1

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rationale

In globalization era, we can find the indication about interaction process

between language and culture in the world. Cross culture understanding is needed
when we make interaction with other nations. In this era, competitions happen in
every sector in our life. Mastering information, knowledge, and technology are
also needed in gaining a better life. Translation holds an important role in
spreading information. Translator helps people in getting information. Their job is
transferring one language to other language, which is equivalence. Harimurti

Kridalaksana (2009: 56) defines equivalence is a closest meaning. It means that

translator must be able to present a translation that does not deviate significantly
from the true meaning contained in the source language.
Translation is not an easy job. Translators must not only master the source
language and the target language well, but they also must have a thorough
understanding of the field of knowledge that is transformed into the target
language. Each social connotations, cultural, and emotional needs must be

included in the target language and must be understood well by a translator.

Matters relating to the preparation of the words and specific phrases, special
expressions, local expectations and so on should be calculated accurately.
The purpose of translation is to provide the equivalent semantic translation
between the Source Language (SL) and the Target Language (TL). The exactly
equivalent is not possible because there are differences between the source
language and the target language. According to Yusuf (1994: 4), each language

has unique characteristics that differ with others. Machali (as cited in Anisa 2012:
2) states that language is a system, which has structure, because it has a certain
pattern. In transferring, a good translator has to be able in choosing the right word,
phrase or sentence which has equivalence in semantic with Source Language,
though he must transform syntax from Source Language to Target Language.
Moentaha (2006: 15) explains the difficulty in translating is due to the different
grammatical systems in both languages, for example noun in Indonesian; to

indicate plural nouns is known a repetition system "buku-buku", while in English

noun plural marked by the morpheme -s, "books".
According to Nida & Taber in their book The Theory and Practice of
Translation, explains that in translating, a translator must be able to reproduce the
message and it must be good in grammatical and lexical adjustments. Moentaha
(2006: 108) grammatical transformation, which also is syntactic transformation, is
a transformation of grammatical structure without changing the lexical

components. Grammatical transformation is applied to analyze shifts between

source language and Target Language and shifts occur to create dynamic models
of translation. Moreover, thematic structure is applied to compare shifts of theme
and rheme in clause level both in Source Language and in Target Language.
In Catford perspective, in translation, there are grammatical translations.
(1965: 71) It is restricted translation in which the source language grammar of a
text is replaced by equivalent target language grammar, but it is without

replacement of lexis. He also explains his concept of shift in translation (1965: 76)
that translation equivalence may occurs between sentence, clauses, group, word
and morphemes. It is called level shift and category sift that divided into four; 1)
structure shift, 2) class shift, 3) unit shift or rank-change, and 4) intra-system shift.
Newmark (1988: 85) mentions that a shift, Catfords term, is also known as
transposition (Vinay and Darbelnet). He explains that shift or transposition is a

translation procedure that concern in changing of grammar from Source Language

to Target Language.
According to Proshina (2008: 50) transformation in translation develops the
ideas of transformational grammar introduced by N. Chomsky. Chomskys
transformation rule and his terminology (deep-structure and surface-structure) are
also influenced Nidas theory of translation.
In fact, one of the most important insights coming from transformational
grammar is the fact that in languages there are half a dozen to a dozen

10

basic structures out of which all the more elaborate formations are
constructed by means of so-called transformation. In contrast, backtransformation, then, is the analytic process of reducing the surface
structure to its underlying kernels, (Nida and Taber, 1969: 39)
Proshina (2008: 45) states in her page that translation transformations can
divided

into

three

categories;

grammatical

transformations,

lexical

transformations, and complex (lexical and grammatical) transformations.

(2002: 21) states grammatical transformations can be divided into four types; 1)
Transposition, 2) Replacement, 3) Addition, and 4) Omission.

11

Grammatical transformations always occur in a translation. This cannot be

avoided because each language has its own uniqueness in grammar that
distinguishes it from other languages. Because of the uniqueness of each
language, makes writers want to investigate further what kinds of grammatical
transformations that occur in English translation that Indonesian as source
language. Transformation in translation is interesting because in gaining the
equivalence between Source Language and Target Language, translator can

12

consider some theories and techniques such as grammatical transformation,

dynamic equivalence. All will be discussed in chapter 2.
In this research, the writer eager to analyze grammatical transformations,
that can be found in English translation "Habibie & Ainun". It is very interesting
and challenging because as we know that the novel is the best seller and the author
of the novel is the important person in our country. He is Baharudin Jusuf
Habibie, the third president of Indonesia. He is not a writer but he managed to

13

write the novel because of his sorrow for being left by his beloved wife, Dr. Hj.
Hasri Ainun Habibie who died in 2010.

1.2 Formulation of the Study

The formulations of study on this research are:
1. What types of grammatical transformations occur in the Target Language?

14

2. What types of grammatical transformation those often appear in the Target

Language?
3. On which syntactic levels grammatical transformations occur in the Target
Language?

1.3 The Objectives of the Study

15

To achieve the aim of research, the writer has been set some objectives
research, namely:
1. To analyze and describe types of grammatical transformations occur in Target
Language.
2. To analyze and describe the type of grammatical transformation that often
appears in the target language.
3. To analyze and describe on which syntactic level grammatical transformation
occur in the Target Language.

16

1.4 The Theoretical Outline

Theory is needed to analyze a problem. Here the researcher will try to apply
some theories related to the grammatical transformation in the translation, such as;
transposition, replacement, addition, omission, and mix types.
To meet this study, the writer will use and apply various references and book
related to translation study and grammatical transformation between English as

17

Target Language and Indonesia as Source Language. The theories are come from
Nida and Taber (1969), Catford (1965), (2002), Beker (2008).

1.5 The Method and the Technique of the Study

1.5.1

The Method of the Study

This research is quantitative descriptive. Its aims are to describe and reveal a

problem. The method allows researchers could compare the specific phenomena

18

or called a comparative study. Sometimes researchers conduct classification, as

well as the study of phenomena by specifying a particular standard or norm. Many
experts called this method with the name of the normative survey. This kind of
method is also called a case study.

19

1.5.2

The Technique of Study

The writer tries to analyze translation in the English translation of

Indonesian novel Habibie & Ainun. According translation theory, many kinds of
strategies that can be used to analyze a translation, but the researcher only
interested in grammatical transformation that appear in the Target Language. It is
interesting because translation is the form of complex transformation but it can be
simplified by equivalence meaning. In achieving equivalence, the translator can

20

conduct

translation

technique,

grammatical

transformations,

namely;

transposition, replacement, addition, and omission. According to (2002:

25) in most cases, it is necessary to combine them. However, before go so far to
grammatical transformation, here the writer will discuss about translation study,
dynamic equivalence, textual equivalence, syntactic hierarchy, clause pattern.

1.6 Data Source

21

The writer will try to observe Indonesian novel Habibie & Ainun written by
Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie (2010) and compare it with its English version,
Habibie & Ainun The Power of Love translated by S.B. Joedono (2011).
The writer will collect every sentence in the Source Language, Indonesian,
and its equivalence sentence in the Target Language, English version. The
sentences that the researcher collect as her data is sentences which experience
grammatical transformation, such as transposition, replacement, addition, and

22

omission. The researcher will also collect every sentence experience mixed types
of grammatical transformation. In her research, she also will analyze syntactic
level where grammatical transformations occur in Target Language.

1.7 Weight and Relevance

23

Weight and relevance in this research is that translation is linguistics field.

Translations give effect to the understanding of culture. The relevance of its
research is that language is a tool of thinking. As a language teacher, the writer
has to try to understand the way her students thought. By understanding the
grammatical transformation that occurred in the two languages, Indonesian, which
is used as a tool of thought, and English as the target language, then the writer can
assist students in understanding the changes that occur between Indonesian and

24

English. She also expects that this research can be useful to other teachers and
students.

25

CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

2.1

Previous Research

26

The previous research has become a reference for the writer to conduct
research that is different from previous studies. This is important because she
hopes that her research can give good effect for others in the future. Previous
studies are as follows: Laurinaviciute (2010), Sadiyani (2011), and Anisah (2012).
Laurinaviciute (2010) analyzed grammatical translation transformations;
transposition, addition, omission, substitution, and mixed type. She also compared

27

the two languages grammatically; English as Source Language and Lithuanian as

Target Language.
Sadiyani (2011) analyzed how Indonesian passive voice can be translated
into English. He explained concept passive voice both English concept and
Indonesia. He also explained about shift and semantics in translation theory.
Anisah (2012) analyzed translation transformation between English as
Source Language and Indonesia as Target Language. She describes translation

28

transformation In terms of language conventions (addition, omission, and

semantic transformation) and In terms of cultural conventions (addition, omission,
and semantic transformation). She also explained about function of translation
transformation.
The writer will analyze grammatical transformations that occur in target
language (English) namely transposition, replacement, addition, and omission.
She also will analyze mixed types of grammatical transformation. She also will

29

analyze syntactic level where grammatical transformation occure in Target

Language. This study is translation study. The two languages that the writer will
use as her data are Indonesia as Source Language and English as Target Language.
She is collecting data from Indonesian novel Habibie & Ainun and its English
version.

2.2

Translation Study

30

Translation has been defined in various ways. Catford (1965: 20) defines
translation as follows; The replacement of textual material in one language (SL)
by equivalent textual material in another language (TL) and the term equivalent is
a clearly a key term. It means that translation is the situation in which all the
linguistic levels of the source text (phonology, graphology, grammar and lexis) are
replaced by target language material. He also states that the theory of translation is
concerned with a certain type of relation between languages and is consequently a

31

branch of comparative linguistic. It means that translation is also can be studied as

a branch of comparative linguistic. When the translator translates or transforms
language from one into another they compare the two languages, not just lexis but
also in grammatical. The same idea is stated by (2002: 5) that translation
is a process in turning a text from one language into another, which express the
same message but in different signs or language.

32

Nida & Taber (1969 : 12) states that the primary purpose of the translation is
to reproduce the message. Message from the source language is reproduced to be
the same message in the target language. It must be in the closest natural
equivalence. Understanding reproducing message can be in two ways, first in
terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. Nida and Tiber recognize that
the aim of translating is reproducing the message. In reproducing message, one
must make a good many grammatical and lexical adjustments. Moentaha (2006:

33

11) give the explanation about reproducing message, he said it could be happened
the information or message in SL is understood grammatically but when it is
transformed into TL the message must be understood lexically. The clause, She
had been rather pretty is understood grammatically in English. However, when
the clause is transformed into Indonesian, the message can be understood
lexically, Dia dulu pernah begitu cantik. The change is because there is no past
perfect tense in Indonesian pattern. Newmark (1988:7) states that translation is a

34

skill that consists of efforts to change the message and or a written statement from
one language to the message and or similar statements in other languages.
Larson (1984:3) says that the translation includes translating the source
language into target language, which begins from the first language form towards
the second language form using semantic language structure. In this case, the
message that is transferred must be adhered to and only the shape is changed.
Larson (1984: 51) states: in translation, the source language text is replaced by the

35

form of text in the target language. Larson further explains that the form of
language refers to words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs.
According to Jakobson (as cited in Venuti 2000: 114) that It is possible to
establish equivalence in translation.There are three kinds of equivalence;
Intralingual (within one language, i.e. rewording or paraphrase), Interlingual
(between two languages), Intersemiotic (between sign systems). Jakobson claims
that translation involves two equivalent messages in two different codes.

36

From all theories above the writer can conclude that each language has a
grammatical structure and lexical composition that differs one another. Every
language has a system of its own and has the characteristics that differentiate with
other languages. This can be bridged with reproducing the same message or
equivalence message that emphasizes to the whole content.

2.3

Translation in syntactic hierarchy

37

Translation is the process of transforming text in the source language to the

form of text in target language. This goes without altering the content of the
original text. According to Moentaha (2006: 32 - 44) in transforming the message
or text, the change can occur in level units of language such as phoneme level,
morpheme level, word level, phrase level, sentence level, and text level.
The writer will try to analyze the grammatical transformation in the
Indonesian novel as Source Language and its English version as Target Language.

38

2.3.1

Phoneme Level
Phoneme can be identified as the smallest unit of sound in a language,

which can differentiate two words. Translation in phoneme level between

Indonesian and English occurs only in oral translation, for example: Diana is
pronounced in Indonesian as [diana], and as [dain] in English. Phoneme / i / is

39

transformed into diphthong / ai /, phoneme / a / is transformed into phoneme / /,

and phoneme / a / is transformed into phoneme / /.
2.3.2

Morpheme Level
Morpheme, the smallest meaningful unit in language, in SL can be

equivalent with morpheme in TL. Look at the example of Indonesian morpheme

that is equivalent with English morpheme in the table 2.1.
Table 2.1

40

Indonesi
English
a
swa-

auto-

swadaya = autoactivity

pra-

pre-

prasejarah = prehistory

dwi-

bi-

dwibahasa = bilingual

swa-

self

swasembada = self-sifficient

41

2.3.3

Word Level
According to Bolinger and Sears (as cited in Beker 1992:11) word is the

smallest unit of language that can be used by itself. Kridalaksana (2008: 110)
determines word as a language unit that can stand-alone.
According to Moentaha (2006: 37), translation in word level is the one that
is common done by translator. In transferring the source language into the target
language, the translator will start translating by looking at word by word. The

42

illustration of translation in word level between Indonesian and English can be

seen in the table 2.2.
Table 2.2
1

Ayah

Tinggal

Di

Surabaya.

.
2

Father
Kemarin

Lives
dia

in
Dating

Surabaya.
kemari.

.
3

Yesterday
Siapa

he
mengatakan

came
padamu

here.
hal ini?

43

Who

told

you

this?

Translation in word level means that a word is as a unit of translation but it

is still limited. It usually occurs in some words that can be translated in word
level, and some of them must occur in a higher-level; phrase, clause or sentence.

44

2.3.4

Phrase Level
Ricards, Platt and Weber (1985: 39) classify phrase as "a group of words

which form a grammatical unit. A phrase does not contain a finite verb and does
not have a subject, predicate structure". Moentaha (2006: 38) identifies translation
in phrase level is as idiom. Idiom is an expression which functions as a single unit
and whose meaning cannot be worked out from its separate parts (Ricards, Platt &
Weber 1985: 134). That is why the process of translating in this level can not be

45

done by looking up word by word because phrase plays as a unit of translation. It

is often happens that a phrase in the SL as a unit of translation must be
transformed into a phrase freely in the TL, or called absolute construction.
Compare a phrase (Indonesian) as SL with its translation (English).
Table 2.3
1

Dia duduk di kursi dengan kaki bersilang.

He set on the chair with her his legs crossed

Word level

46

Dia duduk di kursi, kakinya diangkat.

He set on the chair, his legs in the air.

Phrase level

In some Indonesian phrase units meet its equivalence in English phrase units
through change of word order.
Table 2.4
4
SL: Sindrom

3
Pernafasan

2
Akut

1
Parah

47

TL
Severe

Acute

Respiratory

Syndrome

The noun Syndrome occupies final position (number 4), but the noun
Sindrom occupies initial position (number 4), whereas the adjectives Severe,
Acute, and Respiratory occupy anteposition ( number 1,2,3), but the adjectives
Pernafasan, Akut, dan Parah occupy postposition (number 3, 2, 1). The head

48

word in SL is Sindrom and the head word in TL is Syndrome. Both of them

classified as noun so that the phrase is noun phrase. The interesting thing is the
arrangement of the noun phrase above. In the SL, the noun Sindrom is clarified by
the adjectives Parah, Akut, and Pernafasan (backward), but in the TR, the
adjectives Serve, Acute, and Respiratory clarify the noun Syndrome (forward).

49

2.3.5

Sentence Level
In some cases, when phrase is untranslatable then to achieve equivalence,

translation process can be carried in sentence level as translation unit (Moentaha

2006: 40). The unit of translation in sentence level can be simple sentence or
complex sentence.
Table 2.5
SL: Jangan begitu naif!

50

TL: Do not imagine such a vain thing!

SL: Apa yang harus disasmpaikan kepadanya?

Simple sentence

TL: Will you leave a message?

SL: Dia lemah dalam estetika.

Simple sentence

TL: He was not advanced in aesthetic taste.

SL: Dengan menggunakan mobil ibu, saya dan Fanny

Simple sentence

berangkat menuju rumah keluarga Besari.

TL: Taking my mothers car, Fanny and I went to the

Complex sentence

51

Besari home.

2.3.6

Text Level
In this level, the unit of translation is a whole text. Text is a group of

independent sentences (Moentaha 2006:42). The two texts inform the same
content. The information contains artistic aesthetic transform into Target
Language without reducing the artistic aesthetic. Look at a poem written by

52

Robert Burns and its translation below. The following is an example of the
translation in text level.
SL:

And turned me round to hide the flood

That in my een was swelling.
Wi altered voice, quoth I, Sweet Lass.
Sweet as yon howthorn blassom
O! Happy, happy may be,

53

Thats dearest to thy bosom.

TL:

Dari bulu mata

Kujatuhkan tetesan air mata.
Dan, dengan mengubah suara,
Kuajukan pertanyaan pada seorang dara,
Yang mana, aku sendiri tidak tahu
Kemudian aku berkata: aku lebih cerah

54

Dari pada hari yang indah,

Dan yang paling bahagia ialah
Yang paling mahal

2.4

Equivalence

55

Catford (1965) identifies that what is generally meant by translation, i.e.

the situation in which all the linguistic levels of the source text (phonology,
graphology, grammar and lexis) are replaced by target language material.
Equivalence in this type of translation is normally only achieved at the level of
grammar and lexis. It means that from all linguistic levels, which can meet
equivalence in Target Language, is grammar and lexis.

56

Nida and Taber (1969: 13) stated that translating consists of reproducing
closest meaning of the source language to the Target Language. it is called natural
equivalent, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. The translator
must strive for equivalence rather than identity. It is because the equivalence is
related to reproducing the message, but identity is about conservation of the form
of the utterance. In reproducing the equivalence message between source language

57

and target language, the translator must make a good many grammatical and
lexical adjustments.
Muntaha (2006:4) the linguistic equivalence is an equivalence in language
systems: lexical, grammatically and stylists. It is important in the translation
theory because is not only the language systems that equivalent, but also
equivalence in contents of the messages because of differences in language
systems in both ST and TL.

58

2.4.1
1.

Types of Equivalence
Catfords model of equivalence (as cited in Munday, 2001:60) are:
Formal correspondence is any TL category (unit, class, element of

structure, etc) which can be said t occupy as nearly as possible the same place
in the economy of TL as the given SL category occupies in the SL. For
example is translating an adjective by an adjective.

59

2.

Textual equivalence is any TL text or portion of text, which is

observed on a particular occasion to be the equivalent of a given SL text or
portion of text. For example is translating adjective by an adverbial phrase.
Popovic (as cited in Susan Basnett: 1998:32) distinguishes four types:

1.

Linguistic equivalence, where there is homogeneity

on the linguistic level of both SL and TL text, i.e. word for word translation.
2.
Paradigmatic equivalence, where there is
equivalence of the elements of a paradigmatic expressive axis, i.e. elements of

60

grammar, which Popovic sees as being a higher category than lexical

equivalence,
3.

Stylistic (translation) equivalence, where there is

functional equivalence of elements in both original and translation aiming at an

4.

expressive identity with an invariant of identical meaning.

Textual (syntagmatic) equivalence, where is in
equivalence of the syntagmatic structuring of a text, i.e. equivalence of form
and shape.

61

The types of equivalence according to Nida are formal equivalence and

dynamic equivalence. Nida defined these as follow:
1. Formal equivalence focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and
content ...one is concerned that the message in the receptor language should
match as closely as possible the different elements in the source language.
2. Dynamic equivalence is based on what Nida calls the principle of equivalent
effect where the relation between receptor and message should be

62

substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and
the message.
As the writer stated before that grammatical transformation is applied to
analyze shifts between source language and Target Language and shifts occur to
create dynamic models of translation.

63

2.4.2

Problem of Equivalence
The principle that a translation should have an equivalence relation with

the source language text is problematic. There are three main reasons why an
exact equivalence or effect is difficult to achieve. First, it is impossible for a text
to have constant interpretations even for the same person on two occasions
Harvey, Higgins and Hsywood (as cited in Sadiyani 2011: 14). Secondly,
translation is a matter of subjective interpretation of translators of the source

64

language text. Thus, producing an objective effect on the target text readers, which
is the same as that on the source text readers is an unrealistic expectation. Thirdly,
it may not be possible for translators to determine how audiences responded to the
source text when it was first produced (ibid, Miao 2000:14) gives a specific
example of the impossibility of the equivalence relation.
Moentaha explains (2006:12) every language has a system of grammatical
and lexical system itself. Each language has a grammatical structure and lexical
composition that differ from the grammatical structures and lexical composition

65

of other languages. Muntaha also state that (2006:15) language difficulties in the
translation are; difference grammatical system of the two languages, both in
Indonesian and English. For example, nouns have singular (singulars) and plural
(pluralist). In general, the plural noun in Indonesian expressed by repetition
system, such as homes, or with the word, people, while the indicator plural in
English is marked by the morpheme-s,-en,-a-so-e-,-oo-ee so-. So to gain excellent
equivalence, translation is done in sentence level. In English, translation

66

transformation considers sequence of tenses, but Indonesian grammar does not

have kind of sequence of tense, Muntaha (2006:40).
Baker (2001: 21) identifies some problems in equivalence are as follow:
1.
2.

Culture-specific concepts
The source-language concept is not
lexicalized in the target language

3.

The
semantically complex

source-language

word

is

67

4.

The source and target languages

make different distinctions in meaning

5.

The target language lacks a specific

term (hyponym)

6.

Differences

in

physical

or

interpersonal perspective
7.
8.
9.

Differences in expressive meaning

Differences in form
Differences in frequency and purpose
of using specific forms

68

10.

The use of loan words in the source

text.
Transforming one language into another is not easy. Many factors can be a

serious problem in translating process. The problems appear in the process of

translating must be considered well by the translator. The important thing is the
translator can produce a better translation that present equivalence message or

69

content in the Target Language as close as the writers text of Source Language
want to convey.

2.5

Word Class
Catford (1965: 5-6) explains that in grammar there are units such as

sentences, clause, and group. A sentence is formed by a series of words, where

70

each word occupies their respective functions. Certain functions normally

occupied by certain type of words. Certain types of word convey certain meaning.
Here part of speech plays an important role in reviewing the sentence and browse
the intent contained in the relevant sentences.
Richards, Platt, Weber explain about word (1985: 311); a word is the
smallest of the grammar which can occur on its own in speech or writing. Types of
words can be categorized as follow (Djuharie, 20004:23)

71

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

2.6

Noun
Adjective
Verb
Adverb
Article
Pronoun
Conjunction
Determiner
Interjection

Clauses

72

According to Williams (2005: 2) grammar is the formal study of the

structure of a language and describes how words fit together in meaningful
construction. Gerot and Wignel (1994: 2) also state that grammar is a theory of
language of how language is put together and how it work. Richards, Platt, and
Weber (1985: 125) also state that grammar is a description of the structure of a
language and the way in which linguistic units such as words and phrases are
combined to produce sentences in the language.

73

Sneddon (1996: 7, 127, 231, 309) identifies sentence, clause, phrase, and
word as follow:
1.

A sentence is a construction, which is grammatically complete that

expresses a statement, question, command, or exclamation. Types of sentence

consist of two; there are simple sentence and complex sentence.

2.
A clause is a construction which contains a predicate and, with
some minor exceptions, a subject. A clause is either independent or
dependent.

74

3.

A phrase is a group of words, which is grammatically equivalent to

a single word, being able to occur in the same places as that word. Types of
English phrase are as follow:
1.
Noun Phrase
2.
Prepositional phrase.
3.
Adjective Phrase.
4.
Adverb Phrase
5.
Verb Phrase
6.
Infinitive Phrase
7.
Gerund Phrase
8.
Participle Phrase

75

According to Sujatna (2008: 31) a clause is a group of words that often

contrasted with phrases pattern (verb phrase, noun phrase, adverb phrase etc.). a
clause consists of a subject and a predicate. Clause can be recognized as
independent clause and dependent clause. Independent clause can stand alone and
make sense. Independent clause is part of a complex sentence. Clause can be
considered as a basic grammatical pattern for sentences in the language being

76

taught, and which can be used as a model for producing other sentences in the
language (Richards, Platt, Weber; 1985: 311). Baker (2001: 83) makes clear the
important of grammatical pattern. He states that the grammatical pattern of a
language determines experience aspects, which must be expressed in language
given. For instance, in English have two forms of nouns; singular form and plural
form (man/men, child/children, car/cars. A sentence can be called a clause but a

77

clause cannot be always recognized as a sentence. The elements in constructing a

clause or a sentence in general are Subject, Predicate.
According to Djuharie (2004: 281) sentence elements are consisted of five
such as Subject, Verb (Predicate), Object (Noun), Adverb, and Complement.
There are two kinds of sentence; simple sentence and complex sentence. Here are
simple sentence pattern both in English and in Indonesia.

78

Table 2.6
Indonesia
1. S-P
2. S-P-O
3. S-P-Pel
4. S-P-Ket
5. S-P-O-Pel
6. S-P-O-Ket

Explanation
Subject + Predicate (Intransitive Verb)
Subject + Predicate (Transitive Verb) + Object
Subject + Predicate (transitive verb) + Complement
Subject + Predicate (transitive verb) + Adverb
Subject + Predicate (transitive verb) + Object + Complement

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Subject + Predicate (transitive verb) + Object + Adverb

Table 2.7
English
1. SV
2. SVA
3. SVC
4. SVO
5. SVOO
6. SVOA
7. SVOC

Explanation
Subject + Intransitive Verb
Subject + Verb + Adverbial Complement
Subject + Linking Verb + Subject Complement
Subject + Transitive Verb + Direct Object
Subject + Transitive Verb + Indirect Object +Direct Object

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Subject+ Transitive Verb + Direct Object + Adverbial Complement

Subject + Transitive Verb + Direct Object Complement

2.7

Grammatical Transformations
According to Baker (2008: 83) Grammar is organized along two main

dimensions: morphology and syntax. Morphology covers the structure of words,

81

the way in which the form of a word changes to indicate specific contrasts in the
grammatical system. Syntax covers the grammatical structure of groups, clauses,
and sentences.
In order to achieve translation equivalence we have to resort to different
grammatical and lexical changes, which are called transformations. The idea of
transformational grammar came from Chomsky with transformational grammar
theory.

82

Yusuf (1994: 106) explains about Chomskys theory. He mention in his book
that transformational grammar consist of three components; phonology, syntax,
and semantic. The central component is syntax component. He also states that
grammatical analysis cannot be released from semantic analysis. He mentions in
his book that transformational grammar consist of three components; phonology,
syntax, and semantic. The central component is syntax component. He also state
that grammatical analysis cannot be be released from semantic analysis.

83

According to Nida & Taber (1969: 39) ...in all languages, there are half a dozen to
a dozen basic structures out of which all the more elaborate formations are
constructed by means of so-called transformations.
These restructured expressions are what many linguists call kernels; that
is to say, they are the basic structural elements out of which the language builds its
elaborate surface structures. In fact, one of the most important insights coming
from transformational grammar is the fact that in all language there are half a
dozen to a dozen basic structures out of which formations that are even more

84

elaborate are constructed by means of so-called transformations. In contrast,

back-transformation, then, is the analytic process of reducing the surface structure
to its underlying kernels.
Nida & Taber (1969: 33) states that the system of translation consists of a
more elaborate procedure comprising three stages:
1. Analysis, in which the surface structure (i.e., the message as given in
language A), is analyzed in terms of (a) the grammatical relationships and (b)
the meanings of the words and combinations of words.

85

2. Transfer, in which the analyzed material is transferred in the mind of the

translator from language A to language B.
3. Restructuring, in which the transferred material is restructured in order to
make the final message fully acceptable in the receptor language
This approach may be diagrammed as in Figure 2.1.
Figure 2.1
A

B (Receptor)

86

(Analysis)
X

(Restructuring)
(Transfer)

According to Proshina (2008: 50) states transformation in translation

develops the ideas of generative grammar introduced by N. Chomsky. Chomskys
transformation rule and his terminology (deep-structure and surface-structure) are
also influenced Nidas theory of translation. She (2008: 34) explains shifts of
translation are also known as translation transformations. She states that

87

grammatical transformations are morphological or syntactical changes in

translated units. It completes change of the appearance of a translated word,
phrase, or sentence. She states in her page that translation transformations can
divided

into

three

categories;

grammatical

transformations,

lexical

transformations, and complex (lexical and grammatical) transformations.

(2002: 21) states grammatical transformations can be divided into four types; 1)
Transposition, 2) Replacement, 3) Addition, and 4) Omission.

88

2.7.1

Transpositions
According to (2002: 21), transposition appears to rearrange or

change in the order of linguistic elements or levels such as words, phrases, clauses
or sentences. Transposition of words and phrases can be made to happen by some
reasons such as differences in the accepted word in SL and T L, presence or
absence of emphasis, differences in the means of communicative syntax.

89

Transposition is most often connected with the notions of theme and rheme. The
transformation of the sentence elements is sometimes called sentence restructuring
because the sentence is being restructured in the process of translation. This
restructuring consists in changing syntactic functions of words in a sentence.
Transposition is understood to be the change of position/order of linguistic
elements in the target language in comparison with a source language.

90

SL:

Saya tidak menyangka bertemu dengan Ainun dan tampaknya demikian

pula Ainun.

TL:

I never expected to see Ainun and apparently she did not expect to see
me.
From the example of transposition above, we can find that the sentence

element adverb phrase, demikian pula Ainun is restructured in Target Language

into she did not expect to see me as clause.

91

ST:

Ainun kaget pula melihat saya yang lebih dari 7 tahun tidak pernah
bertemu.

TL:

Not having had seen me for more than seven years, Ainun was bemused.
The example above illustrates transposition. There is a change of sentence

element from SL to TL. The word melihat in SL plays a role as Perdicate but in
SL it is changed to Not having had seen as Subject clause. Ainun kaget which

92

plays a role as verb phrase in SL, occupies initial position, is restructured as main
clause in TL, Ainun was bemused that occupies final position.
Here are another example of transposition.

93

Table 2.8
SL

TL

C/AD

Terakhir

S/N

J
S/N
P/V
O/NP
C/PP
C/PP

saya
berkunjung
ke keluarga Besari
pada tahun 1954
di rumah mereka

had last visited

them
In 1954
At their house
In the Ciumbuleuit area of

P/VP
O/N
C/PP
C/PP
C/PP

Bandung

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C/PP

di Ciumbuleuit Bandung

Terakhir
at beginning as C
saya
in the middle as S

berkunjung
Verb
ke keluarga Besari

Transposition:
change of position/order
Last
In the middle as P
I
at beginning as S
Replacement
Change of word class
had visited
VP
them

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PP

Here in SL the word Terakhir functions as Complement (adjective) and the

word saya is as Subject. The predicate of this Indonesian sentence is berkunjung.
Keluarga Besari is as Object, and the rest are Complement (adverb). Therefore,
the sentence pattern of SL is CSPOC. In TL, I functions as Subject. The verb
phrase had last visited takes place as Predicate, them is as Object, and the rests is
Complement. So, the sentence pattern of TL is S-P-O-C.

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Here are changes of word position between SL and TL. The word "terakhir"
position in the beginning of the sentence equivalent with the word "last" but the
position has changed. It is in the middle of verb phrase. The word saya position
after the Complement (terakhir) equivalent with the word I but the position has
changed. It is at the beginning of the sentence. The change is called transposition.

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2.7.2

Replacements
Replacement can affect nearly all types of linguistic units; replacement of

word forms, parts of speech, sentence elements, sentence members, sentence type
and types of syntactic relations. This type of transformation is the way that
replacement singular to plural, past forms to present, passive to active.
ST:

Mereka menuntut kenaikan gaji.

98

TL:

They insist on higher wages.

Here noun kenaikan in Bahasa as Source Language turned into an adjective

(digree of comparison) higher in English as Target Language. This means that
there has been a transposition of the word classes. The position of an adjective in
English may occur before noun.
SL:
TL:

Temanku menjemputku di stasiun.

I was met by my friend at the station.

99

Active form in SL change into passive form in TL. It calls substitution. The
subject temanku in SL transform into I (as object in SL) in Target Language.
SL:

Sekitar pukul 10 pagi hari Rabu tanggal 7 Maret 1962, Fanny (J.E.
Habibie) adik kandung saya mengajak untuk berkunjung ke Keluarga

TL:

Besari.
Around 10 AM Wednesday, March 7, 1962, my younger brother Fanny
(J.E. Habibie) invited me to pay a visit to the Besari family.

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In the case above, we can see that in SL the word berkunjung equivalent with the
prhase to pay a visit, so it mean that the Verb Phrase replace the word (V) to
achieve the equivalence message. The replacements occur in unit level.
2.7.3

Addition
The addition of lexical for the Target language is required if the contents of

the Source Language text expressed by other means. Addition in translation is

caused by various factors, which are necessitated by lexical incompleteness. In

101

other word, it contains word groups or sentences cannot give enough information
or lack information so that the translator must give further information in target
language.
SL:

Bagaimanapun, saya diundang dan saya setuju.

TL:

Still, I was invited and I gave my consent.

102

give has a wider meaning in terms of semantics, rather than verbs agree. The
phrase give my consent is equivalent to the word setuju because the situation is
in a formal situation.
SL:

Tahun 1960 ia selesai.

TL:

He completed his studies in 1960

The information in SL is not clear so it must be additional explanation to make

clear the message or information in the TL.

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2.7.4

Omission
Omission is symptomatic as opposed to the addition. Omission in

translation is to remove or eliminate the abundant word called semantic

redundancy without the abundant word; the meaning is already equivalent in TL.
SL:

Buku-buku menumpuk di mejanya.

TL:

Books piled on his desk.

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The catagory of plural in Indonesian is lexically formed by repetition of the noun

buku-buku. So, it is necessary to omit the repetition.

SL:

Saya pindah rumah ke Jalan Kimia agar dekat ke tempat kerja.

TL:

I moved to jalan Kimia to be closer to work.

The informatioan rumah is omitted in TL because the information needed has

been represented by the word moved

105

106

REFERENCES

Anisah, E.R. 2012. Transformasi Terjemahan Bahasa Inggris Ke Bahasa

Indonesia: Studi kasus Dalam Buku A Child Called It. Yogyakarta:
Universitas Gajah Mada.
Baker, Mona.1992. In Other Words, A Coursebook on Translation. New York:
Routledge London.
Budiman, Dheni. 2012. The Translation of The Relative Pronoun Yang:
Syntactic And Semantik Studies. Bandung: Universitas Padjajaran.
Catford, J.C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.

107

Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. 2008. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia Pusat

Bahasa. Jakarta: PT.Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Deterding, Davied H & Poedjosoedarmo, Gloria R.2001. The Grammar of
English. Singapore: Parentice Hall.
DJuharie, O.S. 2004. Tehnik dan Panduan Menerjemahkan: Bahasa Inggris
Bahasa Indonesia. Bandung: CV. Yrama Widya.
Habibie, B.J. 2011. Habbie & Ainun The Power of Love. Jakarta: PT.THC
Mandiri.
Habibie, B.J. 2012. Habbie & Ainun. Jakarta: PT.THC Mandiri.
Gerot, Linda & Wignell Peter. 1994. Making Sense of Functional Grammar.
Australia: Gerd Stabler.
Kridalaksana, Harimurti. 2009. Kamus Linguistik Edisi Keempat. Jakarta:
Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

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Horbacauskiene, Jolita & Petroniene, Saule: 2012. Translation Transformations of

Lexical
Collocations.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.0.20.1191:
STUDIJOS
Larson, M. L. (1984) Meaning-Based Translation: a Guide to Cross-Language
Equivalence, Larham: University Press of America.
Iaurinavicuite, Inga. 2010. The Pecculiarities of Grammatical Translation
Transformations in Modern English Literature. Siauliai: Siauliai
University
Munday, Jeremy. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies Theories and Application.
London: ROUTLEDGE.
Newmark, Peter. 1988. A Textbook of Translation. UK: Prentice Hall International
Ltd.
Nida, E.A. & Charles R Taber. 1969. The Theory And Practice Of Translation.
Leiden: E.J.Brill.

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Nikita, Druzhinin. 2009. The Role of Grammatical Transformations while

Translating. Moscow: The Moscow Power Engineering institute.
Proshina, Zoya. 2008. Theory of Translation (English and Russian). Vladivostok
Far Eastern University Press.
Ricards, J & Platt, J & Weber H. 1985. Longman Dictionary of Applied
Linguistics. Hongkong: Longman.
Sadiyani. 2011. The Translation of Indonesian Passive Voice Into English with
Reference To Bawang Merah Dan Bawang Putih And Its Translation
Miss Onion And Garlic. Denpasar: Universitas Udayana.
Sneddon, J.N. 1996. Indonesian: a Comprehensive Granmmar. New York:
Routledge London.
Venuti, Lawrence. 2000. The Translation Studies Reader. London and New York:
Routledge.

110

Vinay, J.P., Darbelnet, J. 1995. Comparative Stylistic of French and English: a

Metodologi for Translation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing
Company.
Williams, James, D. 1949. The Teachers Grammar Book. New Jersey: Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates Inc Publisher.
Wu, Ying & Xu, Runjiang. 2011. The Application of Chomskys Syntactic
Theory in Translation Study. ACADEMI PUBLISHER Manufactured in
Finland. Doi: 10.4304/jlt.2.2.39-399.
Yusuf, Suhendra. 1994. Teori Terjemah Pengantar ke arah Pendekatan Linguistik
dan Sosiolinguistik. Bandung: CV. Mandar Maju.
, O.B. 2002. Introduction to Theory and Practice of Translation on The
English Language. LOWER NOVGOROD: Nizhny Novgorod State
LINGUISTIC UNIVERSITY.

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112

TENTATIVE OUTLINE

113

CAHPTER I : INTRODUCTION ......

1.1 Rationale .......

1.2 The Formulation of the Study..

1.3 The Objectives of the Study

1.4 Theoretical Outline......

1.5 The method and Technique of the Study.

1.5.1 Method of the Study

114

1.5.2 Technique of Collecting Data......

1.6 Data Source......

1.7 Weight and Relevance ...

7
9

CHAPTER II : THEORETICAL BACKGROUND.

9
2.1 Previous Research........
9
2.2 Translation Study.
12
2.3. Translation in syntactic hierarchy

115

2.3.1 Phoneme Level..

13

2.3.2 Morpheme Level

13

2.3.3 Word Level

13

2.3.4 Phrase Level...

14

2.3.5 Sentence Level...

16

2.3.6 Text Level

16

2.4 Equivalence......

17

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2.4.1 Types of Equivalence...

18

2.4.2 Problem of Equivalence

20

2.5 Word Class...

22

2.6 Clauses
2.7.
Thematic Structure: Theme and

23
25

Rheme.
27
2.8 Grammatical Transformation .
29
2.8.1 Transposition ......

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2.8.2 Replacement.....

32

2.8.3 Addition

33

2.8.4 Omission..............

34

CHAPTER

III

DATA ANALYSIS

3.1

Transpositions Transformation

3.2

Replacements Transformation

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3.3

Additions Transformation

3.4

Omissions Transformation

3.5

Mixed Types of Grammatical Transformation

3.6

The Most Frequent Type of Grammatical Transformation

3.7

Syntactic Level where Grammatical Transformation occure

119

CHAPTER

IV

4.1

Conclusion

4.2

Suggestion

REFERENCES
APPENDIX

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS