OF THE PORTION COVERED TILL 17.09.18

MODULE 1 - Electricity Generation; Transmission and Distribution

MODULE 2 - Internal Electrical distribution systems and Renewable Energy Systems
MODULE 3 - Protection Systems (Topic 5 Switchgear & Protection Device–Fuses, Breakers )
MODULE 5 - Extra low voltage systems and Load Estimation

PORTION FOR IA TEST 2 (24.09.18)

MODULE 2 - Internal Electrical distribution systems and Renewable Energy Systems

MODULE 3 - Protection Systems (Topic 5 Switchgear & Protection Device–Fuses, Breakers )
MODULE 5 - Extra low voltage systems
 SYLLABUS : 15ARC 5.3 BUILDING SERVICES – II (Electrical Services and Illumination)

MODULE 1 Electrical Services - Electricity Generation; Transmission and Distribution

1. Introduction to Electrical Services: Introduction to commonly used terminology – Voltage, Current, Power,
Connected Load, Max. Demand, Load Factors, Diversity Factor Etc.; Importance of Electrical Services and Its
implications on building design; Introduction to Codes and Standards like National Building Code, National
Electric Code, IS Rules, State Electricity Board and Chief Electrical Inspectorate Guidelines.
2. Supply and Distribution of electricity to buildings: Brief introduction to various Sources for Electricity
generation. Introduction to Transmission and Distribution system (from generation to Building’s main) -
Cables–HT/LT, Voltage Levels, Sub-Stations, Ring Main Units, Metering Panels, HT Panel, Transformers,
Generators, LT Panels.

MODULE 2 Electrical Services - Internal Electrical distribution systems and Renewable Energy Systems

3. Residential Building internal electrical distribution system & Commercial Building internal electrical distribution
system: Power Requirement, Incoming Power Source Voltage, RMU, Transformers, HT Metering & Sub
Metering Panels, Rising Mains, Sub-Mains, Circuit Mains, UPS requirements, Server power requirements, Point
Wiring, Point Matrix, Utility Loads, Wiring Systems, Wiring Installation systems.
4. Introduction to Renewable Energy Systems (On-Site and Off-Site): Solar, Wind, Bio-Mass, Achieving Net Zero
Building design through utilization of above natural resources; Energy Conservation techniques in Electrical
systems.

MODULE 3 Electrical Services - Protection Systems

5. Switchgear & Protection Devices – Fuses, Breakers: Miniature Circuit Breakers; Earth Leakage Circuit
Breakers; Moulded Case Circuit Breakers & Air Circuit Breakers and Protection Relays.
6. Earthing & Lightning Protection System: Definition, Purpose; Types of Earthing Systems, Factors affecting
selection and system specification - Type of Soil, water table, soil resistivity etc. Brief about new advances in
earthing systems; Lightning system design - Factors affecting the system specification, basic rules as per
NBC and other relevant codes.
 MODULE 4 Illumination

1. Fundamentals: Quality & Quantity of Lighting; Recommended Lux Levels; Type of Lamps –
Incandescent, Discharge Lamps, Fluorescent, CFL, LED and OLED. Integration of Day lighting with
Artificial Lighting, Control Systems, Laws of illumination.
2. Techniques, Principles and Applications: Lighting Methods - Ambient, Task & Accent lighting; Systems of
Luminaries - Up-Lighting, Down-Lighting, Spot Lighting etc.; Street Lighting, Façade Lighting,
Landscape Lighting, Architectural Typologies; Preparation of Lighting Layout.

MODULE 5 EXTRA LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEMS AND LOAD ESTIMATION

9. Extra Low Voltage systems: Telephone; Data & Cable TV Networking; Service provider requirements;
Point matrix for Individual residential / Apartment.
10. Electrical Layout Design and Load Estimation: Residential Electrical Layout Design (using symbols as
per IS codes), Compliance to local building codes; and Electrical Load Calculations.

Case studies: Typical Layouts & Layout Generation for Lighting, Transformer Yards, Generator Rooms, Lighting layouts
for shops/clinic.

Site Visits: Sub-Stations, Transformer Yards, Generator Yards and Panel Rooms etc. of Multi-storeyed Residential
Buildings/Campus, Hotels, Hospital & IT Buildings etc.

NOTE: For Progressive marks, submissions to contain a) Calculation of required load and preparation of Electrical lay
out design for a 3-bedroom house with standard notations (Plan). b) Study Portfolio relating to modules 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.
 Module 2
Topic 2.1 : Renewable Energy Systems

Building Services II
 Scope
• Introduction to Renewable Energy Systems (On-Site and Off-Site) :
Solar, Wind, Bio-Mass

• Achieving Net Zero Building design through utilization of above

natural resources

• Energy Conservation techniques in Electrical systems

 Solar Energy Deployment
• Based on the availability of space and capital, solar energy can either be
generated offsite at utility level, or onsite at small scale. Both types of
generation mechanisms are guided by their own rules and policy frameworks.

• Utility driven solar project development – These are large scale centralized solar
power plants which generate electricity to be sold to power utilities. These
plants require large tracts of land and considerable capital. These plants usually
have a long term Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) with the power utility and
usually serve to fulfil their Renewable Purchase Obligations (RPO).

• Customer driven solar project development – These are small scale

decentralized solar power plants installed by electricity consumers in their own
premises. These type of projects require less area and capital investment.
These systems are further divided into two parts:

–Grid Connected Systems – Grid connected PV systems are designed to work in

conjunction with the utility grid. Such systems can either supply the complete
generated electricity to the grid or can use the electricity for building use and supply
only the excess power to the grid.

–Stand – alone systems – Stand – alone PV systems are designed to operate within
the context of the building and are not connected to the grid. The electricity generated
is consumed by the building and excess energy generated can be stored in the
batteries for future use.
Solar energy can be generated offsite at utility level
Large scale centralized solar power plants generate electricity to be sold to power
utilities

Recently inaugurated first phase of Pavagada Solar Park at Pavgada in Tumkur district of Karnataka, is world's largest
solar park set up at an investment of Rs 16,500 . The 2,000 MW park, named as 'Shakti Sthala', spans across 13,000 acres
spread over five villages and is a benchmark in the unique people's participation in power model put on ground.
http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/mar/01/worlds-largest-solar-park-launched-in-karnataka-1780734.html
 Solar Photovoltaics
• Solar photovoltaics are a combination of panels containing a number
of solar cells which convert the incident solar energy into usable
electricity. These panels can be placed at any place which receives
abundant amount of sunlight.
• The solar cells are made up of semiconductor materials. There are two
different technologies , one consists of slices of solar-grade silicon
assembled together whereas the latter consists of thin layers of semi-
conductors deposited in cheap materials like glass, polymer, or metal.
• The process of generation of electricity from solar cells is a two – step
process. The first step is the physical process and involves the
photoelectric effect in which the photons strike the metal surface and
provide energy to the electrons in the metal. The next step involves the
electrochemical process in which the excited electrons are arranged in
a series, thereby creating an electric voltage and generating electric
current.
• The generated electricity can either be consumed instantaneously on
site, stored in batteries for later use, or sold to power utilities according
to local government regulations and prevalent tariffs.
 Most solar modules are currently
produced from crystalline silicon (c-Si)
solar cells made of multi-crystalline
and monocrystalline silicon.

When electron jumps from one space to the next,

the space behind it becomes empty (hole) while
the empty space in front becomes occupied. In
other words the holes moves the opposite
direction of the electron flow.

A photovoltaic system employs solar panels composed of a

number of solar cells to supply usable solar power. 

The process is both physical and chemical in nature, as the

first step involves the “photoelectric effect” from which a
second electrochemical process takes place involving
crystallized atoms being ionized in a series, generating an
electric current.
Solar electricity generation system
A complete solar electricity generation system consists of components to produce electricity, convert
generated DC into AC that can be used by equipment installed in the building, and store excess generated
electricity (for those systems which do not intend to sell excess generated electricity to grid).

•Solar PV panels – Solar panels are the basic part of a solar electricity generation system. These panels
consist of numerous solar cells which are made up of a semiconducting material. These solar cells are
responsible for conversion of incident light into usable electricity. Although the sizes may vary according
to generation capacity, location and budget, the typical length of the solar panel ranges between 65
inches and 77 inches and the breadth ranges between 35 inches and 39 inches. The typical depth of solar
panels ranges from 1.4 inches to 1.8 inches.

•Inverter – The inverter converts the DC produced by the solar panels into AC that can be fed into the grid
or used for the operation of electrical appliances. Additionally, the inverter acts as a safety valve between
the PV system and the electricity mains.

•Storage Batteries – Storage batteries are used to store excess electric energy generated by the PV
system for future use. Batteries are typically employed in PV systems which do not intend to sell excess
electricity to power utilities.

•Electricity Meter – The meter counts the number of units of electricity generated by the PV system. They
are essential for calculating the proceeds from the sale of electricity to the grid.
 Small scale onsite Customer driven solar project development : Solar Photovoltaics

1. Sunlight falls on high capacity solar panels during daylight hours. The
solar panels convert the sun’s energy into Direct Current (DC) electricity
which is sent to an inverter.
2. The inverter converts the Direct Current into Alternating Current (AC)
electricity. This is sometimes called “conditioning” the power.
3. When the solar energy system produces more electricity than is needed
during peak sun hours, excess electricity can be stored, or sent to the
grid for consumption.
4. Solar energy systems produce very high quality electricity that reduces
the chance of power fluctuations that could damage electronic
equipment.
https://www.hok.com/thought-leadership/hok-challenges-designers-to-target-net-zero-energy/
 Wind Energy
Wind farms are built in geographical areas that are conducive to consistent prevailing winds. For utility-sized
applications, many wind turbines are built in close proximity to one another to form a "wind farm." On these
wind farms, giant wind turbines harness the kinetic energy in wind to create electricity.

The process of wind-produced electrical generation begins when the force of the wind pushes against the
turbines blades, causing them to rotate, creating mechanical energy. The spinning blades, attached to a hub
and a low-speed shaft, turn along with the blades. The rotating low-speed shaft is connected to a gearbox
that connects to a high-speed shaft on the opposite side of the gearbox. This high-speed shaft connects to
an electrical generator that converts the mechanical energy from the rotation of the blades into electrical
energy. Spinning between 11 and 20 times per minute, each turbine can generate a maximum 1.5 megawatts
of electricity enough to power, on average, more than 500 residential homes. 

 
Tuppadahalli Wind Farm , Karnataka, located about 55km from Chitradurga and
260km from Bangalore. 56.1MW power project produces 140GWh of clean energy per
annum.
KREDL is a facilitating agency for implementation of RE sources. The developer develops the project
& on commission will connect the capacity to the grid. Through KPTCL thereby energy is distributed
to ESCOMs through PPA & also for 3rd party sale through wheeling & banking.
Biomass has always been an important energy source for the country considering the benefits it offers. It is renewable,
widely available, carbon-neutral and has the potential to provide significant employment in the rural areas. Biomass is also
capable of providing firm energy.
About 32% of the total primary energy use in the country is still derived from biomass and more than 70% of the country’s
population depends upon it for its energy needs.
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has realised the potential and role of biomass energy in the Indian context and
hence has initiated a number of programmes for promotion of efficient technologies for its use in various sectors of the
economy to ensure derivation of maximum benefits.
Biomass power generation in India is an industry that attracts large investments every year, generating electricity and
yearly employment in the rural areas. For efficient utilization of biomass, bagasse based cogeneration in sugar mills and
biomass power generation have been taken up under biomass power and cogeneration programme.
 Bio Mass Energy
Biomass power & cogeneration programme is implemented with the main objective of promoting technologies for
optimum use of country’s biomass resources for grid power generation. Biomass materials used for power generation
include bagasse, rice husk, straw, cotton stalk, coconut shells, soya husk, de-oiled cakes, coffee waste, jute wastes,
groundnut shells, saw dust etc.
Potential: The current availability of biomass in India is estimated at about 500 millions metric tones per year. Studies
sponsored by the Ministry has estimated surplus biomass availability covering agricultural and forestry residues
corresponding to a potential of about 18,000 MW. Additional power could be generated through bagasse based
cogeneration in the country’s 550 Sugar mills, if these sugar mills were to adopt technically and economically optimal
levels of cogeneration for extracting power from the bagasse produced by them.

https://biomasspower.gov.in/
 NZEB - Net Zero Energy Buildings
What are NZEBs?

Net or nearly zero energy buildings (NZEB) are highly efficient

buildings with extremely low energy demand, which is met by
renewable energy sources.
Such buildings produce as much energy as they consume,
accounted for annually. In order to achieve their net zero energy
goals, NZEBs must first sharply reduce energy demand using
energy efficient technologies, and then utilize  renewable energy
sources (RES) to meet the residual demand.
In such buildings, efficiency gains enable the balance of energy
needs to be supplied with renewable energy technologies. This is
the most logical approach to reach NZEB goal.
http://www.nzeb.in/definitions-policies/definitions/
 Energy Conservation Techniques in Electrical
Systems
1. Maximum Demand Controllers
2. Energy Efficient equipment ( motors ) , Five star rated equipment result in Extended
equipment life and reduced maintenance.
3. Energy Efficient Transformers : Most energy loss in dry-type transformers occurs through
heat or vibration from the core. The new high-efficiency transformers minimise these losses.
Electrical distribution transformers made with amorphous metal cores provide excellent
opportunity to conserve energy right from the installation.
4. Energy efficient lighting controls
• Occupancy sensors : Occupancy-linked control can be achieved using infra-red, acoustic, ultrasonic or
microwave sensors, which detect either movement or noise in room spaces. These sensors switch
lighting on when occupancy is detected, and off again after a set time period, when no occupancy
movement detected. They are designed to override manual switches and to prevent a situation where
lighting is left on in unoccupied spaces. With this type of system it is important to incorporate a built-in
time delay, since occupants often remain still or quiet for short periods and do not appreciate being
plunged into darkness if not constantly moving around.
• Timed Based Control : Timed-turnoff switches are the least expensive type of automatic lighting
control.
• Daylight Linked Control :Photoelectric cells can be used either simply to switch lighting on and off, or
for dimming. They may be mounted either externally or internally. It is however important to
incorporate time delays into the control system to avoid repeated rapid switching caused, for example,
by fast moving clouds. By using an internally mounted photoelectric dimming control system, it is
possible to ensure that the sum of daylight and electric lighting always reaches the design level by
sensing the total light in the controlled area and adjusting the output of the electric lighting
accordingly.
Maximum Demand Controllers
 Energy Conservation Techniques in Electrical
Systems
1. Maximum Demand Controllers

High-tension (HT) consumers have to pay a maximum demand

charge in addition to the usual charge for the number of units
consumed. This charge is usually based on the highest amount of
power used during some period (say 30 minutes) during the
metering month. The maximum demand charge often represents
a large proportion of the total bill and may be based on only one
isolated 30 minute episode of high power use.

Considerable savings can be realised by monitoring power use

and turning off or reducing non-essential loads during such
periods of high power use.

Maximum Demand Controller is a device designed to meet the

need of load management. Alarm is sounded when demand
approaches a pre-set value. If corrective action is not taken, the
controller switches off non-essential loads in a logical sequence.

This sequence is predetermined by the user and is programmed

jointly by the user and the supplier of the device.
 ENERGY CONSERVATION METHODS

1. Using Low loss transformer: 5Star rating

2. In Lighting load:
a. Day light harvest
b. Using LED lights.
c. Optimum usage: Understating suitable lux level required as per IGBC
for light it is considered as 1W/Sqft.
d. Control optimization: Using Presence sensors in common area lights
like toilet, corridors, lobby, staircase, parking & cabins
e. LPD (Lighting Power Density)
3. In Power load:
a. 5Star rated equipments
b. High efficiency motors
c. VFD drives for lifts (A Variable Frequency
Drive (VFD) is a type of motor controller
that drives an electric motor by varying the
frequency and voltage supplied to the electric
motor)

4. HVAC
a. Centralized AC instead of individual split
units
b. In case of split AC using 5star rated units
c. Building to be insulated properly without air
leaks
d. Double glazing
e. Avoid west side windows
f. Efficient heat load calculation

5. Cables:
a. Proper sizing of cables/ wires to avoid
transmission loss
b. Adding capacitor bank to increase PF( Power
Factor), which reduces current which will
reduce power loss in cables . Capacitor
 Assignment Questionnaire 2 Submission date :
22.09.18

1. Explain the Electrical wiring system and electrical installation system with
sketches.
2. What are the various onsite and off site renewable energy systems, explain with
sketches.
3. What are protective devices , explain the following : MCB, ELECB, MCCB , Air Circuit
breakers ,Protection Relays.
4. Define Fuse. Explain any two type of Fuse and mention their advantages and
disadvantages
5. What is Earthing ? Why is it necessary? Explain any one type of Earthing.
6. What is meant by Extra Low voltage systems (ELV). Explain any three type of ELV in
detail.
7. Explain the concepts of NZEB with help of a book / internet case study.

Note : Assignment should be type written on A4 plain white sheets ,neat pencil sketches should be well
composed along with text. Braochers, technical sheets, pictures etc. can be added. Include
bibliography / references. All the data should be submitted as a folder.
The above assignment is o be prepared in PPT format as well and shall be reviewed on 24th September
2018.
 Electrical Terms
• An actuator is a type of motor that is responsible for moving or controlling a
mechanism or system. It is operated by a source of energy, typically electric current,
hydraulic fluid pressure, or pneumatic pressure, and converts that energy into motion.

http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0ccgi--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4---
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