Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OMICRON
11/6/2014
Page: 1
Tap Changer
Accessories
Bushings
Core
Winding
Frequency in %
Sources of Faults
OMICRON
04.12.200411/6/2014
Page: 2
Gas-in-Oil Analysis
Type of Fault
Partial Discharge
Discharge with low
Energy
Discharge with high
Energy
Thermal Fault T<300C
Thermal Fault T<700C
Thermal Fault T>700C
Source: Mllmann, A. u.a. IEC/VDE Standards fr flssige Isolierstoffe zur Diagnostik
von Transformatoren und Wandlern, ETG Fachbericht 87: Diagnostik elektrischer
Betriebsmittel, Berlin 2002
OMICRON
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OMICRON
04.12.200411/6/2014
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Universal Transformer
Test System
Power Amplifier
15-400Hz
Up to 2000A, 2kV AC / 400A DC
Measurement of
Ratio
Complex Impedance
Resistances
...
C-Tan
-Prfsystem
OMICRON
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Testing OLTC
OMICRON
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Commutating
Resistors
Diverter
Switch
OMICRON
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Commutating
Resistors
Diverter
Switch
OMICRON
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Commutating
Resistors
Diverter
Switch
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Commutating
Resistors
Diverter
Switch
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Commutating
Resistors
Diverter
Switch
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Commutating
Resistors
Diverter
Switch
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KEMA
270.00
265.00
OMICRON 121
Ref. Temp.
OMICRON 211
Ref. Temp.
260.00
255.00
250.00
245.00
240.00
235.00
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Widerstand [m ]
275.00
Stufen
OMICRON
04.12.200411/6/2014
Page: 16
Maschinentransformator
27kV/400kV 1100MVA
1. Measurement: 20C
Last Meas.:
OMICRON
23C
04.12.200411/6/2014
Page: 17
235 +RTWinding
(Tap)
2
R(T2 ) = R(T1 )
Beispiel
: R(23) = R (20) *1.012
235 + T1
Delta =1.2%
0.16
A UP
A DOWN
B UP
B DOWN
C UP
C DOWN
0.155
0.15
0.145
0.14
000
005
010
015
020
025
030
Taps
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Resistance U-Mp
R L1 (referred to 20C)
700.0
650.0
600.0
mOhm
R L1 1974
R L1 20.2.02 1...19
RL1 20.2.02 191
550.0
500.0
450.0
0
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Taps
OMICRON
04.12.200411/6/2014
Page: 22
100MVA 220/110 kV V
R L2 (referred to 20)
650.0
630.0
610.0
590.0
mOhm
570.0
R L2 1974
550.0
R L2 20.2.02 119
R L2 20.2.02 191
530.0
510.0
490.0
470.0
450.0
0
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Taps
OMICRON
04.12.200411/6/2014
Page: 23
100MVA 220/110 kV W
R L3 (referred to 20)
630.0
610.0
590.0
mOhm
570.0
R L3 1974
550.0
R L3 20.2.02 119
530.0
510.0
490.0
470.0
450.0
0
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Taps
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04.12.200411/6/2014
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570.0
550.0
530.0
510.0
490.0
470.0
450.0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Resistance [m]
610.0
Taps
OMICRON
04.12.200411/6/2014
Page: 25
20.0
Before repair
10.0
0.0
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
-10.0
1
Resistance [m]
30.0
-20.0
-30.0
Taps
Resistance Differenz L1 Up-Down
6.0
After repair
2.0
0.0
-2.0
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
-6.0
-4.0
1
Resistance [m]
4.0
Taps
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04.12.200411/6/2014
Page: 26
0.2 Ohm
0.19 Ohm
A UP
A DOWN
B UP
B DOWN
C UP
C DOWN
0.18 Ohm
0.17 Ohm
0.16 Ohm
0.15 Ohm
0.14 Ohm
0
10
15
20
Taps
R Winding (Tap)
0.2 Ohm
0.19 Ohm
A UP
A DOWN
B UP
B DOWN
C UP
C DOWN
0.18 Ohm
0.17 Ohm
0.16 Ohm
0.15 Ohm
0.14 Ohm
0
10
15
20
Taps
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0.18 Ohm
0.175 Ohm
0.17 Ohm
0.165 Ohm
0.16 Ohm
0.155 Ohm
0.15 Ohm
0.145 Ohm
0.14 Ohm
0.135 Ohm
0.13 Ohm
A UP
A DOWN
B UP
B DOWN
C UP
C DOWN
10
12
Taps
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DC
U=0
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Measurement of a Winding 27 kV - 17 kA
with 100A Test Current
Meas. Result
=700
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Ripple
Slope
1 = Diverter switch commutates from the first tap to the first commutating resistor
2 = The second commutationg resistor is switched in parralel
3 = shorting of the second commutating resistor and commutating to the second tap
4 = Charging of the additional windings
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2.5%
2.0%
A UP
A DOWN
B UP
B DOWN
C UP
C DOWN
1.5%
1.0%
0.5%
0.0%
000
005
010
015
020
025
030
Taps
OMICRON
04.12.200411/6/2014
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0.0A/s
000
-0.1A/s
005
010
015
020
025
030
A UP
A DOWN
B UP
B DOWN
C UP
C DOWN
-0.2A/s
-0.3A/s
-0.4A/s
-0.5A/s
-0.6A/s
Taps
OMICRON
04.12.200411/6/2014
Page: 37
50.0%
45.0%
40.0%
35.0%
30.0%
25.0%
20.0%
15.0%
10.0%
5.0%
0.0%
A UP
A DOWN
B UP
B DOWN
C UP
C DOWN
10
12
Taps
OMICRON
04.12.200411/6/2014
Page: 38
0.0A/s
-0.2A/s 0
10
-0.4A/s
12
A UP
A DOWN
B UP
B DOWN
C UP
C DOWN
-0.6A/s
-0.8A/s
-1.0A/s
-1.2A/s
-1.4A/s
-1.6A/s
-1.8A/s
Taps
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530us
OMICRON
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Ripple mit
Unterbrechung [%]
4.12
4.64
32.96
100.00
Ripple ohne
Unterbrechung
[%]
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Slope mit
Unterbrechung
[mA/s]
-42
-49.17
-405.6
-1192
Slope mit
Unterbrechung
[mA/s]
-2
-2
-2
-2
120.00
100.00
Ripple [%]
80.00
Ripple mit
Unterbrechung
60.00
40.00
Ripple ohne
Unterbrechung
20.00
0.00
0.1
10
100
1000
OMICRON
04.12.200411/6/2014
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Ripple mit
Unterbrechung [%]
4.12
4.64
32.96
100.00
Ripple ohne
Unterbrechung
[%]
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Slope mit
Unterbrechung
[mA/s]
-42
-49.17
-405.6
-1192
Slope mit
Unterbrechung
[mA/s]
-2
-2
-2
-2
Slope mit
Unterbrechung
Slope [mA/s]
-400
-600
Slope ohne
Unterbrechung
-800
-1000
-1200
-1400
0.1
10
100
1000
OMICRON
04.12.200411/6/2014
Page: 42
5.5%
5.0%
A UP
A DOWN
B UP
B DOWN
C UP
C DOWN
4.5%
4.0%
3.5%
3.0%
0
10
15
20
Taps
OMICRON
04.12.200411/6/2014
Page: 43
-0.6A/s
-0.65A/s 0
-0.7A/s
-0.75A/s
-0.8A/s
-0.85A/s
-0.9A/s
-0.95A/s
-1.0A/s
-1.05A/s
-1.1A/s
10
15
20
A UP
A DOWN
B UP
B DOWN
C UP
C DOWN
Taps
OMICRON
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OMICRON
04.12.200411/6/2014
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0.145044615
0.14168819
0.142732395
0.139659045
0.13919992
0.1396798
0.139666415
0.13958899
0.13754698
0.137932135
0.13525902
0.12915814
0.061%
0.046%
0.069%
0.097%
4.612%
1.028%
0.204%
0.174%
0.059%
0.055%
0.086%
0.079%
2.601%
2.253%
2.701%
2.903%
16.975%
14.25%
14.7%
15.7%
15.666%
3.402%
2.703%
3.4%
-1.75A/s
-1.65A/s
-1.75A/s
-1.69A/s
-11.37A/s
-2.6A/s
-1.75A/s
-0.56A/s
-1.91A/s
-1.75A/s
-1.69A/s
-2.62A/s
20.0A
20.0A
20.0A
20.0A
20.01A
20.0A
20.0A
20.0A
20.0A
20.0A
20.0A
20.0A
2.9008923V
2.8337638V
2.8546479V
2.7931809V
2.7853904V
2.793596V
2.7933283V
2.7917798V
2.7509396V
2.7586427V
2.7051804V
2.5831628V
Ripple
18.0%
16.0%
14.0%
12.0%
10.0%
8.0%
6.0%
4.0%
2.0%
0.0%
000
A UP
A DOWN
B UP
B DOWN
C UP
C DOWN
005
010
015
020
025
030
Taps
OMICRON
04.12.200411/6/2014
Page: 46
0.145044615
0.14168819
0.142732395
0.139659045
0.13919992
0.1396798
0.139666415
0.13958899
0.13754698
0.137932135
0.13525902
0.12915814
0.061%
0.046%
0.069%
0.097%
4.612%
1.028%
0.204%
0.174%
0.059%
0.055%
0.086%
0.079%
2.601%
2.253%
2.701%
2.903%
16.975%
14.25%
14.7%
15.7%
15.666%
3.402%
2.703%
3.4%
-1.75A/s
-1.65A/s
-1.75A/s
-1.69A/s
-11.37A/s
-2.6A/s
-1.75A/s
-0.56A/s
-1.91A/s
-1.75A/s
-1.69A/s
-2.62A/s
20.0A
20.0A
20.0A
20.0A
20.01A
20.0A
20.0A
20.0A
20.0A
20.0A
20.0A
20.0A
2.9008923V
2.8337638V
2.8546479V
2.7931809V
2.7853904V
2.793596V
2.7933283V
2.7917798V
2.7509396V
2.7586427V
2.7051804V
2.5831628V
Slope
0.0A/s
-2.0A/s
A UP
A DOWN
B UP
B DOWN
C UP
C DOWN
-4.0A/s
-6.0A/s
-8.0A/s
-10.0A/s
-12.0A/s
000
005
010
015
020
025
030
Taps
OMICRON
04.12.200411/6/2014
Page: 47
OMICRON
04.12.200411/6/2014
Page: 48
Leakage
Flux
10kV Winding
220kVWinding
Winding
220kV
220kV
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04.12.200411/6/2014
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OMICRON
04.12.200411/6/2014
Page: 50
400kVA transformer
Template: TR Short Circuit Imp.
Version:
1.40
3 Phase Measurement
Factory Test with W-Meter
Uk [V]
1479.40
Ik [A]
8.89
P [W]
6270
f [Hz]
50
Z [OHM]
Phi []
R [OHM] X [OHM]
L [H]
288.2335 74.02338 79.33485 277.1002 0.882037449
f [Hz]
50
Z [OHM]
Phi []
R [OHM] X [OHM]
L [H]
287.8106 74.21368 78.29901 276.9553 0.881576072
-0.14671 0.257084 -1.30566 -0.05231 -0.05230818
f [Hz]
50
Z [OHM]
Phi []
R [OHM] X [OHM]
L [H]
287.9643 73.82169 80.23478 276.5607 0.880319891
-0.09342 -0.27247 1.134345 -0.19473 -0.19472629
f [Hz]
50
Z [OHM]
Phi []
R [OHM] X [OHM]
L [H]
288.7539 74.01075 79.53928 277.583 0.883574133
0.180545 -0.01706 0.257675 0.17422 0.174219805
Phase A
-0.01986
-0.01082 0.028788
-0.02427 -0.02427155
OMICRON
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OMICRON
04.12.200411/6/2014
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HV Winding
Losses
by induced
currents
LV Winding
OMICRON
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HV Winding
Induced
currents are
compensated
LV Winding
OMICRON
04.12.200411/6/2014
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HV Winding
Additional
losses
by induced
currents
LV Winding
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OMICRON
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R (f)
OMICRON
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A
B
C
100
200
300
400
500
Frequency (Hz)
OMICRON
04.12.200411/6/2014
Page: 58
Case study
40-MVA, Y
, 121 kV/12.85 kV transformer
The transformer was removed from service because it
produced gas, which, upon analysis, showed a hot spot
involving paper. In the laboratories, however, none of the
standard tests showed a fault in the windings. In fact, it was
found that:
The turns ratio was correct;
The excitation current was normal;
The DC resistance was normal;
A comparative measurement of the impedance in the
three phases showed no significant difference (less
than 3%).
OMICRON
04.12.200411/6/2014
Page: 59
Case study
40-MVA, Y
, 121 kV/12.85 kV transformer
OMICRON
04.12.200411/6/2014
Page: 60
Case study
40-MVA, Y
, 121 kV/12.85 kV transformer
Phase A: eight of the 13 parallel strands of this winding had been shortcircuited. In this condition, the section perpendicular to the lines of
flux was much higher and, hence, the eddy current losses
Phase B: two parallel strands were found to be in short-circuit but the fault
was not located in the winding after it had been dismantled
Phase C: No fault was detected in the windings
OMICRON
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Local Overheating
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OMICRON
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Diagnosis of a damaged
transformer 220kV / 110kV / 10kV
Short
Result:
Short circuit of the 10kV
winding to the core (Phase A)
OMICRON
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Page: 64
Ratio Error
= -21.5% !
OMICRON
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Lk=f(f)
Faulty
winding
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High Frequencies
OMICRON
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Rk=f(f)
Rk 110kV - 10kV
30.00
25.00
Ohms
20.00
Rk [Ohm] U
Rk [Ohm] W
Rk [Ohm] V
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0
100
200
300
400
f [Hz]
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04.12.200411/6/2014
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Phase: V
Phase: W
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Phase: U
Phase: W
OMICRON
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Opened Transformer
Defective
Phase
Current
limiting
coils
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10 kV
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Broken wire
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with
and
Frequency
OMICRON
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RSS
URs
tan =
CS
UR
= RS C S
UC
UCs
OMICRON
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Serial
4.00E-03
Parallel
3.00E-03
Sum
2.00E-03
1.00E-03
0.00E+00
0
100
200
300
400
500
OMICRON
04.12.200411/6/2014
Page: 78
a. Plate condenser
as a model for
dielectric insulation
d. Simplified geometry
model for the main
components oil,
barriers and spacers
e: Dielectric model
for the insulation
system of power
transformers
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OMICRON
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04.12.200411/6/2014
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Bushings:
Partial breakdowns between layers
Incoming oil into cracks of solid insulation (RBP hard
paper)
Transformer windings:
Change of the geometry between windings
(deformation and displacement of windings due to
big fault currents trough the transformer)
OMICRON
04.12.200411/6/2014
Page: 82
Bushings:
Aging and decomposition of insulation
Water content
Bad contacted electrodes or capacitive layers
Cracks in the insulation
Partial discharges
Transformers:
Aging
Water content in the oil and in the paper
Contamination by particles
OMICRON
04.12.200411/6/2014
Page: 83
Has to be balanced
for each frequency
OMICRON
04.12.200411/6/2014
Page: 84
Im
CN
ZN
ZX CX, LX
Icn
Icx
ICX
ICN
u0(t)
UN(t)
Z1
with << 1 :
tan cos
Z2
, L in rad
UX(t)
Uo
Re
Reference path
Measurement path
04.12.200411/6/2014
Page: 85
C-Tan
-Test System
OMICRON
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OMICRON
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Block
Diagram of CP TD1
Tan - measurement with CP DF12
Monday, 01. July 2002
High voltage output
(0..12kV)
CN
select channel
EUT (Cx)
primary
Ix_in
In A
B_1
sec.
ADC
B_PE
tertiary
In B
guard
safety
voltage-booster
calib
RS232 &
supply
CPC100
mains
DSP
serial-Interface
booster-Interface
B_2
CP TD1
GST,
GSTgA, GSTgB,
GSTgA+B
OMICRON
04.12.200411/6/2014
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OMICRON
04.12.200411/6/2014
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C-Tan-Delta
Measurement on
Power
Transformers
Low Voltage
Bushing
400kV Bushing
Measuring Tap
Core
Tapped Winding
High Voltage Winding
Low Voltage Winding
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OMICRON
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OMICRON
04.12.200411/6/2014
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H(f)
HL(f)
L(f)
0.25 %
0.2 %
0.15 %
0.1 %
0.05 %
OMICRON
450.0 Hz
400.0 Hz
350.0 Hz
300.0 Hz
250.0 Hz
200.0 Hz
150.0 Hz
100.0 Hz
50.0 Hz
0.0 Hz
0.0 %
04.12.200411/6/2014
Page: 93
0.5 %
0.4 %
H(f)
HL(f)
L(f)
0.3 %
0.2 %
0.1 %
OMICRON
450.0 Hz
400.0 Hz
350.0 Hz
300.0 Hz
250.0 Hz
200.0 Hz
150.0 Hz
100.0 Hz
50.0 Hz
0.0 Hz
0.0 %
04.12.200411/6/2014
Page: 94
H(f)
HL(f)
1.0 %
0.8 %
0.6 %
0.4 %
0.2 %
OMICRON
450.0 Hz
400.0 Hz
350.0 Hz
300.0 Hz
250.0 Hz
200.0 Hz
150.0 Hz
100.0 Hz
50.0 Hz
0.0 Hz
0.0 %
04.12.200411/6/2014
Page: 95
50.0 Hz
100.0 Hz
150.0 Hz
200.0 Hz
OMICRON
250.0 Hz
04.12.200411/6/2014
Page: 96
7.0 %
6.0 %
0.8 %
0.75 %
5.0 %
0.7 %
4.0 %
0.65 %
3.0 %
0.6 %
0.55 %
2.0 %
0.5 %
1.0 %
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
0.45 %
0.4 %
0.0Hz 50.0Hz 100.0H 150.0H 200.0H 250.0H 300.0H 350.0H 400.0H 450.0H
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
DF (f)
1.0 %
0.5 %
450.0 Hz
400.0 Hz
350.0 Hz
300.0 Hz
250.0 Hz
200.0 Hz
150.0 Hz
100.0 Hz
-0.5 %
50.0 Hz
0.0 %
0.0 Hz
0.0 %
0.0 Hz
-1.0 %
17.0 Hz
30.0 Hz
80.0 Hz
130.0 Hz
230.0 Hz
400.0 Hz
-1.0 %
-1.5 %
OMICRON
04.12.200411/6/2014
Page: 97
Currents through
the windings
cause additional
inductive losses
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Phases Connected
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DF (f)
0.7 %
0.5 %
0.3 %
450.0 Hz
400.0 Hz
350.0 Hz
300.0 Hz
250.0 Hz
200.0 Hz
150.0 Hz
100.0 Hz
-0.3 %
50.0 Hz
Bad contact of
short circuit
-0.1 %
0.0 Hz
0.1 %
-0.5 %
-0.7 %
-0.9 %
-1.1 %
-1.3 %
-1.5 %
DF (f)
0.8 %
0.7 %
0.6 %
0.4 %
0.3 %
0.2 %
0.1 %
OMICRON
04.12.200411/6/2014
450.0 Hz
400.0 Hz
350.0 Hz
300.0 Hz
250.0 Hz
200.0 Hz
150.0 Hz
100.0 Hz
50.0 Hz
0.0 %
0.0 Hz
Good contacts
of short circuit
0.5 %
Page: 100
HV Bushings
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Page: 101
Emax=
smaller
A
without
capacitive
layers
with
capacitive
layers
Earthing Cap
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Page: 104
Change of Capacitance
30
20
-3
Tan Delta x 10
Change of Capacitance %
25
15
10
0
75
77
79
81
83
85
87
89
-5
Source: RWE
Date of Measurement
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Page: 105
Bushing Fault
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Minimum
Tan Delta
0.65 %
31.03.2004
15.07.2004
08.10.2004
0.55 %
0.45 %
Minimum
0.35 %
Minimum
0.25 %
0.0 Hz
100.0 Hz
200.0 Hz
300.0 Hz
400.0 Hz
OMICRON
500.0 Hz
04.12.200411/6/2014
Page: 110
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C meas. PF meas.[%]
2.836E-10
0.457
2.815E-10
0.491
2.853E-10
0.493
2.837E-10
0.486
2.855E-10
0.504
2.853E-10
0.449
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Page: 112
0.4 %
0.3 %
0.2 %
0.1 %
0.0 %
*0.0 Hz
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0.5
415
0.45
410
0.4
405
400
0.35
0.25
395
390
0.2
pF
0.3
+ 10%
385
380
0.15
375
0.1
370
0.05
365
360
100
200
Hz
300
400
100
200
300
400
Hz
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Page: 115
Tan Delta
340
1.5
335
1.3
330
1.1
325
2V
2W
0.9
2N
1N
0.7
pF
2U
2U
2V
2W
320
2N
315
1N
310
0.5
305
300
0.3
0
100
200
300
Hz
400
100
200
300
400
Hz
C (f)
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Page: 116
0.55
2N
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0
10
15
kV
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Spannungsverlufe unauffllig
U TanDelta
V TanDelta
0.25%
W TanDelta
0.2%
0.15%
0.1%
0.05%
0.0%
0.0V
2000.0V
4000.0V
6000.0V
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0.49%
0.47%
Frequenzververlufe auffllig
0.45%
U TanDelta
V TanDelta
0.43%
W TanDelta
0.41%
0.39%
0.37%
0.0 Hz
50.0 Hz
100.0 Hz
150.0 Hz
200.0 Hz
250.0 Hz
300.0 Hz
350.0 Hz
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0.6%
0.5%
73
0.4%
80
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0 Hz
OMICRON
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Page: 120
Durchfhrung
HS Anschluss
Erdungsgarnitur
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Page: 123