WEAVERLEY HOUSING COOPERATIVE

WEAVERLEY HOUSING COOPERATIVE

INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN PARAMETERS

FOR RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT

DANDE CIVIL PROJECTS

CONSULTING ENGINEERS
Civil &Structural Engineering Consulting
P.O Box 6851
Harare
Tel. 04-771484
Cel. 0773 282 522

FEBRUARY 2015

WEAVERLEY COOPERATIVE HOUSING

INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN
PARAMETERS FOR RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
CONTENTS LIST
Page
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1

General

1.2

Town Planning

1.2.1

Town Planning Development

1.2.2 Survey & S.G Co-ordinated Plans

2. SITE DESCRIPTION

2.1

Location

2.2

Topography

2.3

Geology

3. PARAMETERS OF DESIGN
3.1

Design References

4. CIVIL ENGINEERING SERVICES : RETICULATION

4.1

4.2

Local Roads

4.1.1 General

4.1.2 Road Cross Section

4.1.3 Horizontal Alignment

4.1.4 Vertical Alignment

10

Local Stormwater Control

11
2

4.3

4.4

4.2.1 General

11

4.2.2 Design

11

4.2.3 Materials

12

4.2.4 Ancillary Stormwater Control

12

4.2.5 Sub Surface Drainage

13

Sewer Reticulation

13

4.3.1 Sewer Reticulation

13

4.3.2 Sewer Reticulation Design

13

4.3.3 Computer Analysis

14

4.3.4 Pipeline Layout and Gradients

15

4.3.5 Material Specifications

15

Water Reticulation

16

4.4.1 Water Demand

16

4.4.2 Water Reticulation Designs Development

16

4.4.3 Design Parameters

16

4.4.4 Computer Analysis

18

4.4.5 Pipe Materials Specification

18

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1

General

Dande Civils was appointed by Waverley Cooperative for the design of their
infrastructure services for 271 stands for residential purpose. This design report
forms part of the Consultants appointment and covers the strategy for the
planning, designing and construction of the of the infrastructure services.
Weaverley cooperative intend

to develop the site with the installation of Civil

reticulation, for the 271 stands , with associated bulk and link infrastructure on
behalf of Kadoma Municipality.
The development principles to be adopted by the development team of Town
Planners, Engineers and Architects is to develop a township with green areas,
adopt green engineering principles and appropriate engineering technologies
as is practical.
Engineering Reticulation Services will therefore be as follows;
Civil Engineering
-

Kerbed and surfaced roads

Stormwater control primarily in the roads, then channelled to

open channels as topography dictates

Waterborne sewerage reticulation

Individual metered water supply to each stand.

Fire protection for the development within the water reticulation

network.

1.2

Town Planning

1.2.1

Town Planning Development

The original Town Planning from the own plan developed by the
Regional Office of the Department of Physical Planning was used. This
town plan was the layout used for the initial civil design.

1.2.2

Survey & S.G Coordinated Plans

Topographical Survey

Detail

on

site

topographical

survey

is

required for detailed

design of,

Sewer reticulation

Roads reticulation

SG Coordinated Plans & Site Pegging

SG Plan

The SG coordination plan is dependent upon the Town Planning

The coordinated Town Plan was received by Dande Civils for

detail design in January 2015.

2. SITE DESCRIPTION

2.1. Location
The proposed housing development is located on portions of Subdivision A of
Plot 3 of Railway Farm 9 situate in the district of Kadoma and is situated in
Kadoma.

2.2 Topography
The site generally slopes down towards stand number 3666

2.3 Geology
Attached is a preliminary site assessment of the insitu soils Appendix 1.
Material is generally SG5-SG9 material with a few areas with SG3

3. PARAMETERS OF DESIGN

3.1 Design References

CIVIL

ZIMBABWE
Ministry of Local Government & Housing for Water, Sewerage, Road
& S/W BCHOD : 1981
-

Design Approach to Water and Sewerage Problems Relative to Urban

(predominantly High Density) and Rural Communities in
Zimbabwe.

SOUTH AFRICA
-

Guidelines for the provision of Engineering Services&

Amenities in residential township Development South Africa
(Red Book)

CIVIL ENGINEERING SERVICES : RETICULATION

4.1.

Local Roads

4.1.1

General

The road reticulation system within the Township is developed on the following
principles :-

To provide all weather access to stands Class 5a/5b

To provide linkage to the distribution roads by vehicle or bus Class 4

All Class 5 and Class 4 roads to be designed to transport Stormwater within

the township and to avoid potential Stormwater damage to properties.

Design speed on the roads is to be limited to 40 km/hr by the use of traffic calming
measures mini traffic circles or speed bumps. However, and where possible, the design
stopping / site distance is to be designed for a traffic speed of 60km to ensure additional
safety within the local streets for pedestrian movement.
Adjacent all local streets and the bus route, one side only , paved footways are to be
installed providing all weather pedestrian movement facility.
Roads geometric and pavement design has been undertaken with criteria from the
Guidelines for the Provision of Engineering Services in Residential Township issued by the
National Housing Board SA.
4.1.2 Road Cross-Sections
Class 4 Road- Local bus route
18m Road Reserve
-

Road carriageway offset to allow for Electrical HT Servitude

Carriageway 6m wide with 2 % crossfall

Edging support of pre cast concrete mountable kerb on low side and pre cast
concrete edging on high side

900mm wide footway on low side (Acts with the road as an additional paved
S/W channel in the event of substantial storm water discharge.

Road reserves to be compacted to grades to assist S/W control and stand

access as detailed on the typical road section detail drawing.

Reserves to be top soiled and grass seeded to avoid erosion and

provide a visually pleasing finish to the reserves.

Classification
8

Class 4 access collector/local distributer

Category UB/E1 : 0.2 0.8 x 106 E 80s

Design speed
40km /hr
60km/hr for site stopping ,horizontal and vertical
alignment where feasible.

Class 5 Road Residential Access

10m Road Reserve
-

Road reserve 10m

Carriageway Width - 5.5m surfaced

Edging support of pre cast concrete mountable kerb on low side and pre cast
concrete edging on high side

900mm wide footway on low side (Acts with the road as an additional paved
S/W channel in the event of substantial storm water discharge.

Road reserves to be compacted to grades to assist S/W control and stand

access as detailed on the typical road section detail drawing.

Reserves to be top soiled and grass seeded to avoid erosion and provide a
visually pleasing finish to the reserves.

Classification

4.1.3

Class 5a/5b access collectors and access roads

Category UC/UD : EO/ER : < 0.2 X 106 E 80s

Design speed 40 km/hr

Horizontal Alignment

Due to the restrictions of Town Planning, certain horizontal curves on the roads will
not meet the minimum centre line radii and curve widening may need to be applied
if desirable and practicable
- Centre line radii required
-18m reserve- 40m Min R
- 10m Reserve- 10m Min R
- Junctions inner radii for bell mouth

9m for class 5a/5b

9

4.1.4

10m for class 5a to 4

15m for class 4 to class 3

Vertical Alignment

Road Gradient
Class 4 Max gradient 10% Class 5
Max gradient 12%
In certain short sections of roads these grades will need to be exceeded to ensure
stormwater control and avoidance of erosion to reserves, as the dictates of the topography
and design in minimizing cut/fill requirements.

Vertical Curves
Class 4

Verified curve length 40 m min

2% change of grade no curve required

Class 5

Vertical Curve Length 20 m min

3% change of grade no curve required

Access junction between roads -an allowance of up to 5% change of grade with no

vertical curve can be implemented as a valley between road crossfall and vertical
alignment of the adjoining road ensuring minimum cut/fill and avoiding potential
ponding of stormwater discharge from the road junction.

Pavement Design
Road Class 4 :

Category UB 0.053 E80s

Road Class 5a/5b :

Category UC/UD < 0.2 E80s :

Class E1
Class ER / EO

Roads to be designed with allowance for construction traffic use.

General CBR Min 10 (3 < 7 in vlei areas)
Roads to be granular material with pre mix surfacing
Footways to be granular material with 60mmblock paving surfacing and
cement stabilized base.
10

Bus bays to be 80mm block paving and cement stabilized base.

Design will be based on the catalogue of designs in the Red Book Section 6
Appendix 5 to suit the relevant road category and traffic E80 Class as
designated above and to be based on granular bases in moderate to dry
region Figure 5A.
Note: For Class 5b roads E/O compaction of G5 material to obtain a CBR of >60 will be
used for the road base material to limit the import of G4 / or crusher run base material.
4.2

Local Storm-water Control

4.2.1

General

As noted in Section 4.1 the local residential access roads are to be utilized as far as
possible to transmit localized Storm-water discharge to U/G pipe system or side
drains.
The pipe system, side drains or direct discharge from the roads via kerb chute outlets
will transfer the storm-water discharge into the three existing drainage channels on the
northern side of the development area of 271 stands.
Local design storm intensity will be for 1:5 storm discharge with 1: 10 year storm
surcharge onto the roads.
The roads and road reserves will also act as the major S/W discharge conduit for
storms up to 1:50 year intensity.

4.2.2

Design

Storm-water discharge design will be based on the Rational formula : Q =

AIC m/sec
360
Intensity will vary to suit the time of concentration (Tc) based on :
-

the return storm intensity

Topography

Vegetations / Ground coverage

Paved areas
11

Channelized Flow

Mean annual Rainfall of 900mm / annum

4.2.3
-

Materials /Installation

Inlets to U/G pipework will be via kerb inlets or gulley inlets with concrete inlet
chambers and brick manhole chambers

Concrete inlet channels will be used to increase the capacity of the standard
2m long Kerb inlets with end inlet to the KI to cater for the additional flow.

Concrete chute outlets (precast and insitu) will be used on kerbed roads to
discharge to open drainage systems

Pipework will be precast concrete pipes with spigot and socket flexible joints
equivalent to Class C pipework with Class B bedding full granular surround and
bedding factor 1.8.

Cover under roads to be 1m to soffit but with concrete surround, 750 mm to soffit
will be acceptable provided a minimum of 450 mm cover to the pipe is available
when the road pavement is being constructed.

Open drains will be designed to suit the required flows with concrete or stone lining
to avoid erosion where required.

Manholes are to be brick manholes with full depth benching to ensure

constant velocity transfer through the manholes. The shape of the manhole is
dependent upon pipe sizing, number of inlets and turning requirements Covers to
be cost iron, or cast iron frame with concrete infill in open areas.

4.2.4

Ancillary Stormwater Control

To assist Stormwater discharge certain stands will be deemed Stormwater servitudes

to assist the control of major Stormwater run-off and avoid damage to houses if they
were to be constructed in that location.
These areas generally occur :
-

At the bottom of steep roads when the flow cannot change direction due to
velocities or horizontal alignment requirements of the Town Planning Layout

Transfer of pipework or open drains to avoid bends and major direction

changes

Areas that will be damaged with flood discharge

The open areas will generally be graded to form a central shallow V drain which may or
12

may not have the invert lined dependent upon stormwater discharge velocities.
However, as drain lining can also act as paved walkways I is considered that lining of the
invert should be undertaken
4.2.5
-

Sub Surface Drainage

Due to the topography and the type of soil ground water is not expected in
many areas. However, areas where ground water may be encountered are :

Potential perched water tables at the intersection of the granite sills and
granite whale backs

In these areas single aggregate stone bedding will be used to ensure protection to
underground pipework and open concrete lined drains and underground fin drains
will be installed adjacent roads to protect the road pavement.
4.3

Sewer Reticulation
4.3.1 Sewer Capacity
The Design Approach to Water and Sewerage Problems Relative to Urban
(Predominantly High Density) and Rural Communities in Zimbabwe and Guidelines
for the Provision of Engineering Services and Amenities in Townships DevelopmentSouth Africa identify typical water consumption rates in urban centers as:

Item Description

Return to Sewer

70% Water Demand + Zimbabwe Guidelines

Medium Income

Design Guideline

15% for S/W ingress.

850liters/stand/day

4.3.2

Sewer Reticulation Design

The designs developed for sewer reticulation are based on data contained
above. Designs have taken into account the following.
-

The proposed phasing of the development.

The availability of materials and cost

Contributing figures for sewage based upon water consumption figures

Projected population figures

Proposed types of housing units

Pumping Station requirements

Ease of maintenance
13

Sewerage reticulation is mid-block where the plan and terrain permits it. The
sewer lines are located at 1.0 meter from the stand (plot) boundary.
The minimum pipe size is 110 millimeters in diameter. (O/D UPVC)
Sewage velocities have been designed to be high enough to transport solids,
but not so high that scouring of pipes would occur. Minimum velocities for
design have been achieved at the daily peak, which is not less than 0.6 m/s
with pipe flow 0.5D.
Peak flow factors have been limited to 5.25 x dry weather flow which is the
requirement to meet the blue standard of reticulation design as per Zimbabwe
regulations.
Stand connections are to be Y-connections, capped and attached to markers
to indicate their location. Each connection shall be located at the lower end of
the stand. If convenient erf connection will be made directly to the sewer line
M.H.
The design for connections has been based on 1:60 fall from any point on the
stand GL. +450mm (min) to give a minimum connection depth to the main
161mm dia sewer line.
Manholes have been located at a maximum spacing of 80m for 110mm
diameter pipes and 90m for pipes of 225mm diameter and above. Manholes
locations for larger diameter pipes have been designed to accommodate the
maintenance equipment available to the maintaining authority.

4.3.3

Computer Analysis

The sewer reticulation will be analyzed by Autocad CIVIL 3D software

package that carries out the pipe line hydraulic calculations for design flow
and maximum flow. The software out data is listed below:

Longitudinal sections of sewer line annotated automatically with pipe

specifications, diameter and bedding specifications.

Hydraulic information also placed automatically on longitudinal section.

Manholes are numbered and sorted in branch order.

Pipes are numbered and sorted.

Manhole / pipe topology automatically determined

14

Pipe length calculated and totaled.

Ground and invert levels determined at special chainages such as pipe or

road crossings.

Manhole invert

Pipe grades

Drop manholes

Pipe earthworks excavation quantities for all branches in the network,

pipeline layout and gradients

4.3.4 Pipeline Layout and Gradients

The sewers are laid with a minimum cover of 750mm depth between stands and
900mm Min cover elsewhere.
Road crossing are to be 1.25m depth to soffit to allow for road construction to be
undertaken without damage to any installed sewers.
Diameter (mm)

Gradients
Maximum

Minimum

160

1:10

1:120

200

1:16

1:150

250

1:24

1:200

315

1:30

1:300

400

1:40

1:350

675

1:70

1:600

Note : 1 in 80 is the minimum grade at the start of a sewer run

4.3.5

Material Specification

The pipeline material to be used is uPVC pipes sewer class 34 with flexible spigot
and socket joints for all sewer reticulation. Pipework above ground on pipe bridge
sections will be Mild Steel coated and painted as specified with Viking Johnson
Coupling Joints to allow for expansion.
Manholes are to be pre-cast concrete rings 1m dia unless noted on the drawings.

15

4.4 Water Reticulation

4.4.1 Water Demand

Item Description

Water Demand

Design Guideline

1000liters/stand/day

South

Medium Income

African

Guidelines
2

Schools - Day

20liters/ pupil/day

Zimbabwe Guidelines

Shops

20 liters / Employee

Zimbabwe Guidelines

Bars

300 liters / Stand

Zimbabwe Guidelines

Offices

20 liters / Employee

Zimbabwe Guidelines

Dry services industry

10 000 -15 000 liters Zimbabwe Guidelines

/Ha

4.4.2

Water Reticulation Designs Developed

The designs developed for water reticulation are based on data contained in
the above documentation.
Designs have taken into account the following :Phase 1
-

271 Units + associated infrastructure

Balanced reticulation with the 271 reticulation of units for

Phase 1 inclusive of supply line from reservoirs

Peak flows @ 1.8 to 3 peak hourly factors

Average Flow + Fire Flow from 1no. Hydrant to be used for final pipe
sizing.

4.4.3

Design Parameters

Item Description
1

Design Guideline

Water Demand per stand 400m2 stand.

South Africa Guidelines

Medium density 1000liters per day

2

Peak hourly factor 3

Zimbabwe Guidelines

Minimum Residual pressures at supply points 15m to Zimbabwe Guidelines

20m
Maximum Static pressure 60m
16

Design Velocity between 0.5m/s to 2m/s

Zimbabwe Guidelines

Cover over pipelines

Zimbabwe Guidelines

Stand connection 450mm

In gardens 750mm
Under roads 1250mm
6

Fire Flow

South Africa Guidelines

Low Risk area. One hydrant to Discharge at any one

time.
Hydrants at 240m coverage / spacing
Flow Rate 15liters per second.
Flow Time 1 hour.

Minimum Diameter of reticulation with Fire main

Zimbabwe Guidelines

75mm diameter.
Adjacent to Institutional centers - additional Fire
Hydrant
7

Institutional Demand
Schools Boarding 80 liters / Boarding pupil

Zimbabwe Guidelines

Schools - Day 20 liters /Day pupil

Hospitals-200 - 400 liters /Bed
Primary Healthcare Centre- 10 liters /Out patient
Hotels 300 500 liters /Bed
Hostels/Rest Camps 200 - 300 liters/ Bed
Commerce or Administration
Shops 20 liters / Employee
Bars

Zimbabwe Guidelines

300 liters / Stand

17

Offices 20 liters / Employee

Industry
These will vary considerably according

Zimbabwe Guidelines

to processes used.
Dry services industry 10 000 -15 000 liters /Ha
Wet Industrial to be individually
assessed.
8

Peak Demand Zoned Areas

SA Guidelines

Between min 1.8 max 3.5

4.4.4

Computer Analysis

The water reticulation system is analyzed by Epanet software package

that carries out a static analysis and a time simulation of the network.
The software out data is listed below:
Hydraulic results for each water pipe include:

Diameter Chosen (mm)

Flow (l/s)

Velocity (m/s)

Calculated Darcy friction factor

Calculated equivalent Hazen Williams friction factor

Friction loss in meters per 100 meters

Hydraulic results for each node include:

Energy level (m)

Pressure (m)

4.4.5

Pipe Materials Specifications

The pipeline material will be

uPVC pipes Class 9 with spigot and socket joints for all water reticulation
pipelines

18

HDPE Type 4 pipes with compression fittings for stand connections.

Joints

connections for

tees and valve connections to be CI with

spigot and socket joints. Alternative flange joints to be used where

directed specifically on valve connections

Valves to be CI to water works quality to SABS 665 , with

connections to suit uPVC pipework.

Bends to be
uPVC pressure bends up to 450 .with spigot and socket
joints

450 / 900 bends or where noted on the pipework schedule to be CI with

joints to suit spigot and socket uPVC pipework..

All bends, tees etc required thrust block as specified on the drawings.

19

TITLE

WEAVERLEY COOPERATIVE HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

Project Team

Dande Civils

Client

Weaverley Cooperative

Client Project No

..

Status of Report

Final

Morad Report No

Date of this Issue

10 February 2015

For Dande Civils issuing

M.Benhura (Bsc) Civil

Written & by
Compiled

Hons
Initials & Surname

Peer reviewed
by

Signature

Date

Signature

Date

M Kaendeza (Pr.Eng)
Initials & Surname

APPENDIX 1: INSITU SOILS