Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposits (VMS)

Characteristics:
Size and Grade: Usually small deposits with high grades of Cu, Zn, Pb, Au and
Ag.
Tonnages are widely variable.
Metals: sources of Cu, Zn, Pb, Au Ag. High in Cd, As, Sb, Bi, Ba and Sn.
Ore minerals: Chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena + minor arsenopyrite,
magnetite, tetrahedrite, and tennantite. Vertical and lateral zonation is sometime
cyclic.
Gangue minerals: mainly Qz, Calcite. Barite and gypsum are common.
Host rocks: Submarine volcanic rocks, ranging in composition from basalts to
andesites and rhyolites.
Shape and nature of Ore body: Conformable mounds or broadly stratiform lenses
of massive sulfides usually overlying a zone of stockworks. Mounds usually
overlain by layers of chert and barite. Commonly interlayered with carbonaceous
shales.
Zoning:
i- Galena and pyrite in the upper half, with Ccp increasing into the
stockwork.
ii- Ag in Galena increasing upwards
iii- Ba highest towards the top.
iv- 34S increases away from location of vent (see origin).
Textures and primary structures:
1- Colloform banding of sulfides with framboidal pyrite
2- Metamorphism destroys these textures, and produces a granular ore.
3- Soft sediment structures
4- Brecciation (crackle breccias).
5- Graded bedding
Wall rock alteration: Chloritization and sericitization.
Age: variable, a few Archean deposits, most deposits Phanerozoic.
Types of VMS: (based on composition and predominant host rock)
1. Cyprus: Cu, small, ophiolites (Fig. 1).
2. Besshi: Cu Zn, calcalkaline island arcs, thick greywacke sequences
3. Kuroko: Cu Zn Pb: more felsic volcanics, large amounts of barite and gypsum
(Fig. 2).
4. Primitive: Cu Zn, Precambrian terranes.
Origin:
Constraints:
1- Fluids most likely circulating represent sea water (salinity, and O & H isotopes),
possibly mixing with magmatic water (0 20%) (Fig. 3).
2- Sulfides have mantle 34S values.
3- Sulfates indicate a biogenic origin.

4- Relatively low T (~ 100 300C).

5- Pb isotopic data is very uniform, similar to that of mantle.
6- Ore deposits seem to be preferably associated with felsic volcanic rocks, rather
than mafic ones.
7- Analogy with Black smokers and white chimneys.
8- Extreme telescoping.
Models:
1- 1-Hydrothermal origin: Sea water circulating through thick pile of volcanics (Fig.
4). Four stages (cf. Evans p. 74; Fig. 5). Works best for Cyprus type deposits.
2- Sea water mixing with magmatic (exhalative) water
3- Stantons model: early magmatic origin, later affected by sea water circulation.
Proposed to account for the higher concentration of the ores in intermediate and
felsic volcanics rather than mafic ones.
4- Long lived magmatically driven convection cells of sea water + addition of metal
rich magmatic solutions from the heat source over short intervals of time.
5- Exhalative origin: plumes of fluids deposit sulfides over a large area,
unconsolidated sulfides then reworked into their mounds by submarine sliding,
etc.
(Figs. 6 - 8).
TERJEMAHAN

Volcanogenic Sulfida Simpanan besar-besaran (VMS)

Karakteristik:
Ukuran dan Grade: Biasanya s mal deposito dengan nilai tinggi dari Cu, Zn, Pb,
Au dan Ag.
Tonase secara luas bervariasi.
Logam: sumber Cu, Zn, Pb, Au Ag. Tinggi di Cd, As, Sb, Bi, Ba dan Sn.

Bijih mineral: kalkopirit, sfalerit dan galena + arsenopirit kecil, magnetit,

tetrahedrite, dan tennantite. Zonasi vertikal dan lateral kadang siklik.
Gangue mineral: terutama QZ, Kalsit. Barit dan gipsum yang umum.
Batuan host: batuan vulkanik Submarine, mulai dari komposisi basal ke andesit
dan riolit.
Bentuk dan sifat tubuh Bijih: gundukan Selaras atau lensa luas stratiform sulfida
masif biasanya atasnya zona stockwork. Gundukan biasanya ditutupi oleh lapisan
rijang dan barit. Umumnya interlayered dengan serpih karbon.
Zonasi:
iGalena dan pirit di bagian atas, dengan Ccp meningkat ke stockwork
tersebut.
ii- Ag di atas Galena meningkatkan
iii- Ba tertinggi ke arah atas.
iv- S meningkat jauh dari lokasi "curhat" (lihat asal).
Tekstur dan struktur primer:
1 - Colloform banding sulfida dengan pirit framboidal
2 - Metamorfosis menghancurkan tersebut tekstur, dan menghasilkan bijih
granular.
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3 - Soft - struktur sedimen

4 - Breksiasi (breksi kresek).
5 - Graded tidur
Dinding batu perubahan: Chloritization dan sericitization.
Usia: variabel, suatu deposito Arkean beberapa, deposito paling Fanerozoikum.

Jenis VMS: (Berdasarkan komposisi dan batuan induk dominan)

1. Siprus: Cu, kecil, ophiolites (Gambar 1).
2. Besshi: Cu - Zn, calcalkaline pulau busur, tebal greywacke urutan
3.
Kuroko: Cu - Zn - Pb: vulkanik felsic lebih, sejumlah besar barit dan gipsum
(Gambar 2).
4. Primitif: Cu - Zn, Prakambrium terranes.
Asal:
Kendala:
1 - Cairan yang paling mungkin beredar merupakan air laut (salinitas, dan O & H
isotop), mungkin pencampuran dengan air magmatik (0 - 20%) (Gambar 3).
2 - Sulfida memiliki mantel nilai S.
3 - Sulfat menunjukkan asal biogenik.
4 - Relatif rendah T (~ 100 - 300 C).
5 - Data Pb isotop sangat seragam, mirip dengan mantel.
6 - Cadangan bijih tampaknya lebih berhubungan dengan batuan vulkanik felsic,
daripada yang mafik.
7 - Analogi dengan perokok hitam dan cerobong asap putih.
8 - Ekstrim telescoping.
Model:
1 - 1 - asal hidrotermal: Air laut beredar melalui tumpukan tebal gunungapi (Gbr.
4). Empat tahap (cf. Evans p 74;. Gambar 5.). Yang terbaik untuk jenis deposito
Siprus.
2 - Air laut pencampuran dengan magmatik (exhalative) air
3 - Stanton 's Model:. Asal magmatik awal, kemudian dipengaruhi oleh sirkulasi air
laut Usulan untuk menjelaskan konsentrasi tinggi dari bijih di gunungapi
menengah dan felsic daripada yang mafik.
4 - Lama tinggal sel konveksi magmatik didorong air laut + penambahan solusi
logam magmatik yang kaya dari sumber panas selama interval waktu yang
singkat.
5 Asal Exhalative: bulu sulfida deposito cairan atas area yang luas, sulfida
dikonsolidasi ulang kemudian menjadi gundukan mereka dengan longsoran, dll ...
(Gambar 6 - 8).
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