LESSON 5

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BUOYANCY

IDEAL FLUID
Ideal

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fluid: Fluid with no friction

Also referred to as an inviscid (zero
viscosity) fluid
Internal forces at any section within are
normal (pressure forces)
Practical
applications:
many
flows
approximate frictionless flow away from
solid boundaries.
Do not confuse ideal fluid with a perfect
(ideal) gas.
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REAL FLUID
Tangential or shearing forces always
develop where there is motion relative to
solid body
Thus, fluid friction is created Shear forces
oppose motion of one particle past another
Friction forces gives rise to a fluid
property called viscosity

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VISCOSITY

A measure of a fluid's resistance to

angular deformation,
e.g., Motor oil: high viscosity, feels sticky

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Gasoline: low viscosity, flows faster

Friction

forces result from cohesion and

momentum
interchange
between
molecules.
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NEWTONS LAW OF VISCOSITY

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TYPES OF FLUID FLOW

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INTRODUCTION
When a real fluid flows past a solid boundary, a layer of
fluid which comes in contact with the boundary surface
adheres to it on account of viscosity. Since this layer of
the fluid cannot slip away from the boundary surface it
attains the same velocity as that of the boundary.
If the boundary is stationary, the fluid velocity at
the boundary surface will be zero. Thus at the
boundary surface the layer of the fluid undergoes
retardation.
Therefore in the immediate vicinity of the boundary
surface, the velocity of the fluid increases
gradually from zero at boundary surface to the
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velocity of the mainstream. This region is known as
BOUNDARY LAYER.

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CAUSES OF ITS FORMATION

Large

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velocity gradient (Larger variation of

velocity in relatively smaller distance)
leading to appreciable shear stress.
Consists of two layers:
CLOSE TO BOUNDARY : large velocity
gradient, appreciable viscous forces.
OUTSIDE BOUNDARY LAYER: viscous
forces are negligible, flow may be treated
as non-viscous or inviscid.
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DEVELOPMENT OF BOUNDARY
LAYER
The

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boundary layer starts at the leading edge of

a solid surface and the boundary layer
thickness increases with the distance x along
the surface.
Near the leading edge of the solid surface,
where thickness is small, the flow is laminar
(LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYER upto Re 3 x
105 ~ 3.2 x 105)
LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYER PROFILE
PARABOLIC
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DEVELOPMENT OF BOUNDARY
LAYER
As

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the thickness of the layer increases in the

downstream direction, the laminar layer
becomes unstable, leading to transition from
laminar to turbulent boundary layer. Re ~
5.5 x 105 ( Onset of turbulent BL)
Turbulent flow is characterized by greater
interchange of mass momentum and energy
within the fluid particles.

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DEVELOPMENT OF BOUNDARY
LAYER
velocity profile is more uniform in
turbulent BL.
Velocity gradient is higher in turbulent BL,
hence shear stresses are higher.
BL depends on Reynolds number & also on
the surface roughness. Roughness of the
surface adds to the disturbance in the flow &
hastens the transition from laminar to
turbulent
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The

DEVELOPMENT OF BOUNDARY
LAYER
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PARAMETERS OF BOUNDARY
LAYER
BOUNDARY

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LAYER THICKNESS ()
The velocity within a boundary layer
approaches the free stream velocity value
asymptotically, and so the limit of boundary
layer is not easily defined.
A distance is prescribed at the velocity
lies within 1 % of the asymptotic value u =
0.99 U0
becomes the measure of the thickness of a
region in which major portion of the14
velocity distribution takes place

PARAMETERS OF BOUNDARY
LAYER (BL THICKNESS)
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PARAMETERS OF BOUNDARY
LAYER
DISPLACEMENT

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THICKNESS (*)
Consider an elementary strip of thickness dy
& at a distance y from the plate surface.

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PARAMETERS OF BOUNDARY LAYER

(DISPLACEMENT THICKNESS)
Area of elementary strip dA = b x dy, where b is the
width of the plate of this page.
Mass flow rate through this strip = x flow velocity x
area =
ub x dy
In absence of the plate, the fluid would have moved
with a
constant velocity equal to free stream
velocity U0
Corresponding mass flow rate = U0b x dy
Loss in mass flow rate through the elemental strip =
U0b x dy - ub x dy = (U0 u) b x dy

Total loss in mass flow rate =

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(U 0 u )bdy

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PARAMETERS OF BOUNDARY LAYER

(DISPLACEMENT THICKNESS)
Where

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is the value of y at which u = U0

Hence we define the displacement thickness as
the thickness of flow moving at the free stream
velocity and having the flow rate equal to the
loss in flow rate on account of boundary layer
formation.
Mass flow rate through distance * = x
velocity x area = U0 b *
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PARAMETERS OF BOUNDARY LAYER

(DISPLACEMENT THICKNESS)

Because is constant for incompressible flow

* (U 0 u ) / U 0 dy
0

U 0 b* ( U 0 u )bdy b (U 0 u )dy

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Therefore

* (1 u / U 0 )dy
0

The displacement thickness may be conceived as the

transverse distance by which the external free stream
is effectively displaced due to the formation of
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boundary layer

MOMENTUM THICKNESS ()
Loss in mass flow rate due to
velocity defect
= (U0 u) b dy
Loss in momentum
= (U0 u) b dy x u
Total loss in momentum =

u(U

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u )bdy

The momentum thickness () is

defined as the thickness of flow
moving at free stream velocity
and having the same momentum
flux equal to the deficiency of the
momentum flux in the region of
boundary layer.

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MOMENTUM THICKNESS ()
Momentum

bU 02 u (U 0 u )bdy b u (U 0 u )dy

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flux through distance = mass

flow rate through x velocity
= [( x b)U0] x U0 =bU02

u / U 0 (1 u / U 0 )dy
0
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MOMENTUM THICKNESS ()
Momentum

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thickness can be conceived as

the transverse distance by which the
boundary layer should be displaced to
compensate for the reduction in the
momentum of the flowing fluid on account of
the boundary layer formation

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ENERGY THICKNESS (**)

Mass of fluid = ubdy
K.E = * u x b x dy x u2
K.E. in absence of boundary layer
= * u x b x dy x U02
loss in K.E through the elemental strip
= * u x b x dy x (U02 u2)

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ub(U 02 u 2 )dy
Total loss of K.E.
2
0
The energy thickness ** is defined as the thickness of
the flow moving at the free stream velocity & having
the energy equal to the deficiency of energy in the
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boundary layer region

ENERGY THICKNESS (**)

K.E . Through distance ** = * (b**U0)xU02
= * (b**)xU03

1
1
** 3
b U 0
ub(U 02 u 2 )dy
2
2

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**

u / U 0 (1 (u / U 0 ) )dy
0

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ENERGY THICKNESS (**)

Energy

1
2
C f 0 /( U 0 )
2

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thickness may be conceived as the

transverse distance by which the boundary
layer should be displaced to compensate for
the reduction in energy of the flowing fluid on
account of the boundary layer formation
SHAPE FACTOR =*/
SKIN FRICTION COEFFICIENT Cf = ratio
of wall shear stress & dynamic pressure

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