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Dynamic Modelling of Doubly-Fed Induction Machine Wind Generators
Dynamic Modelling of Doubly-Fed Induction Machine Wind Generators
Technical Documentation
DIgSILENT GmbH
Heinrich-Hertz-Strasse 9
D-72810 Gomaringen
Tel.: +49 7072 9168 0
Fax: +49 7072 9168- 88
http://www.digsilent.d
e-mail: mail@digsilent.de
Dynamic Modelling of
Doubly-Fed Induction
Machine Wind-Generators
Published by
DIgSILENT GmbH, Germany
Copyright 2003. All rights
reserved. Unauthorised copying
or publishing of this or any part
of this document is prohibited.
doc.TechRef, 14 August 2003
1 Introduction
1 Introduction
The electrical systems of several European countries contain large amounts of embedded wind generation and similar scenarios
are foreseen in other parts of the world. This aspect, together with the significant size of new wind farm projects, requires
realistic modelling capabilities of wind generators for proper assessment of power system planning and impact analysis of future
wind generation.
As a result of research and consulting activities of DIgSILENT, generic dynamic models of different types of wind power
generation were developed. These models are now available in the standard Wind-Power library of PowerFactory.
This document describes a doubly-fed induction generator wind turbine model including all relevant components. At the same
time, this document is a reference to all DFIG-related models of the Wind-Power library.
The presented models are mainly intended for stability analysis of large power systems. The proper response of the models to
network faults was in the centre of interest, but the models can also be used for simulating the impact of wind fluctuations to
power systems.
There is no wind model included in this description. However, any type of stochastic or deterministic wind model, or measured
wind speeds can be connected to the wind speed input of the presented model.
The models are intended for balanced and unbalanced RMS calculations typically applied in stability studies. However, it is also
possible to perform electromagnetic transient simulations with these models.
The basic structure of the model is briefly described in this section and more thoroughly analyzed in the following sections.
External Grid
Control
Control
Protection
Figure 1: Doubly-Fed Induction Generator Concept
The general concept of a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) is shown in Figure 1.
The prime mover, consisting of a pitch-angle controlled wind turbine, the shaft and the gear-box drives a slip-ring induction
generator. The stator of the DFIG is directly connected to the grid, the slip-rings of the rotor are fed by self-commutated
converters. These converters allow controlling the rotor voltage in magnitude and phase angle and can therefore be used for
active- and reactive power control.
In the presented model, the converters and controllers are represented to the necessary extent. Both the rotor- and the gridside controllers are modelled in full detail, including fast current control loops. However, for many applications the fast control
loops of the grid side converter can be approximated by steady state models.
With the rotor side converter, the situation is different due to protective practices in DFIG. For protecting the rotor-side
converter against over-currents, it is usual practice to bypass the rotor-side converter during system faults. Whether the DFIG is
totally disconnected from the system or not, depends on the actual deepness of the voltage sag and on the applied protection
philosophy. The correct modelling of the rotor bypass, usually called crow bar protection, is essential to assess voltage
stability of large farms during faults in the transmission- or distribution network. For this reason, it is necessary to model even
the fast current controls of the rotor side converter to effectively determine the operation of the crow bar. Other protection
functions also found in DFIG such as over/under-speed and over/under-voltage are considered in the proposed model as wel
DIgSILENT
3.1 Overview
DFIG:
speed
Prime Mover
pt
beta
Pitch Control
*
vw
Turbine
*
Pwind
Shaft
*
omega..
Pref
MPT
ElmMpt*
Ifq_ref;Ifd_ref
Pfq;Pfd
Pmq ; Pmd
DFIG
ElmAsm*
Qref
PQ Control
ElmGen*
Current Control
*
Transformatio..
*
bypass
Protection
ElmPro*
Ifq;I..
cosph..
Power Measurement
StaPqmea
P;Q
psis_..
V meas.
StaVmea*
Current Measurement
*
iq;id
Irot
The prime mover consisting of the pitch angle controller, the wind turbine and the shaft (Pitch-Control, Turbine,
Shaft)
The control-system regulating active and reactive power of the DFIG through the rotor-side converter applying a
maximum power tracking strategy (MPT, Power Measurement, PQ Control, Current Control, Current Measurement)
The models of all major components are described in the following sections. It is important to point out that these models can
be used in combinations that differ from Figure 2, e.g. realizing power-dependent speed control instead of the speed-dependent
power control.
Additionally, the model can be extended by stochastic or deterministic wind-speed models, more sophisticated voltage and
frequency control.
The turbine that transforms the wind energy into rotational energy at the turbine shaft.
Ek =
m
2
vw
2
(1)
The power associated to this moving air mass is the derivative of the kinetic energy with respect to time.
P0 =
E k 1 m
1
2
2
=
vw = q vw
t
2 t
2
(2)
q = vw A
(3)
is the air density and A the cross section of the air mass flow.
Only a fraction of the total kinetic power can be extracted by a wind turbine and converted into rotational power at the shaft.
This fraction of power (PWIND) depends on the wind speed, rotor speed and blade position (for pitch and active stall control
turbines) and on the turbine design. It is usually denominated aerodynamic efficiency Cp:
Cp =
PWind
P0
(4)
For a specific turbine design, the values of Cp are usually presented as a function of the pitch angle () and the tip speed ratio
(). The tip speed ratio is given by:
TUR R
(5)
vw
R is the radius of the turbine blades and TUR is the turbine speed.
PowerFactory allows the input of a two-dimensional lookup characteristic (for different values of and ) to define Cp. A twodimensional, cubic spline-interpolation method is used for calculating points between actually entered values. The high accuracy
of the interpolation method avoids the need of entering a large number of points (see also Figure 3).
Alternatively, analytical approaches for approximating the Cp-characteristic could be used but since these data are usually
available in tabular formats, no such model was included into the PowerFactory standard Wind-Power-Library.
Finally, the mechanical power extracted from the wind is calculated using:
Pmech =
R 2 Cp ( , ) vw
(6)
The Cp-characteristic can be calculated using special software for aerodynamic designs that is usually based on blade-iteration
techniques or it can be obtained from actual measurements.
It has to be pointed out that the presented turbine model is based on a steady state approach and is not able to represent stall
dynamics.
The input/output diagram of the turbine model is depicted in Figure 4 and the input-, output- and parameter definitions are
presented in Table 1 to
Table 3.
beta
vw
Wind-Turbine
Pwind
omega_tur
Symbol
Description
Unit
beta
(6)
degrees
vw
vw (5,6)
Wind Speed
m/sec
omega_tur
TUR (5)
rad/sec
Symbol
Description
Unit
Pwind
Pmech (6)
MW
Symbol
Description
Unit
R (5,6)
rho
(6)
Air Densitiy
kg/m3
Cp
Cp(,) (6)
DIgSILENT
SERVO
ref
rate_op
Vrmax
speed
Ymax
beta_ref
PI controller
Ka,Tr,Ta
beta
Time Const
T
Vrmin
Limiter
rate_cl
{1/s}
Ymin
Blade-Angle optimization can be realized using a variable minimum blade angle limit
speed
beta
Description
Unit
speed
p.u.
Description
Unit
beta
deg
Description
Unit
Ka
deg/p.u.
Ta
Tr
rate_op
deg/s
rate_cl
deg/s
beta_max
deg
beta_min
deg
ref_speed
Speed Reference
p.u.
3.2.3 Shaft
Jg
Dtg
Jt
Ktg
Dg
Dt
DIgSILENT
Shaft Model:
Pwind
Twind
Torque
tdif
Tmec
omega_tur
Mass_1Torque
D_turb,J
Spring
K,D_shaft
RatePt
Pbase
pt
speed_gen
Gear Box
RPMnom
omega_gen
10
Under normal operating conditions, variable speed generators are decoupled from the grid; that is, with appropriate controls,
torsional shaft oscillations are filtered by the converters and almost not noticeable as harmonics of the generated power.
However, during heavy faults, e.g. short circuits in the network, generator and turbine acceleration can only be simulated with
sufficient accuracy if shaft oscillations are included in the model.
Shaft characteristics of wind generators are quite different from other types of generation due to the relatively low stiffness of
the turbine shaft. This results in torsional resonance frequencies in a range of about 0.5 to 2 Hz.
The proposed model approximates the shaft by a two-mass model, represented by turbine- and generator inertia (see Figure
7). The model according to Figure 7 and Figure 8 represents the turbine inertia and the coupling between turbine- and
generator. The generator inertia however, is modelled inside the built-in induction machine model. The generator inertia is
specified in the form of an acceleration time constant in the induction generator type. The inertia of the gear-box is not
modelled separately but shall be included in the generator inertia.
The spring-constant K and the corresponding damping coefficient D are related to the turbine-side.
Shaft-models of higher order can easily be implemented by expanding the second order model. For stability analysis however, a
second order model provides sufficient accuracy.
Pwind
omega_tur
Shaft
speed_gen
pt
Description
Unit
Pwind
Turbine Power
MW
speed_gen
Generator Speed
p.u.
Description
Unit
omega_tur
rad/s
pt
p.u.
11
Description
Unit
Pbase
MW.
D_turb
Turbine Damping
Nms/rad
J_shaft
Turbine Inertia
kgm2
K_shaft
Shaft-Stiffness
Nm/rad
D_shaft
Torsional Damping
Nms/rad
RPMnom
rpm
Zrot
Xs
Xm
Ur
Ur'= e
j r t
Ur
UAC
UDC
Figure 10: Equivalent Circuit of the Doubly-Fed Induction Machine with Rotor-Side Converter
The PWM converter inserted in the rotor circuit allows for a flexible and fast control of the machine by modifying magnitude and
phase angle of the rotor voltage.
It is assumed that a standard bridge consisting of six transistors builds the converter and that sinusoidal pulse width modulation
is applied.
In contrast to the normal induction machine model, in which the rotor is short-circuited, the winding ratio between rotor and
stator is important for calculating actual DC voltages. The nominal rotor voltage that can be measured at the slip rings under
open rotor conditions defines this winding ratio.
12
For load flow calculations and transients initialization, only active power (AC-side), reactive power and the slip have to be
specified. Internally, the corresponding modulation factors of the converter (Pmd, Pmq) are calculated and together with the
power balance between the AC and DC side of the converter, DC voltage and DC current are obtained.
During time domain simulations the converter is controlled through the pulse width modulation indices Pmd and Pmq which
define the ratio between DC voltage and the AC-voltage at the slip rings. The modulation indices Pmd and Pmq are defined in a
rotor-oriented reference frame.
For more details about the built-in DFIG model, please refer to the corresponding Model Description of the Technical Reference
Manual.
Pref
Ifq_ref;Ifd_ref
Pfq;Pfd
Pmq ; Pmd
Qref
P;Q
PQ Control
ElmGen*
Current Control
*
Transformatio..
*
bypass
Ifq;Ifd
psis_r;psis_i
Current Measurement
*
Irot
iq;id
phim
Figure 11: Main Components of the Rotor-Side Converter Controller (Composite Model Frame)
The basic diagram (Frame) of the rotor-side converter controllers is shown in Figure 11.
The rotor-side converter is controlled by a two stage controller. The first stage consists of very fast current controllers
regulating the machines rotor currents to reference values that are specified by a slower power-controller (second stage).
The rotor-side current-controller operates in a stator-flux oriented reference frame. Hence, rotor currents must first be
transformed into a stator-flux oriented reference frame (psis_r, psis_i, see Figure 11).
13
DIgSILENT
Current Control:
Rotor-Side Converter
Current Control
bypass
MaxPmq
0
yi
non-windup PI
Kq,Tq
1
MinPmq
uq
Irq_ref
Max
x3
Irq
module limiter
(1/(1+sT))
Tr
Pmq
Pmd
ud
MaxPmd
0
Ird_ref
yi1
non-windup PI
Kd,Td
1
o16
MinPmd
x4
Ird
(1/(1+sT))
Tr
14
cosphim
ifd
sinphim
Rotor-Current
Measurement
id
iq
psis_r
ifq
Irot
psis_i
Description
cosphim
Unit
sinphim
id
p.u.
iq
p.u.
psis_r
p.u.
psis_i
p.u.
Description
Unit
ifd
p.u.
ifq
Irot
kA
Description
Unit
Tm
Urrated
kV
Srated
MVA
15
bypass
Ifq_ref
Ifq
Pmq
Rotor-Current
Controller
Ifd_ref
Pmd
Ifd
Description
bypass
Bypass-Signal
Iq_ref
Unit
p.u.
Ifq
q-Axis Current
p.u.
Id_ref
p.u.
Id
d-Axis Current
p.u.
Description
Pmq
Pmd
Unit
Description
Unit
Tr
sec
Kq
q-Axis Gain
p.u
Tq
sec
Kd
d-Axis Gain
p.u
Td
sec
MinPmq
p.u
MinPmd
p.u
MaxPmq
p.u
MaxPmd
p.u
Max
p.u
16
cosphim
sinphim
Pfd
Pfq
Rotor-dqTransformation
psis_r
Pmdd
Pmq
psis_i
Description
cosphim
Cosine of Rotor-Angle
sinphim
Sine of Rotor-Angle
Pfd
Pfq
Unit
psis_r
p.u.
psis_i
p.u.
Description
Pmd
Pmq
Unit
17
DIgSILENT
3.3.2.2 Power-Controller
PQ Control:
bypas..
MaxIfq
0
Pref
1
xP
non-windup PI
Kp,Tp
MinIfq
x1
(1/(1+sT)
Ttr
Max
module limiter
1
Ifq_ref
Ifd_ref
MaxIfd
0
Qref
non-windup PI
Kq,Tq
MinIfd
xQ
x2
4
(1/(1+sT)
Ttr
bypass
Pref
Ifd_ref
PQ-Controller
P
Qref
Ifq_ref
18
Description
Unit
bypass
Bypass-Signal
Pref
q-Axis Current
p.u.
Qref
p.u.
d-Axis Current
p.u.
p.u.
Description
Unit
Ifq_ref
p.u.
Ifd_ref
p.u.
Description
Units
Ttr
sec
Kp
p.u
Tp
sec
Kq
p.u
Tq
sec
MinIfq
p.u
MinIfd
p.u
MaxIfq
p.u
MaxIfd
p.u
Max
p.u
19
speed-reference to a speed-controller. Replacing the active power controller according to Figure 16 by a speed-controller and
connecting an inverse MPT table to the speed-reference point realizes this alternative control scheme.
speed
MPT-Characteristic
Pref
Description
Unit
speed
Mechanical Speed
p.u.
Description
Unit
Pref
p.u.
Description
Unit
array_MPT
p.u.
20
L1
U11
C1
PWM U1
Model Descriptions.
The basic diagram of the grid-side controller is shown in Figure 20.
The modulation indices of the Converter are imposed from a Current Control through a reference frame transformation (ph-
transf). The Current Control operates in an AC-voltage oriented reference frame. It contains two current control loops: direct
(active-) and quadrature (reactive-) axis current components (id and iq). The reference of the direct axis current component
(id_ref) is set by DC voltage control. The reference of the quadrature axis current component (id_ref ) is, kept constant (const.
reactive power) in this case.
For defining the AC-voltage oriented reference frame, a PLL (phase-locked-loop) is required measuring the voltage angle. The
PLL-output is used for transforming the current measurement into the voltage-oriented reference frame (dq-transf) and for
transforming the controller outputs (pulse-width modulation indices) back to the global reference frame (ph-transf).
21
DIgSILENT
udc_ref
udc
DC Voltage measurement
StaVmea*
iq_ref
id_ref
DC Voltage Control
ElmDc *
ir
Current Measurement
StaImea*
Current Control
ElmCur*
ii
iq
Pmq
id
Pmd
Pmr
cosph..
PLL
ElmPll*,ElmPhi*
dq transf
ElmDq-*
ph-transf
ElmDq-*
Converter
ElmVsc*
Pmi
sinph..
DIgSILENT
Grid-Side Converter
Current Control
Max_Pmd
id_ref
{K (1+1/sT)}
Kd,Td
Min_Pmd
1
id
Max
x3
(1/(1+sT))
Tr
module limiter
1
Pmd
Pmq
Max_Pmq
iq_ref
{K (1+1/sT)}
Kq,Tq
Min_Pmq
iq
(1/(1+sT))
Tr
x4
22
The grid-side controller (Figure 21) is very similar to the rotor-side current controller (Figure 12). However, since it operates in
a voltage-oriented reference frame and not in a flux-oriented reference frame the role of d- and q-axis is inverted: the d-axis
component defines active-current and the q-axis component defines reactive current.
Id_ref
Id
Iq_ref
Grid-Side Current
Controller
Iq
Pmd
Pmq
Description
Unit
Id_ref
p.u.
Id
d-Axis Current
p.u.
Iq_ref
p.u.
Iq
q-Axis Current
p.u.
Description
Pmd
Pmq
Unit
Description
Units
Kd
p.u.
Td
Sec
Kq
p.u
Tq
Sec
Tr
Sec
Min_Pmd
p.u.
Min_Pmq
p.u.
Max_Pmd
p.u.
Max_Pmq
p.u.
23
DIgSILENT
PLL:
Kpphi
K
Kp
rr
dphi
sinphi
0
om_nom
sin(x)
vr
dom
om
1/s
vi
ii
K/s_lim
K
yi
Kiphi
dommax
cosphi
cos(x)
dommin
1/(2pi)
Fmeas
24
Fmeas
PLL
sinphi
cosphi
Description
Unit
Fmeas
Measured Frequency
Hz
sinphi
cosphi
Description
Kp
Controller Gain
Unit
Ki
Integration Gain
1/a
ommax
p.u.
ommin
p.u.
The input/output definition of the transformation blocks carrying out the transformation from the global reference system to the
AC-voltage oriented reference system and back are shown in Figure 26.
ir
ii
sinphi
Grid-dqTransformation
id
iq
cosphi
25
Description
Unit
ir
p.u.
ii
p.u.
sinphi
cosphi
Description
Unit
id
d-Axis Current
p.u.
iq
q-Axis Current
p.u.
id
iq
sinphi
PhaseTransformation
ir
ii
cosphi
Description
Unit
id
p.u.
iq
p.u.
sinphi
cosphi
Description
Unit
ir
p.u.
ii
p.u.
26
DIgSILENT
udc_ref
Max_idref
udc
dudc
id_ref
{K (1+1/sT)}
Kudc,Tudc
Min_idref
xidref
udc_ref
DC-Voltage
Controller
udc
id_ref
Description
Units
udc_ref
p.u.
udc
DC-Voltage
sec
27
Ouput
Description
Units
id_ref
p.u.
Description
Units
Kudc
Proportional Gain
p.u.
Tudc
sec
Min_idref
p.u.
Max_idref
p.u
28
DIgSILENT
3.5 Protection
Protection:
Irot
Rotor Bypass
MaxIrotor, tbypass
CrowBar
TripSpeed
speed
SpeedProt
MaxSpeed1,ttripMaxS1, Ma..
bypass
Max
TripVoltage
VoltageProt
MaxVoltage1,ttripMaxV1, ..
The Under/Over-Voltage unit supervises the voltage at the HV side of the transformer and has four voltage levels, two for
under-voltage and two for over-voltage. If this protective unit triggers the machine breaker is opened.
The Under/Over-speed protection unit supervises the generator speed and consists of four levels, two for under-speed and two
for over-speed. If this protective unit triggers the machine breaker is opened.
Rs
Zrot
Xs
Xm
Ur
Ur'= e
j r t
Ur
Additional
Impedance
29
The Crow-Bar protection is specific to doubly-fed induction generators and protects the rotor-side converter against overcurrents. When the rotor current exceeds a threshold value, the converter is blocked and bypassed through an additional
impedance (see Figure 31). This additional impedance reduces the amount of reactive power absorbed by the machine and
improves the torque characteristic during voltage sags. While the Crow-Bar is inserted, the integral actions of the rotor-side
controllers are set to zero (see Figure 12 and Figure 16) for minimizing discontinuities in the rotor current when the Crow-Bar is
removed. Those discontinuities would eventually lead to subsequent operations of the Crow-Bar protection. When the Crow-Bar
is released, the rotor side converter is unblocked. For simulating cases, in which doubly-fed induction generators remain in the
system during faults, as recommended by the latest E.ON. guidelines, the operation of the Crow-Bar protection does not open
the machine breaker. For simulating synchronous operation of Crow-Bar protection and machine breaker, the model can easily
be modified.
Irot
speed
DFIG-Protection
bypass
Description
Units
Irot
kA
speed
Generator Speed
sec
Bus-Bar Voltage
p.u
Description
bypass
Units
30
Description
Units
MaxIrotor
kA
tbypass
sec
MaxSpeed1
p.u
ttripMaxS1
sec
MaxSpeed2
p.u
ttripMaxS2
sec
MinSpeed1
p.u
ttripMinS1
sec
MinSpeed2
p.u
ttripMinS2
sec
MaxVoltage1
p.u
ttripMaxV1
sec
MaxVoltage2
p.u
ttripMaxV2
sec
MinVoltage1
p.u
ttripMinV1
sec
MinVoltage2
p.u
ttripMinV2
sec
31
4 Simulation Examples
4 Simulation Examples
In this section the behaviour of the proposed DFIG model under different types of system faults is presented.
DIgSILENT
0.00
1.000
PQ Control: Total Reactive Power (Q)
2.000
3.000
..
4.000
0.00
1.000
PQ Control: Total Active Power (P)
2.000
3.000
..
4.000
0.00
1.000
T3WT1: AC Voltage at HV side (u)
2.000
3.000
..
4.000
1.200
0.80
0.40
0.00
-0.400
-0.800
1.200
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
DIgSILENT
Plot-1
Date: 5/26/2003
Annex: /1
Figure 33: Three-Phase Fault Far from Wind Generation, Connection Point
32
5.500
DIgSILENT
4 Simulation Examples
7.500
5.000
5.000
2.500
4.500
0.00
4.000
-2.500
3.500
3.000
-5.000
0.00
1.000
2.000
G1d: Stator Active Power
3.000
..
4.000
0.50
-7.500
0.00
1.000
2.000
G1d: Stator Reactive Power
3.000
..
4.000
0.00
1.000
2.000
3.000
PWM U1: Grid Side Converter Reactive Power
..
4.000
0.00
0.25
-0.100
0.00
-0.200
-0.250
-0.300
-0.500
-0.750
0.00
1.000
2.000
3.000
PWM U1: Grid Side Converter Active Power
..
4.000
-0.400
DIgSILENT
Plot-2
Date: 5/26/2003
Annex: /2
DIgSILENT
Figure 34: Three-Phase Fault Far from Wind Generation, Stator- and Grid-Side Results
1.000
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96
0.95
0.94
0.00
1.000
2.000
3.000
..
4.000
1.000
Prime Mover: Blade pitch Angle
2.000
3.000
..
4.000
1.000
2.000
3.000
..
4.000
0.00
4.500
4.400
4.300
4.200
4.100
4.000
0.00
Prime Mover: Wind Power
DIgSILENT
Plot-3
Date: 5/26/2003
Annex: /3
Figure 35: Three-Phase Fault Far from Wind Generation, Mechanical Variables
33
4 Simulation Examples
Figure 33 shows that the total active and reactive power at the connection point is quickly restored. The active power of the
stator has an oscillatory component due to torsional oscillations that is almost perfectly damped by the active power controller
of the grid-side converter (Figure 34). The speed deviations are not large enough to cause a variation of the blade angles the
pitch control.
DIgSILENT
grids.
1.000
0.00
-1.000
-2.000
-3.000
0.00
1.000
PQ Control: Total Reactive Power (Q)
2.000
3.000
..
4.000
0.00
1.000
PQ Control: Total Active Power (P)
2.000
3.000
..
4.000
0.00
1.000
T3WT1: AC Voltage at HV side (u)
2.000
3.000
..
4.000
1.200
0.80
0.40
0.00
-0.400
-0.800
1.200
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
DIgSILENT
Plot-1
Date: 5/26/2003
Annex: /1
34
6.000
8.000
4.000
4.000
2.000
0.00
0.00
-4.000
-2.000
-8.000
-4.000
0.00
1.000
2.000
G1d: Stator Active Power
3.000
..
4.000
1.200
-12.00
DIgSILENT
4 Simulation Examples
0.00
1.000
2.000
G1d: Stator Reactive Power
3.000
..
4.000
0.00
1.000
2.000
3.000
PWM U1: Grid Side Converter Reactive Power
..
4.000
4.000
0.80
3.000
0.40
2.000
0.00
1.000
-0.400
0.00
-0.800
-1.200
0.00
1.000
2.000
3.000
PWM U1: Grid Side Converter Active Power
..
4.000
-1.000
DIgSILENT
Plot-2
Date: 5/26/2003
Annex: /2
DIgSILENT
Figure 37: Three-Phase Fault Close to Wind Generation, Stator- and Grid-Side Results
1.140
1.100
1.060
1.020
0.98
0.94
0.00
1.000
2.000
3.000
..
4.000
1.000
Prime Mover: Blade pitch Angle
2.000
3.000
..
4.000
1.000
2.000
3.000
..
4.000
0.00
4.400
4.300
4.200
4.100
4.000
3.900
0.00
Prime Mover: Wind Power
DIgSILENT
Plot-3
Date: 5/26/2003
Annex: /3
35
4 Simulation Examples
DIgSILENT
-0.00
0.25
PQ Control: Total Reactive Power (Q)
0.50
0.75
[s]
1.00
-0.00
PQ Control: Total Active Power (P)
0.50
0.75
[s]
1.00
0.50
0.75
[s]
1.00
2.00
1.00
-0.00
-1.00
0.25
2.00
1.00
-0.00
-1.00
-2.00
DIgSILENT
-0.00
0.25
T3WT1: Phasenspannung L1/OS-Seite in p.u.
36
7.50
9.00
5.00
6.00
2.50
3.00
0.00
0.00
-2.50
-3.00
-5.00
-0.00
0.25
G1d: Stator Active Power
0.50
0.75
[s]
1.00
-6.00
3.00
3.00
2.00
2.00
1.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
-1.00
-0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
PWM U1: Grid Side Converter Active Power
[s]
1.00
-1.00
DIgSILENT
4 Simulation Examples
-0.00
0.25
0.50
G1d: Stator Reactive Power
0.75
[s]
1.00
-0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
PWM U1: Grid Side Converter Reactive Power
[s]
1.00
DIgSILENT
Active/Reactive Power
Date: 8/11/2003
Annex: 1 /2
DIgSILENT
Figure 40: Single Phase Fault Close to Wind Generation, Stator- and Grid-Side Results
1.14
1.10
1.06
1.02
0.98
0.94
-0.00
G1d: Generator Speed
0.25
0.50
0.75
[s]
1.00
-0.00
Pitch Control: Blade pitch Angle
0.25
0.50
0.75
[s]
1.00
-0.00
Turbine: Wind Power
0.25
0.50
0.75
[s]
1.00
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
-0.05
-0.10
-0.15
4.40
4.30
4.20
4.10
4.00
3.90
DIgSILENT
37
5 Conclusions
5 Conclusions
The PowerFactory standard library of generic models for simulating DFIG-based wind power plants was described using a
typical DFIG-example. The models include the conversion from wind- to mechanical energy, pitch control, maximum power
tracking and controllers for the rotor-side- and grid-side converters.
The described models can easily be extended for different reactive and active power control schemes.
All block diagrams, equations and input/output definitions were presented in this document allowing to use the PowerFactory
standard library efficiently.
Simulation examples showing the dynamic response of the described models illustrate the validity and accuracy of the
presented approach
38