Stratiform deposits

sulfide, oxide and sulfate

in sedimentary and volcanic rocks
(Cu, Zn, Pb, U, Ba…etc.)
 Sulfide stratiform deposits

* Cu

* Zn-Pb (MVT) i Cu-Zn-Pb (SEDEX)

 Copper deposits
(sediment-hosted)

Kupferschiefer (Poland)

Zambian (Kongo, African) Copperbelt

White Pine (Canada)

Sediment-hosted copper deposits
 Cu-Ag deposit
Lubin-Głogów (LGOM)
(Kupferschiefer)
Zambian copperbelt
 Copperbelt (Africa)

DRCongo
(Shaba)

Zambia
 Zn-Pb (Cu) deposits
SEDEX-type

Australia: Broken Hill, McArthur River (HYC), Mt. Isa

Canada: Howard’s Pass, Sullivan, Red Dog

Ireland: Navan, Silvermines, Tynagh

SEDEX-type deposits
Mount Isa
Zn-Pb Cu
(Australia)
McArthur River (HYC)
Deposition model
SEDEX
Volcanism-related massive sulfide deposits (VMS)
VMS types
Ore mineralization zonality

Periodicity
Noranda (Canada)
Kuroko (Japonia)
Kuroko
Lawowe kopuły dacytowe i złoża
VMS model
 Summary of the Characteristics of
Stratiform Massive Sulphide Deposits
SEDIMENT HOSTED
Margins of deep water
Sedimentary troughs
Tectonically active areas
- faults, folds, intrusions, dykes
Look for facies changes
Syndepositional faults + scarps,
grabens to trap hydrothermal fluids
Finely laminated sediments form
main host rock
Debris flows + sediment slump
features - found locally
Footwall alteration
Volcanic component
VOLCANIC HOSTED
Accumulation of submarine volcanic
rocks
Synvolcanic faults + scarps that
focus, channel or trap hydrothermal
fluids.
Dyke swarms, diatremes, ring
structures, proximity to volcanic
centres.
Rapid subsidence or volcanic
collapse features
- calderas and grabens
Felsic domes, breccia domes that
occupy volcanic centres
Subvolcanic intrustions
Oxide (and sulfate) deposits related to volcanism

Fe (low Ti) – Cu – U – Au - REE

barite
 Deposits formed as a result of combination
Of igneous and magmatic-hydrothermal processes

Olympic Dam (Australia)

IOCG (iron oxide copper gold)
Cu – U – Au – Ag
2000 mln t = 1.6 % Cu, 0.06 % U3O8, 3.5 g/t Ag, 0.6 g/t Au

Kiruna (Sweden)
IOA (iron oxide apatite)
Fe -P
3000 mln t = 50-60% Fe, 0.5-5 % P

Bayan Obo (China)

Fe-REE-Nb
20 mln t = 35 % Fe, 6.2 % REE
 Olympic Dam –
Fe (low Ti)-Cu-U-Au-REE
 Kiruna (Sweden)
IOA (iron oxide apatite) - Fe-P
3000 mln t = 50-60% Fe, 0.5-5 % P
 Kiruna

Genesis
magmatic? – volcanogenic? – hydrothermal?
 Bayan Obo (Chiny)
Fe-REE-Nb
20 mln t = 35 % Fe, 6.2 % REE
Bayan Obo
 Ekshalacyjne złoża barytu

stratyfikowane w skałach osadowych

stratyfikowane w skałach wulkanicznych

 Silvermine Zn-Pb
Ballynoe – Baryt
(Ireland)

exhalative
Strata-bound type deposits

(Zn, Pb, U, Ba…etc.)

 Zn-Pb (Ba)
in carbonate rocks

U (V +Cu, Ag, Se, Mo)

in sandstones
Location of Zn-Pb deposits in carbonate rocks
 Zn-Pb (Ba)
(MVT – Mississippi- Valley type)
 Main ore minerals:
galena, sphalerite (rarely wurtzite), pyrite, marcasite, barite, fluorite,
(locally chalcopyrite)

Gangue minerals:
calcite, dolomite, silica

Different size of deposits, from <10Mt to 500Mt in the region (up to 300 deposits)

Usually high ratio Zn/Pb

Textures:
colomorphic frequent, coarse rarer

Provinces – characteristic admixtures Ni, Tl, Cd,

 Fluid inclusions:
temp. 100-150oC (rarely 200), NaCl 15-25%, sometimes
methane or oil

Izotopes:

Sulfur–
δ34S around zero permil or positive – mixed sources

Lead –
ordinary or anomalous
S-C (Silesian-Cracovian)
Zn-Pb deposits (Poland)
Typical textures
 U (V +Cu, Ag, Se, Mo)
in sandstones („rolls”)

Plateau Colorado
and
Wyoming Basin
 U mine – Paradox Basin

autunit, tjujamunit
Forms and origin of U deposits

U6+ U4+
Przekrój przez
„roll-front” złoża uranu
 Yarramba Chanel (S Australia)

Fossil river chanels

with U mineralization
Sedimentary deposits

chemical deposition

placers

residual
Phosphorites
 Main mineral:
fluoro-apatite (CFA) (francolit)

Phosphogenesis

Concentration (enrichment)

Upwelling vs. phosphate deposits

Phosphogenesis
and position of phosphate deposits
War of the Pacific
(Guerra del Pacífico)
(about shit or saletra - 1879-1886
Peru, Chile, Bolivia
Residual deposits
Bauxites – Al

Laterites – Fe

Laterites – Ni

Bauxites and laterites – Au

Kaolins

Cr
Ti
REE
 Bauxites
Al
Sangaredi (Gwinea)

Minerals (Al hydrooxides):

gibbsite (young) diaspor, boehmite (older)

Any rocks rich in Al) – without Fe or Fe removed

Laterite-bauxite Bauxite
(Gove, Australia) (Hungary)
Origin of bauxites:
1/ weathering and leaching in situ
leaving Fe and Al
a/favorable rocks; b/effective porosity enabling circulation; c/heavy rainfall with dry
breaks; d/good drainage; e/tropical warm climate; f/low to moderate topographic relief
g/long-term stability of the system; h/vegetation with bacteria.

2/ enrichment in Al by groundwater

3/ erosion and redeposition of bauxites

 Lateritization

Laterite - the residue after the removal of soluble components

(silica, Na, K, Ca, Mg)

intensive weathering

tropical or subtropical climate-

high rainfall all year round - kaolins

dry/wet - bauxite
Pizolitic duricrust

Saprolite
Lateritization
 Laterite

Haematite pizolites Hematite-kaolinite crust

cemented with goethite
(Australia)
 Ni laterites
Ni

New Caledonia

Minerals:
garnierite (hydrous Ni-Mg silicates), nontronite (Fe-smectite) ,
Ni-goethite; Ni-lepidocrockite

primary rock = ultramafic (peridotites, serpentinites)

subtropical climate
 New Kaledonia

Exmibal (Gwatemala) Onco’s Soroako (Indonesia)

 Ni minerals (Szklary)

Pimelite Garnierite Opal

(Ni3Si4O10(OH)2*4H20) (Mg,Ni)6[(OH)8|Si4O10]) SiO2 silica

Sepiolite Chrysoprase Carneol

(hydrous Mg silicate - bar of soap) (SiO2 chalcedony) Fe chalcedony
 Laterite
Kaolin

Minerals:
kaolinite
(halloyzite, siderit, limonite, pyrite, bauxite, organics

Primary rock – rich in feldspars (granitoides)

Subtropical climate

Also hydrothermal kaolins

Kaolin deposits
related to granitoides (S Anglia)
Graphite deposits

C content in the rock = 1-100%

Types:
Amorphous (microcrystalline)
Crystalline
- flakes
- veins
- powder

Synthetic graphite
Graphite (Sri Lanka, Ceylon)
 Native sulfur deposits
Volcanogenic

Carbonate-sulfate rocks hosted

Oil purification
Złoża siarki wulkanicznej
Carbonate-sulfate rocks
sulfur hosted deposits

Underground sulfur exploitation