DEPARTEMEN TEKNIK GEOLOGI

FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA

Geopedologi
(TKG 212112)

Semester 1 Th 2021/2022

Tanah Sebagai Bahan Tambang

(Ore Deposits by Weathering Processes)

Dr. Lucas Donny Setijadji

November 2021
 Sejarah PT Freeport Indonesia
Wilayah Proyek | Kondisi Geografi | | Produksi | Pro

Ekspedisi Forbes Wilson

untuk menemukan Freeport menemukan
kembali Ertsberg cadangan “Grasberg”

1936 1960 1967 1988 1991

Jean Jacques Dozy Kontrak Karya I Kontrak Karya II ditandatangani

menemukan cadangan ditandatangani (Freeport (PTFI). Berlaku untuk 30 tahun
“Ertsberg”. Indonesia Inc.) dengan perpanjangan 2x10 tahun
sampai 2041.
 Potensi Sumberdaya Mineral di Papua

Singkapan Bijih Ertsberg

Ertsberg Grasberg Porphyry Cu-Au & Skarn Cu Au Deposits

 PT FREEPORT INDONESIA
Sejarah Tambang Grasberg (Grassy Mountain)

1987 1988 1991

2013
1997 5
Model of Cu-Au Mineralization (Sillitoe, 2010)
 Alunite vector Na-
alunite proximal, K-
alunite distal

Alunite-vuggy- Smectite-montmorillonite
massive quartz &
$$$$$$

Pyrophyllite-
Dickite-Pyrophyllite
Diaspore-Topaz

Kaolinite Common erosional

level in terrains
Illite (paragonite)
where lithocap is
not preserved
Illite (muscovite)

Mg chlorite
FeMg chlorite

Modified after Harrison and Rohrlach, (2012).

Primary Porphyry Deposits – Prominent source of Cu
and Au

Bingham, USA
 Oxidized Ore Deposits

Gossan: intensely oxidized,

weathered or decomposed
rock, usually the upper and
exposed part of an ore deposit
Supergene enrichment

Oxidation can upgrade low grade resources

Leached Cap & Supergene Enrichment of Cu Deposit

Leached Cap zone

Supergene Enrichment zone

(ore mineral chalcocite Cu2S)

Primary, hypogene ore zone

(ore mineral chalcopyrite
CuFeS2)
 Leached Cap & Supergene
Enrichment
• Leached Cap is zone near surface of acid leaching
in which all components of a rock have been
removed except for silica
• Supergene Enrichment (also called Secondary
Enrichment), refers to natural upgrading of buried
sulfide deposits by the secondary or subsequent
deposition of metals that are dissolved as sulfates
in waters percolating through the oxidized mineral
zone near the surface.
Maryono (2019)
 Weathering Processes – Secondary Mineral
Signatures

Pathways of formation of secondary minerals in weathering profiles (after Anand and Paine, 2002)

From: Anand, R.R., 2005. Weathering History, Landscape Evolution and Implications for Exploration. In: Regolith Landscape Evolution Across
Australia; (Eds) R.R. Anand and P. de Broekert. CRC LEME
 Tools to Measure Rock Spectra

XRD and ASD (Analytical

Spectral Device).
ASD® is a field portable
spectrometer that allows
mineral identification by
measuring their vibrational
spectral absorption features.
PIMA® is a similar device. VNIR SWIR
ASD is capable of identifying
minerals with wavelengths 0.4µm 2.5µm
ranging from the visible to near Iron oxides Phyllosilicates
infrared (VNIR:0.4-1.3µm), and Pyroxenes Hydroxlated silicates
Sulphates
Iron carbonates
shortwave infrared (SWIR:1.3- Cu oxides Carbonates
2.5µm) wavelengths. Cu carbonates NH4-bearing minerals
Mn carbonates
Mn silicates
 Pattern of Different Clay Minerals

Pyrophyllite

Kaolinite
Dickite
REFLECTANCE

Alunite

0.2

1500 WAVELENGTH (nm) 2500

H2O + OH OH H2O AlOH FeOH

CO3
MgOH
Maryono (2019)
Maryono (2019)
Hypogene vs Supergene Minerals
Idealised supergene enrichment blanket

Enrichment
Blanket

From Titley, 1982

Supergene concentration over primary
Cu deposits
• The weathering profiles for supergene alteration of
sulphidic ore bodies in general are as follows.
• These profiles start with
(1) the protore or hypogene zone, and the profile above
is built up of
(2) a lower pale and grey reducing zone, which is also a
zone of supergene enrichment or cementation
below the ground-water table, and
(3) an upper multicoloured, dominantly red and brown
oxidation zone, or zone of leaching, above the water
table (also called "gossan" or "iron hat").
Valeton (1994)
Cu Minerals

www.ukessays.com
 Contoh Leached Cap di Mineralisasi Logam Selain
Deposit Cu
Eksplorasi Endapan Timah Primer di P. Bangka
Belitung

Models: Hosking (1951, 1979, 1988); Taylor (1979) Tim Eksplorasi Timah Primer di Batubesi, P. Belitung
 Kesimpulan
• Pelapukan di dekat permukaan menghasilkan modifikasi
terhadap zona alterasi-mineralisasi yang dihasilkan oleh
proses hipogenik
• Di dalam eksplorasi sumberdaya mineral, zona pelapukan
ini disebut sebagai Leached Cap
• Hasil pelarutan dan mobilisasi logam di zona permukaan
bisa menghasilkan pengkayaan sekunder atau Secondary
Enrichment di zona bawah muka air tanah
• Memahami karakter zona Leached Cap sangat penting
untuk keberhasilan suatu kegiatan eksplorasi mineral
The End