TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERTNG
PASCHIMANCHAL CAMPUS
LAMACHAUR-16, POKHARA

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

PROJECT REPORT ON: Design of 200MW 160Km

Transmission Line

SUBMITTED BY : SUBMITTED TO:

MADHUSUDHAN PANDEY DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Date of Submission: SHRWAN 17, 2071 B.S

DESIGN OF 200 MW, 160 KM TRANSMISSION LINE

Most Economical Voltage Selection

1|Page
The most economical voltage is given by the following empirical formula:

Economical Voltage (V eco) =5.5*

Where,
Lt = length of transmission line =160 Km
P = Power to be transmitted =200 MW
cosØ = Power factor =0.96
Nc = number of circuit = 1S
Then, using the above values

V eco =5.5*

= 212.22 KV

Nearest Standard Voltage= 220 kV

Taking 220 kV, as required voltage as it is more near to the obtained economical voltage, So
standard voltage level of transmission line =220 kV.

Checking technical criterion:

Surge impedance Loading (SIL) = V2 /400

= 2202/400 =121

Multiplying factor (MF) = = 200/121 = 1.65

MFlimit for 160 KM from provided standard table = 2.25

MFcalculated (1.65) < MFlimit (2.25)
Hence the technical criterion is satisfied, so we select the voltage level of 220 KV.

Voltage Level for given Power Transmission =220 KV

Number of Circuit =1
Power Factor ( cosØ ) = 0.96
Length of Transmission Line (L) = 160 Km

2|Page
Calculation of Insulation Discs

For all the calculations of number of insulator discs, we considered following value of different
factor:
FOWR = Flashover Withstand Ratio =1.15
NACF = Non Atmospheric Condition Factor = 1.1
FS = Factor of Safety =1.2

1) Number of Insulator Discs Required for the temporary O/V

Temporary O/V = Earth Factor (EF) * Maximum system voltage

= 1 * (220* 1.1)
= 242 KV
Equivalent Voltage (Veq) = Temporary O/V *√2 * FOWR *NACF * FS

Equivalent Voltage (Veq) = 242* √2 *1.15 * 1.1 *1.2

= 519.51 KV

From standard table number of insulator discs required to withstand above equivalent
voltage (Na) = 13

2) Number of Insulator Discs Required to withstand continuous operating voltage:

a) Voltage Level for dry condition = Equiv dry 1 min. voltage*FOWR*NACF * FS

Where,
Equivalent dry 1 min voltage is taken from standard table = 435 KV
Equivalent Voltage Level = 435 * 1.15 * 1.1 *1.2
= 660.33 kV
From Standard Table number of discs required to withstand above equivalent voltage level (N b1)
=12

b) Voltage Level for Wet condition = Equiv dry 1 min. voltage*FOWR*NACF * FS

Where,
Equivalent wet 1 min voltage is taken from standard table = 350 KV
Equivalent Voltage Level = 350* 1.15 * 1.1 *1.2
= 531.3 KV

3|Page
From Standard Table number of discs required to withstand the above equivalent voltage level
(Nb2) =14

3) Number of Insulator Discs required for switching over voltage:

Voltage Level = switching o/v * Switching to impulse ratio * FOWR *NACF* FS
Where,
Switching to impulse ratio (SIR) = 1.15
Switching O/V = ( / )*242*SSR
SSR = Switching Surge Ratio =2.8
So Switching O/V = 553.25 KV
Voltage Level = 553.25*1.15*1.15*1.1*1.2
= 965.8 KV
From Standard Table number of discs required to withstand the above voltage level (N c) = 11.

3) Number of Insulator Discs required for over voltage due to Lightning:

From standard table Equivalent voltage level for the given system voltage =900 KV
Voltage Level = 900* FOWR *NACF* FS
= 900*1.15*1.1*1.2
= 1366.2

From Standard Table number of discs required to withstand the above voltage level (N d) = 16.

SN Voltage Level Description Voltage Level Number of

Discs

1) Temporary O/V appearing across the insulator 519.15 KV 13

2) Continuous voltage
i) Continuous operating Voltage in Dry condition 660.33 KV 12
ii) Continuous operating Voltage in Wet 531.3 KV 14
43)
| P a gcondition
e 965.8 KV 11
4) Switching Over voltage 1366.2 KV 16
O/V due to lightning
Hence from above table the required number of insulator discs to withstand all types voltage
level in all condition for given system voltage = 16

Required Number of Insulator Discs =16

Air Clearance Calculation

Air clearance parameters calculation for single circuit tower configuration:

a = minimum distance (clearance requirement) from a line conductor to any earthed
object, and is given by the following relation:

a= = =100.94 inch

=2.564 m
Now String Length (l) = a =3.626 m
Tower width (b) = 1.5*a = 3.846 m
Cross arm length = 2*a = 5.128 m

Vertical distance between two adjacent line conductor (y) =

Where 0.25 < x/y< 0.333

5|Page
 =

= 6.49 m
Horizontal distance between adj. conductor =5.5 a = 5.5*2.564 =14.1 m

Height of earth wire from top (d) = * -l

= * -l

= 8.58 m

Air clearance from earthed object (a) = 2.564 m

String Length (l) = 3.626 m
Tower Width (b) = 3.846 m
Cross Arm Length = 5.128 m
Vertical distance between two adjacent line conductor (y) = 6.49 m
Horizontal distance between two adj. line conductor = 14.1 m
Height of Earth wire from top cross arm (d) = 8.58 m

Conductor and Tower Selection

Line current is calculated as:

Line current (I) = = = 546.75 amp

Comparing this value of the current with the current carrying capacity from the given standard
ASCR conductor table, Conductor “Lion” is selected.
For Lion conductor, From ASCR conductor table,
Resistance at 200C (R20) = 0.1223 Ώ/Km
Coefficient of Resistivity (α20) =0.004
So Resistance at 650C (R65) = R20 (1 + α20(65-20))
= 0.1223 (1+.004*45)
= 0.1443 Ώ/Km
Transmission Efficiency Criterion
6|Page
Power Loss for single conductor = I2*R*L
= (546.75)2*0.1443 *160
= 6.90 MW/conductor
Transmission Efficiency (ή) = 200 / (200+3*6.90)
= 0.90620
= 90.62 %
Transmission Efficiency<94 %. So this conductor cannot be used .To get higher efficiency we
proceed in same way and calculate efficiency finally we got the conductor “Sheep” which has
efficiency greater than 94 %.

Voltage Regulation Criterion

For Conductor Sheep,
This conductor has 37 strands 30 Aluminum strands and 7 steel strands.
Diameter of each strands = 3.99 mm
With 1-6-12-18 configuration, GMR for inductance (GMRi) =3.5*3.99 *0.75
= 10.47 mm
GMR for capacitance (GMRc) =13.965 mm
GMD for single ckt configuration = 11081.7 mm
Resistance of the whole line (R) = 13.67 Ώ
Inductance of Whole length (L) =2 * 10-04 ln (GMD/GMRi)*L
=2e-04*ln(11081.7/10.47)*160
=0.2136 H

Capacitance of whole Length(C) =

= 1.33*e-6 μF
Now Impedance of the Line (Z) = R + j 314.15 *L
= 13.67 +j67.10
= 68.47<78.48

7|Page
Susceptance of the Line (Y) = j314.15*C
= j4.17 * e-04
= (4.17 * e-04) <90
A, B, C, D parameters calculation
A = 1 + ZY/2 = 0.9860<0.1656
B = Z= 68.47<78.48
C= Y(1+ZY/4)
D=A
Now, Sending end Voltage (Vs) = A*Vr +B*Ir
= 0.972<0.3361 * 220/√3<0 + 68.47<78.48 * 546.75*e-03<-16.26
= 123.46<0.3361 +37.43<62.22
= 144.90<13.5
Now Voltage Regulation = (|Vs|/A -|Vr| )/|Vr|
= 0.1701
= 17.01%
Voltage regulation > 12% so this conductor can not be used. To get lower voltage regulation we
proceed in same way and calculate the voltage regulation, finally we cannot get the conductor
for which voltage regulation less than 12 % (voltage regulation criterion) for a single conductor
for the given system voltage i.e.220 KV. So to obtain Voltage Regulation criterion we go for
bundle conductor.

Design with Bundle (2) conductor

Current (I) = 546.75 amp
I/2 = 273.375 amp
Comparing this value of the current with the current carrying capacity from the given standard
ASCR conductor table, Conductor “Otter” is selected.

For Otter conductor, From ASCR conductor table,

8|Page
 Resistance at 200C (R20) = 0.3434 Ώ/Km
Coefficient of Resistivity (α20) =0.004
So Resistance at 650C (R65) = R20 (1 + α20(65-20))
= 0.3434 (1+.004*45)
= 0.4052 Ώ/Km
Transmission Efficiency Criterion
Power Loss (Pl) = I2*R*L*6
= (273.375)2*0.4052 *160*6
= 29 MW
Transmission Efficiency (ή) = 200 / (200+29)
= 0.873
= 87.3%
Transmission Efficiency < 94 % so this conductor cannot be used .To get higher efficiency we
proceed in same way and calculate efficiency finally we got the conductor “Bear” which has
efficiency greater than 94 %.

Voltage Regulation Criterion

For Conductor Bear,
This conductor has 37 strands 30 Aluminum strands and 7 steel strands.
Diameter of each strands = 3.35 mm
With 1-6-12-18 configuration,
GMR for inductance (GMRi) = 51.36 mm
GMR for capacitance (GMRc) =59.30 mm
GMD for single ckt (bundle conductor) configuration =11171.9 mm
Resistance of the whole line (R) = 10.4Ώ

Inductance of Whole length (L) =2 * 10-04 ln (GMD/GMRi)*L

=2e-04*ln (11171.9/51.36)*160
=0.17216 H

Capacitance of whole Length(C) =

= 1.696*e-6 μF

9|Page
Now Impedance of the Line (Z) = 10.4 + j 314.15 *L
= 10.4 +j54
= 54.99<79.1
Susceptance of the Line (Y) = j314.15*C
= j5.32*e-04 siemen
= (5.32 * e-04) <90

A, B, C, D parameters calculation
A = 1 + ZY/2
=0.985<0.16
B = Z= 54.99<79.1
C = 5.28*e-04<90.07
D=A
Now, Sending end Voltage
(Vs) = A*Vr +B*Ir
= 0.985<0.16 * 220/√3<0 + 54.99<79.1 * 546.75*e-03<-16.26
= 141.44<11.04 Kv
Now Voltage Regulation = (|Vs|/A -|Vr| )/|Vr|
= 0.1306
= 13.06%

Voltage regulation > 12% so this conductor can not be used. To get lower voltage regulation we
proceed in same way and calculate the voltage regulation, finally we got the conductor “Sheep”
for which voltage regulation less than 12 %. Voltage regulation for bundle (2) conductor
“Sheep” is calculated 11.64% in the same way as above.

Each Sheep conductor has 37 strands with 7 Steel strands and 30 Aluminum strands.
Diameter of each strands = 3.99 mm

With 1-6-12-18 configuration ,

GMR for inductance (GMRi) = 56.05mm
GMR for capacitance (GMRc) =64.72 mm
GMD for single ckt ( bundle conductor ) =11171.9 mm
Resistance of the whole line (R) = 7.328Ώ
Inductance of Whole length (L) =0.168 H

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Capacitance of whole Length(C) = 1.712 μF
Now Impedance of the Line (Z) = 53.25<82.
Succeptance of the Line (Y) = j5.37*e-04 siemen
= 5.37*e-04<90

A, B, C, D parameters calculation

A = 1 + ZY/2 = 0.985<0.11
B = Z= 53.25<82.1
C = 5.33*e-04<90.05
D = A=0.985<0.11

Now, Sending end Voltage

(Vs) = A*Vr +B*Ir
= 0.985<0.11 * 220/√3<0 + 53.25<79.1 * 546.75*e-03<-16.26
= 139.67<11.06 KV
Now Voltage Regulation = (|Vs|/A -|Vr| )/|Vr|
= 0.1164
= 11.64%

The voltage regulation is less than 12%.and hence the conductor is found to fulfill the voltage
regulation criteria.

Corona Inception Voltage Criterion

Corona Inception voltage (Vci) =21.1*GMR*m*δ*ln(GMD/GMR)

Where, m = factor of roughness =0.72

δ = relative density of air =1

Vci = 21.1 * 5.605*1*0.72* ln (11171.9/56.05)

= 450.86 KV
Here Vci > Vs so Corona Inception Voltage criterion is met. So we can use conductor Sheep with
2nos of this conductor per phase.

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Tension Calculation for Different Conductors with Different Span in
Different Condition

Four Different conductors below conductor Sheep in ASCR conductor table is chosen. Hence
Tension calculation will be done for conductor “Sheep, Deer, Zebra, Elk, and Moose” with Span
length 250 m, 275 m, 300 m, 325 m, and 350 m. Tensions for Toughest, Stringing and Easiest
condition are calculated and tabulated below. Sample calculation is also shown.

Sample calculation; Conductor 1: Sheep

Area of conductor = 462.6 mm2

Linear expansion coefficient = 17.73 e-6 per 0C
Modulus of elasticity (E) = 0.787 e+6 kg/cm2

Tension at toughest condition (T1) = = = 7955 Kg.

Weight of conductor (wc) = 1726 Kg/Km
Wind pressure = 100 kg/m2
Weight due to wind force (ww) = 100*1000*27.93e-3*2/3 = 1862 kg
Weight of ice (wice) = 0
Weight for toughest condition (w1) =
= 2538.92 kg

Weight for the stringing and easiest condition (w2) = 1726 kg.

Then, the tension at stringing (T2) and the easiest condition (T3) is calculated using the following
equation known as STRINGING EQUATION.

T22 [T2+k1] - k2 = 0 ………………………………….. (1)

Where,

and,

K2= .

From the above data, the values of K1 and K2 for the span of 250m are given by:
K1 = -5250.22; K2 = 2.82e+10;

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Using the stringing equation, the value of T2 is found to be,
T2 = 6027.62 kg.

Similarly, T3 is calculated by the similar procedure as above. For the calculation of T3 the value
of K1 and K2 for 250 m of length are given by:

K1 = -2797.36; K2 = 2.82e+10;

Using the stringing equation, we get the value of T3 as:

T3 = 4314.59 kg.

In the similar manner, the values of tensions of different conductor for different span length is
calculated and presented in the table below:

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 2
A(cm ) E(kg/cm2) Α (/0c) ø1(0c)
T2 Calculation ø2(0c) T1(kg) W1(kg) L (km) W2(kg) K1 K2 T2(kg)
Sheep
4.63E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 0.00 27 7955.00 2533.92 0.25 1726.00 -5250.22 2.82E+10 6027.62
05
4.63E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 0.00 27 7955.00 2533.92 0.28 1726.00 -5048.21 3.42E+10 5998.13
05
4.63E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 0.00 27 7955.00 2533.92 0.30 1726.00 -4826.96 4.07E+10 5968.64
05
4.63E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 0.00 27 7955.00 2533.92 0.33 1726.00 -4586.48 4.77E+10 5939.53
05
4.63E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 0.00 27 7955.00 2533.92 0.35 1726.00 -4326.75 5.54E+10 5911.10
05
4.63E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 0.00 27 7955.00 2533.92 0.38 1726.00 -4047.78 6.35E+10 5883.59
05
4.63E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 0.00 27 7955.00 2533.92 0.40 1726.00 -3749.57 7.23E+10 5857.19
05
Deer
5.30E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 0.00 27 9115.00 2807.00 0.250 1977.00 -6089.27 4.24E+10 6964.28
05
5.30E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 0.00 27 9115.00 2807.00 0.275 1977.00 -5873.02 5.14E+10 6939.40
05
5.30E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 0.00 27 9115.00 2807.00 0.300 1977.00 -5636.18 6.11E+10 6914.44
05
5.30E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 0.00 27 9115.00 2807.00 0.325 1977.00 -5378.75 7.17E+10 6889.71
05
5.30E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 0.00 27 9115.00 2807.00 0.350 1977.00 -5100.72 8.32E+10 6865.47
05
5.30E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 0.00 27 9115.00 2807.00 0.375 1977.00 -4802.09 9.55E+10 6841.93

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 05
5.30E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 0.00 27 9115.00 2807.00 0.400 1977.00 -4482.88 1.09E+11 6819.23
05
Zebra
4.85E+00 6.86E+05 1.94E- 0.00 27 6658.00 2504.90 0.25 1623.00 -3696.43 2.28E+10 4719.87
05
4.85E+00 6.86E+05 1.94E- 0.00 27 6658.00 2504.90 0.28 1623.00 -3439.15 2.76E+10 4692.18
05
4.85E+00 6.86E+05 1.94E- 0.00 27 6658.00 2504.90 0.30 1623.00 -3157.37 3.28E+10 4665.61
05
4.85E+00 6.86E+05 1.94E- 0.00 27 6658.00 2504.90 0.33 1623.00 -2851.09 3.85E+10 4640.43
05
4.85E+00 6.86E+05 1.94E- 0.00 27 6658.00 2504.90 0.35 1623.00 -2520.31 4.47E+10 4616.81
05
4.85E+00 6.86E+05 1.94E- 0.00 27 6658.00 2504.90 0.38 1623.00 -2165.02 5.13E+10 4594.82
05
4.85E+00 6.86E+05 1.94E- 0.00 27 6658.00 2504.90 0.40 1623.00 -1785.23 5.84E+10 4574.46
05
Elk
5.88E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 0.00 27 10120.00 3038.48 0.25 2196.00 -6816.14 5.82E+10 7777.52
05
5.88E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 0.00 27 10120.00 3038.48 0.28 2196.00 -6587.85 7.04E+10 7757.22
05
5.88E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 0.00 27 10120.00 3038.48 0.30 2196.00 -6337.82 8.37E+10 7736.82
05
5.88E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 0.00 27 10120.00 3038.48 0.33 2196.00 -6066.04 9.83E+10 7716.56
05
5.88E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 0.00 27 10120.00 3038.48 0.35 2196.00 -5772.53 1.14E+11 7696.65

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 05
5.88E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 0.00 27 10120.00 3038.48 0.38 2196.00 -5457.27 1.31E+11 7677.26
05
5.88E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 0.00 27 10120.00 3038.48 0.40 2196.00 -5120.27 1.49E+11 7658.51
05

Moose
5.97E+00 6.86E+05 1.95E- 0.00 27 8125.00 2914.43 0.25 2002.00 -4593.21 4.27E+10 5844.59
05
5.97E+00 6.86E+05 1.95E- 0.00 27 8125.00 2914.43 0.28 2002.00 -4305.04 5.17E+10 5827.89
05
5.97E+00 6.86E+05 1.95E- 0.00 27 8125.00 2914.43 0.30 2002.00 -3989.43 6.16E+10 5811.80
05
5.97E+00 6.86E+05 1.95E- 0.00 27 8125.00 2914.43 0.33 2002.00 -3646.37 7.22E+10 5796.46
05
5.97E+00 6.86E+05 1.95E- 0.00 27 8125.00 2914.43 0.35 2002.00 -3275.87 8.38E+10 5781.97
05
5.97E+00 6.86E+05 1.95E- 0.00 27 8125.00 2914.43 0.38 2002.00 -2877.92 9.62E+10 5768.39
05
5.97E+00 6.86E+05 1.95E- 0.00 27 8125.00 2914.43 0.40 2002.00 -2452.53 1.09E+11 5755.73
05

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T3 Calculation

A(cm2) E(kg/cm2) Α (/0c) ø1(0c) ø2(0c) T1(kg) W1(kg) L (km) W2(kg) K1 K2 T3(kg)
Sheep
4.63E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 27.00 65 6027.62 1726.00 0.25 1726.00 -2797.36 2.82E+10 4314.59
05
4.63E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 27.00 65 5998.13 1726.00 0.28 1726.00 -2595.35 3.42E+10 4378.23
05
4.63E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 27.00 65 5968.64 1726.00 0.30 1726.00 -2374.10 4.07E+10 4438.57
05
4.63E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 27.00 65 5939.53 1726.00 0.33 1726.00 -2133.62 4.77E+10 4495.51
05
4.63E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 27.00 65 5911.10 1726.00 0.35 1726.00 -1873.89 5.54E+10 4549.04
05
4.63E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 27.00 65 5883.59 1726.00 0.38 1726.00 -1594.92 6.35E+10 4599.23
05
4.63E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 27.00 65 5857.19 1726.00 0.40 1726.00 -1296.72 7.23E+10 4646.19
05
Deer
5.30E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 27.00 65 6964.28 1977.00 0.250 1977.00 -3280.09 4.24E+10 4986.72
05
5.30E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 27.00 65 6939.40 1977.00 0.275 1977.00 -3063.85 5.14E+10 5065.30
05
5.30E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 27.00 65 6914.44 1977.00 0.300 1977.00 -2827.01 6.11E+10 5140.09
05
5.30E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 27.00 65 6889.71 1977.00 0.325 1977.00 -2569.57 7.17E+10 5210.92
05
5.30E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 27.00 65 6865.47 1977.00 0.350 1977.00 -2291.54 8.32E+10 5277.77

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 05
5.30E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 27.00 65 6841.93 1977.00 0.375 1977.00 -1992.92 9.55E+10 5340.69
05
5.30E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 27.00 65 6819.23 1977.00 0.400 1977.00 -1673.70 1.09E+11 5399.80
05
Zebra
4.85E+00 6.86E+05 1.94E- 27.00 65 4719.87 1623.00 0.25 1623.00 -1252.53 2.28E+10 3320.44
05
4.85E+00 6.86E+05 1.94E- 27.00 65 4692.18 1623.00 0.28 1623.00 -995.25 2.76E+10 3392.40
05
4.85E+00 6.86E+05 1.94E- 27.00 65 4665.61 1623.00 0.30 1623.00 -713.48 3.28E+10 3458.41
05
4.85E+00 6.86E+05 1.94E- 27.00 65 4640.43 1623.00 0.33 1623.00 -407.20 3.85E+10 3518.90
05
4.85E+00 6.86E+05 1.94E- 27.00 65 4616.81 1623.00 0.35 1623.00 -76.41 4.47E+10 3574.28
05
4.85E+00 6.86E+05 1.94E- 27.00 65 4594.82 1623.00 0.38 1623.00 278.87 5.13E+10 3624.98
05
4.85E+00 6.86E+05 1.94E- 27.00 65 4574.46 1623.00 0.40 1623.00 658.66 5.84E+10 3671.42
05
Elk
5.88E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 27.00 65 7777.52 2196.00 0.25 2196.00 -3696.24 5.82E+10 5570.41
05
5.88E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 27.00 65 7757.22 2196.00 0.28 2196.00 -3467.95 7.04E+10 5662.51
05
5.88E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 27.00 65 7736.82 2196.00 0.30 2196.00 -3217.92 8.37E+10 5750.40
05
5.88E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 27.00 65 7716.56 2196.00 0.33 2196.00 -2946.15 9.83E+10 5833.87

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 05
5.88E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 27.00 65 7696.65 2196.00 0.35 2196.00 -2652.63 1.14E+11 5912.84
05
5.88E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 27.00 65 7677.26 2196.00 0.38 2196.00 -2337.37 1.31E+11 5987.37
05
5.88E+00 7.87E+05 1.77E- 27.00 65 7658.51 2196.00 0.40 2196.00 -2000.37 1.49E+11 6057.56
05
Moose
5.97E+00 6.86E+05 1.95E- 27.00 65 5844.59 2002.00 0.25 2002.00 -1553.84 4.27E+10 4098.54
05
5.97E+00 6.86E+05 1.95E- 27.00 65 5827.89 2002.00 0.28 2002.00 -1265.67 5.17E+10 4199.08
05
5.97E+00 6.86E+05 1.95E- 27.00 65 5811.80 2002.00 0.30 2002.00 -950.05 6.16E+10 4291.82
05
5.97E+00 6.86E+05 1.95E- 27.00 65 5796.46 2002.00 0.33 2002.00 -607.00 7.22E+10 4377.28
05
5.97E+00 6.86E+05 1.95E- 27.00 65 5781.97 2002.00 0.35 2002.00 -236.49 8.38E+10 4456.00
05
5.97E+00 6.86E+05 1.95E- 27.00 65 5768.39 2002.00 0.375 2002.00 161.45 9.62E+10 4528.50
05
5.97E+00 6.86E+05 1.95E- 27.00 65 5755.73 2002.00 0.40 2002.00 586.85 1.09E+11 4595.29
s5505

19 | P a g e
Sag and height of tower calculation

We have the relation,

Maximum sag (Dmax) = (W L2)/ (8*T3);
Where, W = weight of conductor.
L = length of span.
T3 = tension at easiest condition.
Sample calculation:

For sheep, W = 1726 kg/km.

L = 0.25 Km.
T3 =4314.59 Kg.
Using the above equation, Dmax = 3.12m.
Let the minimum ground clearance (hg) = 8m.
Height of lower conductor (H1) = hg+ Dmax =8+3.12 =11.12m.
Height of middle conductor (H2) = H1+y/2 = 14.366m.
Height of top most conductor (H3) = H1+y = 17.61m.
Total height of tower (Ht) = H3+l+d = 29.827m.

Similarly, the maximum sag, H1, H2, H3 and the total height of the tower are calculated and
presented in the table below:

Conductor span(Km) Dmax(m) h1(m) h2(m) h3(m) Ht(m)

Sheep 0.25 3.12 11.12 14.366 17.61 29.827
0.275 3.72 11.72 14.966 18.21 30.427
0.3 4.37 12.37 15.616 18.86 31.077
0.325 5.06 13.06 16.306 19.55 31.767
0.35 5.8 13.8 17.046 20.29 32.507
0.375 6.59 14.59 17.836 21.08 33.297
0.4 7.42 15.42 18.666 21.91 34.127

Deer 0.25 3.09 11.09 14.336 17.58 29.797

0.275 3.63 11.63 14.876 18.12 30.337
0.3 4.32 12.32 15.566 18.81 31.027
0.325 5 13 16.246 19.49 31.707
0.35 5.73 13.73 16.976 20.22 32.437
0.375 6.5 14.5 17.746 20.99 33.207
0.4 7.3 15.3 18.546 21.79 34.007

Zebra 0.25 3.81 11.81 15.056 18.3 30.517

0.275 4.52 12.52 15.766 19.01 31.227
0.3 5.27 13.27 16.516 19.76 31.977

20 | P a g e
 0.325 6.08 14.08 17.326 20.57 32.787
0.35 6.95 14.95 18.196 21.44 33.657
0.375 7.87 15.87 19.116 22.36 34.577
0.4 8.84 16.84 20.086 23.33 35.547

Elk 0.25 3.07 11.07 14.316 17.56 29.777

0.275 3.66 11.66 14.906 18.15 30.367
0.3 4.29 12.29 15.536 18.78 30.997
0.325 4.96 12.96 16.206 19.45 31.667
0.35 5.68 13.68 16.926 20.17 32.387
0.375 6.44 14.44 17.686 20.93 33.147
0.4 7.25 15.25 18.496 21.74 33.957

Moose 0.25 3.81 11.81 15.056 18.3 30.517

0.275 4.5 12.5 15.746 18.99 31.207
0.3 5.24 13.24 16.486 19.73 31.947
0.325 6.03 14.03 17.276 20.52 32.737
0.35 6.87 14.87 18.116 21.36 33.577
0.375 7.77 15.77 19.016 22.26 34.477
0.4 8.71 16.71 19.956 23.2 35.417

Earth wire selection

From earth wire table, earth wire is chosen as follows:

No of strands = 19; diameter of a strand = 3.15mm; weight per meter = 1.163 kg/m;
Conductor diameter = 15.75mm; conductor area = 148.09mm2;
Ultimate tensile strength = 10041 kg;
Hence, maximum tension (Te) = 10041/2 = 5020.5 kg.

Bending moment and tower weight calculation

Sample calculation: for sheep, Ht=29.827m, 250m span

Taking 85% for tower A; 10% for tower B; and 5% for tower C

Due to Earth wire

1) Bending moment acting on tower due to E/W considering wind force:
BMe1 = Fwe*Ht
= (100*15.73e-3*250*2/3)*29.827
= 7823.55 kg-m.

21 | P a g e
2) Bending moment due to turning of the E/W
BMe2 = 2*Te*(sin10*0.85 + sin7.50*0.1 + sin150*.05)*Ht
=2*5020.5*(0.040828)*29.827
= 12227.58 Kg-m

Due to power conductor

1) Bending moment acting on tower due to power conductor considering wind force
BMpw = Fw*(H1+H2+H3)*2
= (100*27.93e-3*250*2/3)*(10.12+13.336+16.61)*2

= 40142.44 kg-m
2) Bending moment due to turning of the power conductor
BMpt = 2*T1*(sin10*0.85 + sin7.50*0.1 + sin150*.05) *(H1+H2+H3)*2
= 55983.92 kg-m

Then the total bending moment is calculated as;

BMtotal = BMe1 + BMe2 + BMpw +BMpt
=116187.3 kg-m

Weight of tower
Weight of tower (Wt) = ; Where, Ht is in Ft; BM is in lb-ft.
=0.000631*Ht* ; where, Ht is in m; Bm is in kg-m.

The bending moment of different conductors at different length of span and weight of tower are
calculated and shown in the tabulated form below:

22 | P a g e
 Bending moment
Conductor Ht(m) span(m) Fwe1 BMe1 BMe2 h1tableh2 h3 Dia BMpw T1 BMpt BMt(kg- Wt
(kg) (kg-m) (kg-m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (kg-m) (kg) (kg-m) m) (tonnes)
sheep 29.827 250 262.63 7833.316 12227.58 11.12 14.366 17.61 2.793E- 40142.44 7955 55983.92 116187.3 6.415318
02
30.427 275 288.89 8789.98 12473.55 11.72 14.966 18.21 2.79E-02 46000.98 7955 58322.22 125586.7 6.803938
31.077 300 315.15 9793.917 12740.02 12.37 15.616 18.86 2.79E-02 52362.52 7955 60855.37 135751.8 7.225057
31.767 325 341.41 10845.65 13022.88 13.06 16.306 19.55 2.79E-02 59232.64 7955 63544.4 146645.6 7.67609
32.507 350 367.68 11952.01 13326.24 13.8 17.046 20.29 2.79E-02 66683.99 7955 66428.3 158390.5 8.163396
33.297 375 393.94 13116.94 13650.11 14.59 17.836 21.08 2.79E-02 74758.49 7955 69507.05 171032.6 8.689082
34.127 400 420.2 14340.17 13990.36 15.42 18.666 21.91 2.79E-02 83453.35 7955 72741.69 184525.6 9.250298

deer 29.797 250 262.63 7825.437 12215.28 11.09 14.336 17.58 2.99E-02 42869.74 9115 64013.55 126924 6.698442
30.337 275 288.89 8763.98 12436.65 11.63 14.876 18.12 2.99E-02 48933.06 9115 66424.89 136558.6 7.073942
31.027 300 315.15 9778.159 12719.52 12.32 15.566 18.81 2.99E-02 55857.65 9115 69506.04 147861.4 7.528293
31.707 325 341.41 10825.17 12998.28 13 16.246 19.49 2.99E-02 63156.05 9115 72542.54 159522 7.990885
32.437 350 367.68 11926.27 13297.55 13.73 16.976 20.22 2.99E-02 71070.5 9115 75802.31 172096.6 8.490949
33.207 375 393.94 13081.48 13613.21 14.5 17.746 20.99 2.99E-02 79600.98 9115 79240.69 185536.4 9.025547
34.007 400 420.2 14289.74 13941.17 15.3 18.546 21.79 2.99E-02 88735.55 9115 82813.05 199779.5 9.591204

zebra 30.517 250 262.63 8014.527 12510.44 11.81 15.056 18.3 2.86E-02 43109.91 6658 49106.8 112741.7 6.465669
31.227 275 288.89 9021.09 12801.51 12.52 15.766 19.01 2.86E-02 49657.24 6658 51422.64 122902.5 6.907803
31.977 300 315.15 10077.55 13108.97 13.27 16.516 19.76 2.86E-02 56748.62 6658 53868.96 133804.1 7.380772
32.787 325 341.41 11193.89 13441.03 14.08 17.326 20.57 2.86E-02 64492.87 6658 56510.98 145638.8 7.895316
33.657 350 367.68 12374.84 13797.69 14.95 18.196 21.44 2.86E-02 72941.51 6658 59348.7 158462.7 8.454119
34.577 375 393.94 13621.18 14174.84 15.87 19.116 22.36 2.86E-02 82103.16 6658 62349.52 172248.7 9.055129
35.547 400 420.2 14936.85 14572.49 16.84 20.086 23.33 2.86E-02 92020.75 6658 65513.42 187043.5 9.700712

Elk 29.777 250 262.63 7820.185 12207.08 11.07 14.316 17.56 3.15E-02 45115.85 10120 70972.39 136115.5 6.932088
30.367 275 288.89 8772.647 12448.95 11.66 14.906 18.15 3.15E-02 51672.8 10120 73897.48 146791.9 7.341457
30.997 300 315.15 9768.705 12707.22 12.29 15.536 18.78 3.15E-02 58752.92 10120 77020.89 158249.7 7.780733
31.667 325 341.41 10811.51 12981.89 12.96 16.206 19.45 3.15E-02 66394.02 10120 80342.61 170530 8.251572

23 | P a g e
 32.387 350 367.68 11907.89 13277.05 13.68 16.926 20.17 3.15E-02 74678.04 10120 83912.21 183775.2 8.760795
33.147 375 393.94 13057.85 13588.61 14.44 17.686 20.93 3.15E-02 83604.98 10120 87680.13 197931.6 9.305316
33.957 400 420.2 14268.73 13920.67 15.25 18.496 21.74 3.15E-02 93263.09 10120 91695.94 213148.4 9.892356

Moose 30.517 250 262.63 8014.527 12510.44 11.81 15.056 18.3 3.18E-02 47854.71 8125 59926.81 128306.5 6.89756
31.207 275 288.89 9015.312 12793.31 12.5 15.746 18.99 3.18E-02 55052.73 8125 62673.32 139534.7 7.355673
31.947 300 315.15 10068.1 13096.67 13.24 16.486 19.73 3.18E-02 62880.11 8125 65618.84 151663.7 7.850554
32.737 325 341.41 11176.82 13420.53 14.03 17.276 20.52 3.18E-02 71384.53 8125 68763.38 164745.3 8.384453
33.577 350 367.68 12345.42 13764.89 14.87 18.116 21.36 3.18E-02 80613.67 8125 72106.95 178830.9 8.959681
34.477 375 393.94 13581.78 14133.85 15.77 19.016 22.26 3.18E-02 90662.88 8125 75689.35 194067.9 9.583753
35.417 400 420.2 14882.22 14519.2 16.71 19.956 23.2 3.18E-02 101487.7 8125 79430.96 210320 10.249

178830.9

8.959681

24 | P a g e
Cost per unit length calculation

Assumptions: Cost of the steel used in tower = Rs.150000 per tonne

Number of towers (Nt) = ((total length)/(length of span))+1
Cost of tower per unit length = (cost per tower*Nt)/length of transmission
Sample calculation:

For sheep; 250m; weight of tower= 6.4153 tonne

Number of tower = (160/.25 ) +1= 641 nos

Cost per tower = cost per tone* weight of tower
= Rs.150000*6.4153
= Rs. 962297.7
Cost of tower per unit length = (962295*641)/160
= Rs.3855205

Similarly the cost of tower per unit length of different conductor and different span are
shown in table below:

Conducto span(Km) weight(tonne) cost/tower Nt (Nos) cost/Length

r (Rs.) (Rs.)
sheep 0.25 6.415318 962297.7 641 3855205.16
1
0.275 6.803938 1020590.7 583 3718777.36
3
0.3 7.225057 1083758.55 535 3623817.65
2
0.325 7.67609 1151413.5 494 3554989.18
1
0.35 8.163396 1224509.4 459 3512811.34
1

deer 0.25 6.698442 1004766.3 641 4025344.98

9
0.275 7.073942 1061091.3 583 3866351.42
4
0.3 7.528293 1129243.95 535 3775909.45
8
0.325 7.990885 1198632.75 494 3700778.61
6

25
 0.35 8.490949 1273642.35 459 3653761.49
2

zebra 0.25 6.465669 969850.35 641 3885462.96

5
0.275 6.907803 1036170.45 583 3775546.07
7
0.3 7.380772 1107115.8 535 3701918.45
6
0.325 7.895316 1184297.4 494 3656518.22
3
0.35 8.454119 1268117.85 459 3637913.08
2

Elk 0.25 6.932088 1039813.2 641 4165751.63

3
0.275 7.341457 1101218.55 583 4012565.09
2
0.3 7.780733 1167109.95 535 3902523.89
5
0.325 8.251572 1237735.8 494 3821509.28
3
0.35 8.760795 1314119.25 459 3769879.59
8

Moose 0.25 6.89756 1034634 641 4145002.46

3
0.275 7.355673 1103350.95 583 4020335.02
4
0.3 7.850554 1177583.1 535 3937543.49
1
0.325 8.384453 1257667.95 494 3883049.79
6
0.35 8.959681 1343952.15 459 3855462.73

Most economical span and conductor selection

From the above table,

The most economical span = 350m for all conductors
Data available;
Cost of aluminum per tonne = Rs.20150
Cost of steel per tonne = Rs. 150000

26
 Sample calculation:
For sheep; span =350m; aluminum weight per Km = 1036 kg; steel weight
per km = 690 kg

Cost of power conductor

Cost of aluminum per km = Rs. 20150*1.036 = Rs.20875.4

Cost of steel per km = Rs 150000*.69 = Rs. 103500
Total Cost of power conductor = (Rs. 20875.4 + Rs. 103500)*6 = Rs.746252.4/km

From table above,

Tower cost per unit length = Rs. 3512811.341

Capital cost/length = conductor cost/km + tower cost/km

= Rs.746252.4 + Rs. 3512811.341
(P) =Rs. 429063.7

Annual capital cost (A) is calculated as:

A= *P
This gives annual capital cost (A) = Rs. 500226.9494
Power loss per Km PL= 41.11 Kw; load loss factor (LLf)=0.13;
Cost of Energy loss/Km = PL *LLf * time* rate per Kwh
=41.11*0.13*365*24*7.5
=Rs. 351120.51
Total annual cost = Rs. 500226.9494 + Rs. 351120.51
=Rs. 851347.4594
The total annual cost calculation is shown in table below:

conductor M.E.Span(Km) tower cost of capital annual power annual E L total annual
cost/L (Rs.) cond/L cost/L (Rs.) cost/L (Rs.) loss/L cost/L cost
(Rs.) (Kw) (Rs.) (Rs.)

sheep 0.35 3512811.00 746252.00 4259063.00 500226.95 41.11 351120.51 851347.46

Deer 0.35 3653761.00 853729.00 4507490.00 529404.70 35.86 306280.26 835684.96
Zebra 0.35 3637913.00 537466.00 4175379.00 490398.26 35.97 307219.77 797618.03
Elk 0.35 3769880.00 947988.00 4717868.00 554113.60 32.28 275703.48 829817.08
Moose 0.35 3855463.00 596746.20 4452209.20 522911.97 29.14 248884.74 771796.71

From the above table,

The minimum total annual cost is acquired by the conductor Moose. Hence we
go for the conductor Moose for the transmission line of 200 Mw and 160Km.

27
Transmission line characteristics of the conductor Moose

Electrical characteristics

61 strands with 7 Steel strands and 54 Aluminum strands.

Diameter of each strands = 3.53 mm

With 1-6-12-18-24 configuration ,

GMR for inductance (GMRi) = 59.78mm

GMR for capacitance (GMRc) =69.02 mm

GMD for single ckt ( bundle conductor ) =11171.9 mm
Resistance of the whole line per phase(R) = 5.205Ώ
Inductance of Whole length (L) =0.167 H
Capacitance of whole Length(C) = 1.7488 μF
Now Impedance of the Line (Z) = 52.78<84.3 Ώ
Susceptance of the Line (Y) =j5.494*e-04 siemen
= 5.494*e-04<90
28
A, B, C, D parameters calculation

A = 1 + ZY/2 = 0.985<0.083
B = Z= 52.78<84.3
C = 5.454*e-04<90.04
D = A=0.985<0.083

Now, Sending end Voltage

(Vs) = A*Vr +B*Ir
= 0.985<0.083* 220/√3<0 + 52.78<84.3* 546.75*e-03<-16.26
= 138.54<11.12 KV
Sending end current(Is) = C*Vr +D*Ir
= 523.7<8.88 A

Now Voltage Regulation = (|Vs|/A -|Vr| )/|Vr|

= 0.1164
= 10.68%

Corona Inception Voltage Criterion

Corona Inception voltage (Vci) =21.1*GMR*m*δ*ln(GMD/GMR)

Where, m = factor of roughness =0.72

δ = relative density of air =1

Vci = 21.1 * 5.978*1*0.72* ln (11171.9/59.78)

= 475.02 KV

29
 Mechanical characteristics

Length of span =350m.

Tension at toughest condition = 8125kg
Tension at stringing condition = 5781.97 kg
Tension at easiest condition = 4456.00 kg
Heights:
Maximum sag =6.87 m; H1=14.87m; H2=18.116m; H3=21.36m; Ht=33.577m
Bending moment =178830.9kg-mTower weight=8.959681 tonne
Tower Cost per unit length=Rs.3855462.73 /Km
Total annual cost =Rs. 771796.71/km

30