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PG Student, Department of EEE, Sri Mittapalli College of Engineering, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
Associate Professor, Head, Department of EEE, Sri Mittapalli College of Engineering, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a new methodology to reduce harmonic distortion in UPQC using artificial neural network
and fuzzy logic controller. So this paper main aim is improve power quality by using UPQC with ANN and FLC. The most
purpose of the proposed (ANN & FLC) is capable of providing good static and dynamic performances compared to PI
controller. The UPQC is to control on voltage flicker/unbalance, reactive power and harmonics. In different words, the
UPQC has the potential of up power quality at the purpose of installation on power industrial power systems.
The appliance of computing is growing quick within the space of power electronics and drives. From olden days to now
days we are using twelve switches used in back to back configuration. But now we are using nine switches instead of 12
switches. In 9 switch UPQC converter given the most useful benefits compared to 12 switches power converter. The nine
switches UPQC converter gets the best results by using of three methods. They are one is PI controller technique, ANN
controller technique and FLC controller technique. By contrast PI, FLC and ANN, ANN is better than (FLC & PI) for
power quality enhancement and voltage sag and voltage swell mitigations. The factitious neural network (ANN) is taken
into account as a replacement tool to style management electronic equipment for power-quality (PQ) devices. A whole
simulation study is administrated to analysis the performance of the ANN controller and compares its performance with the
quality FLC & PI controllers results. The nine-switch convertor has already been proved to possess sure benefits,
additionally to its part saving topological feature. Despite these benefits, the nine-switch convertor has thus far found
restricted applications because of its several perceived performance tradeoffs like requiring associate degree outsized
dc-link capacitance, restricted amplitude sharing, and unnatural part shift between its 2 sets of output terminals. Rather
than acceptive these tradeoffs as limitations, a nine-switch power conditioner is projected here that nearly converts most
of those topological short comings into fascinating performance benefits. Aiming more to cut back its switch losses,
Harmonics, Voltage Sag & Swell associate degree acceptable discontinuous modulation theme is projected and studied
here thoroughly to doubly make sure that top reduction of commutations is achieved. With associate degree suitably
designed management theme with PI and ANN with Fuzzy logic controller then incorporated, the nine-switch convertor is
shown to favorably raise the general power quality in Simulation, thus justifying its role as an influence conditioner at a
reduced value.
KEYWORDS: ANN, Active Power Filters, PI Controller, Nine Switch Converter, Power Quality, UPQC
INTRODUCTION
The prime objective of power utility companies is to provide their consumers an uninterrupted sinusoidal voltage
of constant amplitude [1]-[5]. In addition to this, adherence to different power quality standards laid down by different
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agencies has become a figure of merit for the power utilities [6]. Unfortunately, this is becoming increasingly difficult to
do so, because
The size and number of non-linear and poor power Factor loads such as adjustable speed drives, computer power
supplies, furnaces, power converters and traction drives are finding its applications at domestic and industrial levels.
These nonlinear loads draw non-linear current and degrade electric power quality. The quality degradation leads to low
power-factor, low efficiency, overheating of transformers and so on [2]. The power electronic devices as a result of their
inherent non-linearity draw harmonic and reactive power from the availability. In 3 phase systems; the reactive power
burden, injected harmonics, excessive neutral currents and unbalance cause low system potency and poor power factor.
Additionally to the present, the ability system is subjected to numerous transients like voltage sags, swells, glints etc.
These transients would have an effect on the voltage at distribution levels. Excessive reactive power of loads would
increment the generating capability of generating stations and increment the transmission losses in lines. Thus provide of
reactive power at the load end becomes essential.
Power Quality (PQ) chiefly deals with problems like maintaining a set voltage at the purpose of Common
Coupling (PCC) for varied distribution voltage levels regardless of voltage fluctuations, maintaining close to unity power
issue power drawn from the supply, obstruction of current and voltage unbalance from passing upwards from varied
distribution levels, reduction of current and voltage harmonics within the system and suppression of excessive provide
neutral current.
Nowadays equipments exploitation power semiconductor devices, usually called active power filters (APFs),
Active Power Line Conditioners (APLCs) etc. are used for the power quality problems owing to their dynamic and
adjustable solutions [10]. This paper is intended to provide a comprehensive review on the topic of UPQC. Over 10
publications [1]-[11] are critically reviewed to get proper idea about different intelligent controller used with UPQC.
Beside this, this paper also discusses the most significant concepts that are utilized to control the UPQC.
Since its initial introduction, static power convertor development has full-grown quickly with several convertor
topologies currently pronto found within the open literature. Incidental this development is that the equally speedy
identification of application areas, wherever power converters will contribute absolutely toward raising the general system
quality [1], [2]. In most cases, the known applications would need the ability converters to be connected nonparallel [3] or
shunt [4], looking on the operational situations into consideration. Additionally, they have to be programmed with voltage,
current, and power regulation schemes in order that they will swimmingly make amends for harmonics, reactive power
flow, unbalance, and voltage variations. For even additional tight regulation of provide quality, each a shunt and a series
convertor square measure more with one amongst them tasked to perform voltage regulation, whereas the opposite
performs current regulation. nearly always, these 2 converters square measure connected in an exceedingly back to-back
configuration [5], victimization twelve switches in total and sharing a typical dc-link capacitance, as mirrored by the
configuration drawn in Figure 1(a). Wherever obtainable, a small supply may be inserted to the common dc link, if the
intention is to supply for distributed generation in an exceedingly small grid [6], while not considerably impacting on the
long proved correct functioning of the succeeding configuration.
Presenting a much better reduced semiconductor different for top quality seriesshunt compensation, this paper
proposes one stage integrated nine-switch power conditioner, whose circuit association is shown in Figure 1(b). As its
name roughly inferred, the planned conditioner uses a nine-switch convertor with 2 sets of output terminals, rather than the
Impact Factor (JCC): 5.9638
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Simulation of Reduced Switch Inverter Based UPQC with Fuzzy Logic and ANN Controllers
same old twelve switch back-to back convertor. The nine-switch convertor was earlier planned in [7] and [8] at regarding a
similar time, and was counseled for twin motor drives [9], rectifierinverter systems, and uninterruptible power provides
[10]. Despite functioning as supposed, these applications are burdened by the restricted part shift and strict amplitude
sharing enforced between the 2 terminal sets of the nine-switch convertor.
During voltage sags, the second set of management schemes conjointly has the flexibility to endlessly keep the
load voltages inside tolerable vary. This sag mitigation ability, along with different abstract findings mentioned during this
paper however not within the open literature, has already been verified in experiment with favorable results discovered.
POWER QUALITY
Power Quality (PQ) connected problems are a unit of most concern today. The widespread use of equipment, like
info technology instrumentality, power physical science like energy-efficient lighting, adjustable speed drives (ASD), PLC,
diode to a whole modification of electrical hundreds nature. These hundreds area unit at the same time the key causers and
also the major victims of power quality issues [8]. Because of their non-linearity, of these hundreds cause disturbances
within the voltage undulation. Alongside technology advance, the organization of the worldwide economy has evolved
towards globalization and also the profit margins of the many activities tend to decrease [11]. The magnified sensitivity of
the overwhelming majority of processes (services, residential and even industrial) to PQ issues turns the provision of
electrical power with quality an important issue for fight in each activity sector. The foremost crucial area units are the
continual method trade and also the info technology services. Once a disturbance happens, immense money losses could
happen, with the ensuing loss of productivity and fight. Though several efforts are taken by utilities, some shoppers need
tier of PQ beyond the extent provided by fashionable electrical networks. This means that some measures should be taken
so as to attain higher levels of Power Quality.
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2 inverters one connected across the load that acts as a shunt APF and different connected nonparallel with the
road as that of series APF.
Shunt coupling inductance Lsh is employed to interface the shunt electrical converter to the network. It conjointly
helps in smoothing this wave. Generally associate isolation electrical device is employed to electrically isolate the
electrical converter from the network.
a typical dc link that may be fashioned by employing a condenser or associate inductance. In Figure 2, the dc link
is accomplished employing a condenser that interconnects the 2 inverters and conjointly maintains a continuing
independent dc bus voltage across it.
Associate LC filter that is a passive low-pass filter (LPF) and helps to eliminate high-frequency switch ripples on
generated electrical converter output voltage.
Series injection electrical device that is accustomed connect the series electrical converter within the network.
An acceptable flip magnitude relation is commonly thought-about to scale back the voltage and current rating of
series electrical converter.
In principle, UPQC is associate integration of shunt and series APFs with a typical independent dc bus. The shunt
electrical converter in UPQC is managementled in current management mode such it delivers a current that is adequate to
the set price of the reference current as ruled by the UPQC control algorithmic program. To boot, the shunt electrical
converter plays a vital role in achieving needed performance from a UPQC system by maintaining the dc bus voltage at a
group reference price. So as to cancel the harmonics generated by a nonlinear load, the shunt electrical converter ought to
inject a current. Similarly, the series electrical converter of UPQC is managementled in voltage control mode such it
generates a voltage and injects nonparallel with line to realize a curved, free from distortion and at the required magnitude
voltage at the load terminal. Within the case of a voltage sag condition, actual supply voltage can represent the distinction
Impact Factor (JCC): 5.9638
Simulation of Reduced Switch Inverter Based UPQC with Fuzzy Logic and ANN Controllers
81
between the reference load voltage and reduced offer voltage, i.e., the injected voltage by the series electrical converter to
take care of voltage at the load terminal at reference price. Altogether the reference papers on UPQC, the shunt electrical
converter is operated as controlled current supply and also the series electrical converter as controlled voltage supply
except during which the operation of series and shunt inverters is interchanged.
A unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) may be a device .The UPQC, sort of a UPFC, employs 2 voltage
supply inverters (VSIs) that area unit connected to a standard dc energy storage condenser. One among these 2 VSIs is
connected serial with the AC line whereas the opposite is connected in shunt with an equivalent line. A UPFC is used in an
exceedingly power gear mechanism to perform shunt and series compensation at an equivalent time. Equally a UPQC may
perform each the tasks in an exceedingly power distribution system. However, at now similarities within the operational
principles of those 2 devices finish. Since an influence cable typically operates in an exceedingly balanced, distortion
(harmonic) free surroundings, a UPFC should solely give balanced shunt or series compensation. An influence distribution
system, on the other hand, could contain unbalance, distortion and even dc elements. Thus a UPQC should operate below
these surroundings whereas providing shunt or series compensation.
The UPQC may be a comparatively new device and not a lot of work has been reported thereon however. It has
been viewed as an integration of series and shunt active filters. It has been shown that it may be accustomed attenuate
current harmonics by inserting a series voltage proportional to the road current. Instead, the inserted series voltage is
supplemental to the voltage at the purpose of common coupling specified the device will give a buffer to eliminate any
voltage dip or flicker. It is additionally potential to control it as a mixture of those 2 modes. In either case, the shunt device
is employed for providing a path for the important power to flow to assist the operation of the series connected VSI.
Additionally enclosed during this structure may be a shunt passive filter to that all the comparatively low frequency
harmonics area unit directed.
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These unit input voltage vectors square measure taken to part secured loop (PLL). With correct part delay, the unit vector
templates square measure generated.
The extraction of unit vector templates is
U a = sin( wt )
U b = sin( wt 120)
U c = sin( wt + 120)
Multiplying the height amplitude of basic input voltage with unit vector templates of above equation offers the
reference load voltage signals,
V * abc =Vm .U abc
3-ph supply currents square measure perceived and compared with reference current signals. The error
generated is then processed by a physical phenomenon current controller with appropriate band, generating gating signals
for shunt APF.
Simulation of Reduced Switch Inverter Based UPQC with Fuzzy Logic and ANN Controllers
83
I ld q 0 = T abdqc 0 I a bc
dq 0
Tabc
2
2
cos
cos +
3
3
2
2
sin
sin
3
3
1
1
2
2
cos
2
= sin
3
1
(1)
(2)
(3)
Where, Id is active and IQ is reactive a part of power. An AC and DC component is extracted by an occasional
pass filter. In this case:
Il = I
+ Ic
(4)
In Eq. 4, Is is that the supply current, Il is that the load current and Ic is that the compensating current injected by
shunt electrical converter. If compensation reference currents area unit thought-about as follow:
(5)
I s d = I l d , I s q = I lq
(6)
In the Eq. 6, simply the load current harmonics area unit remunerated. If power issue is taken into account too, the
reference currents would be as follow:
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(7)
I s d = I lq , I s q = 0
(8)
(9)
I L dq 0 =T abc dq 0 iL abc
(10)
By this remodel, the basic positive sequence parts area unit remodeled into dc Quantities in d and letter of the
alphabet axes, which may simply be extracted by low-pass, filter (LPF).
Figure 5: Control of the Shunt Converter of the Nine Switch UPQC Using ANN
All harmonic parts area unit remodeled into ac quantities with a harmonic shift
%
I Lq =i Lq +i Lq
Since
(11)
= i
+ i
(12)
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Simulation of Reduced Switch Inverter Based UPQC with Fuzzy Logic and ANN Controllers
*
ldq 0
*
labc
=T
dq 0
abc
*
labc
.V
Vm
= 0
0
(13)
Vm cos (t + )
= Vm cos (t + 120)
Vm cos (t + +120)
(14)
*
*
V fdq
0 = Vldq 0 Vsdq 0
(15)
Figure 7: Control Block Diagram of the Series Converter of the UPQC Using ANN
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(I )
w .x
called activation
tangent function.
Neural networks are models of biological neural structures. The place to begin for many neural networks is a
model nerve cell (neuron).This nerve cell consists of multiple inputs and one output. Every input is changed by a weight
that multiplies with the input worth. The nerve cell can mix these weighted inputs and, with relevance a threshold worth
and activation operate, use these to work out its output. This behavior follows closely our understanding of however real
neurons work.
87
Simulation of Reduced Switch Inverter Based UPQC with Fuzzy Logic and ANN Controllers
three. Intermediate layers that are people who dont have any inputs or outputs to the external world, are referred to as
hidden layers. Back propagation neural networks are sometimes totally connected. This implies that every vegetative
cell(neuron) is connected to each output from the preceding layer or one input from the external world if the vegetative cell
is within the initial layer and, correspondingly, every vegetative cell has its output connected to each vegetative cell within
the succeeding layer.
Y j = Fth (U j + t j )
(16)
The output layer is taken into account a collector of the options detected and producer of the response. While this
read of the neural network could also be useful in conceptualizing the functions of the layers, you should not take this
model too virtually because the functions delineate might not be thus specific or localized.
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Low frequency oscillations are a common problem in large power systems. A power system stabilizer (PSS) can
provide a supplementary control signal to the excitation system and/or the speed governor system of the electric generating
unit to damp these oscillations. Due to their flexibility, easy implementation, and low cost, PSSs have been extensively
studied and successfully used in power systems for many years.
Most PSSs in use in electric power systems employ the classical linear control theory approach based on a linear
model of a fixed configuration of the power system. To improve the performance of UPQC, numerous techniques have
been proposed for their design, such us using intelligent optimization methods (genetic algorithms, neural networks, fuzzy
and many other nonlinear control techniques). It recent years, fuzzy logic Management has emerged as a robust tool and is
beginning to be utilized in numerous grid applications.
The application of fuzzy logic control techniques appears to be most suitable one whenever a well-defined control
objective cannot specified, the system to be controlled is a complex one, or its exact mathematical model is not available.
Recent analysis indicates that a lot of stress has been placed on the combined usage of fuzzy systems and neural networks.
The fuzzy logic controller designed can be of the form shown in Figure 2.
Simulation of Reduced Switch Inverter Based UPQC with Fuzzy Logic and ANN Controllers
89
SIMULATION CIRCUITS
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Figure 14: Block Diagram of Nine Switch UPQC With ANN Controller
Figure 15: Block Diagram of Nine Switch UPQC with FUZZY Logic Controller
SIMULATION RESULTS
Figure 16: PI Controller with SAG Condition at Load Voltage, Input Voltage, and Injected Voltage
Impact Factor (JCC): 5.9638
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Simulation of Reduced Switch Inverter Based UPQC with Fuzzy Logic and ANN Controllers
Figure 17: PI Controller with SAG Condition at Load Current, Input Current, and Injected Current
Figure 18: PI Controller with SWELL Condition at Load Voltage, Input Voltage, and Injected Voltage
Figure 19: PI Controller with SWELL Condition at Load Current, Input Current, and Injected Current
Figure 20: ANN Controller with SAG & SWELL Condition at Load Voltage, Input Voltage, and Injected Voltage
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Figure 21: ANN Controller with SAG & SWELL Condition at Load Current, Input Current, and Injected Current
Figure 22: FUZZY Logic Controller with SAG & SWELL Condition at
Load Voltage, Input Voltage, and Injected Voltage
Figure 23: FUZZY Logic Controller with SAG & SWELL Condition
at Load Current, Input Current, and Injected Current
Figure 24: Utility Side Voltage THD with ANN 1.36% at 3rd Harmonic Order
Impact Factor (JCC): 5.9638
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Simulation of Reduced Switch Inverter Based UPQC with Fuzzy Logic and ANN Controllers
RESULT TABLE
Table 1
CONCLUSIONS
The UPQC performance principally depends upon however accurately and quickly reference signals are derived.
The simulated result shows that it has considerable response time for yielding effective compensation in the network.
This may not be desirable in modern power system control. Using conventional compensator data, a fuzzy logic controller
(FLC) is tuned with large number of data points. Then conventional compensator was replaced with fuzzy logic controller
and ANN.
The simulation results have shown that the UPQC perform higher with ANN and FLC planned theme
eliminates each voltage similarly as current harmonics effectively. The ANN controller also performs in a similarly with
slightly better voltage compensation It is also observed that the response time for derivation of compensation signals
reduces significantly with improved accuracy.
The response of FUZZY & ANN controllers are THD is minimum and faster for the both the current and voltage
which is evident from the plots comparison compared with PI controller as shown Result Table. Proposed model for the
Nine Switch UPQC is to compensate input current harmonics and voltage harmonics caused by non-linear load. The work
can be extended to compensate the load current and supply voltage imperfections such as swells, sags, voltage imbalance,
current unbalance, interruptions, and flicker.
REFERENCES
1) M. F. Farias, P. E. Battaiotto, Investigation of UPQC for sag compensation in wind farms to weak grid
connection, IEEE Conf., .2010.
2) D. Graovac, V. Katic, and A. Rufer, Power quality compensation using universal power quality conditioning
system, IEEE Power Eng. Rev., vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 5860, Dec. 2000.
3) Rvd Rama Rao and Dr. Subhransu.Sekhar. Dash, Power Quality Enhancement By Unified Power Quality
Conditioner Using Ann With Hysteresis Control, International Journal Of Computer Applications (0975 8887)
Volume 6 No.1, September 2010.
4) L. H. Tey, P. L. So, and Y. C. Chu, Neural network-controlled unified power quality conditioner for system
harmonics compensation, in Proc. IEEE/PES Transmiss. Distrib. Conf. Exhib., 2002, pp. 10381043.
5) K. S. Ravi Kumar and S. V. A. R. Sastry, Application of PI, Fuzzy Logic and ANN in Improvement of Power
Quality using Unified Power Quality Conditioner, ISSN : 2231-0711, IJCSET | June 2011 | Vol 1, Issue 5,
214-217 .
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6) Seyedreza Aali Unified Power Quality Conditioner Based on Neural-Network Controller for Mitigation of
Voltage and Current Source Harmonics, Journal of Electrical Engineering.
7) Kolhatkar Y. Y. and Das S. P., Experimental investigation of a single-phase UPQC with minimum VA loading,
IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 373-380, 2007.
8) Sudeep Kumar. R, Ganesan. P 250KVA unified power quality controller center for development of Advanced
computing, Trivandrum, IEEE2006.
9) G.Tulasi Ram Das, A.Jaya Laxmi, Different control strategies for Unified Power Quality Conditioner at load
side, ICIEA 2006.
10) A. Kazemi, R. Rezaeipour Introducing a New method for UPQC Control to Solve Power Quality Problems
Center Of Excellence For Power System Automation And Operation. Iran University of Science and Technology,
Iran pp 1528-1531, IEEE, 2008. Issue 3, Jul. 2004, pp. 1511-1518.
11) H. Toodeji, S. H. Fathi, Power Management and Performance Improvement in Integrated System of Variable
Speed Wind Turbine and UPQC Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, IEEE 2009.
AUTHORS PROFILE
Mr. SHAIK. MABUSUBANI is a student of Sri Mittapalli College of Engineering, Guntur, AP. Currently he is
pursuing M. Tech in Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (12U91D5408) from S.M.C.E. He completed B. Tech
(E.E.E.) in Chalapati Institute of Technology. His area of interests include Power Quality by Custom Power Devices,
controllers like Conventional controllers, Artificial intelligence controlling techniques, power Electronics & Drives, Neuro
controller Neuro-fuzzy controllers, renewable energy resources, Fuzzy logic controllers.
Mr. SURESH. KORNEPATI presently working as Associate Professor & Head, Deportment of EEE in Sri
Mittapalli College of Engineering, Guntur, A. P. He having 12 years of Experience in Teaching. Currently he is pursuing
PhD in Andhra University. His area of interests include renewable energy resources, Power Quality by custom Power
Devices, Power System Operation, Control & Stability, Intelligent controlling techniques and Power Electronics & Drives.