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AUTHORS:
Shradha.J.Kaktikar
6th Sem,
Department of Industrial and Production Engineering
K.L.S Gogte Institue of Technology, Belgaum
e-mail id:gitipsjk@yahoo.co.in
Trupti.P.Kokitkar
6th Sem
Department of Industrial and Production Engineering
K.L.S Gogte Institue of Technology,Belgaum
e-mail id:gitiptpk@yahoo.co.in
truptikokitkar@rediffmail.com
ABSTRACT
Many words have been written about the dangers of advance
nanotechnology.Most of the threatening scenaries involve tiny manufacturing
systems that run amok,or are used to create destructive products.A
manufacturing infrastructure built aroud a centrally controlled,relatively large,self
contained manufacturing system would avoid these problems.A controlled nano
factory would pose no inherent danger, and it could be deployed and used
widely.Cheap clean,convenient on-site manufacturing would be possible without
the risks associated with uncontrolled nanotech fabrication or excessive
regulation.Control of the products could be administered by a central
authority,intellectual property rights could be respected.In addition,restricted
design software could allow unrestricted innovation while limiting the capabilities
of the final products.The proposed solution appears to preserve the benefits of
advanced nanotechnology while minimizing the most serious risks.
Nanotechnology
NanoFrom the Greek word for dwarf and means 10-9, or one billionth.
In this case it refers to 10-9 meters, or 1 nanometer (nm).
1 nanometer is about 3 atoms long.
NanotechnologyManufacturing materials, devices and machines at the
nanometer, or atomic/molecular, scale
Most consider nanotechnology to be technology at sub-micron scale: 1-100s
of nanometers.
Exact definition of nanotechnology is not clear.
At SNF, we provide tools to do work at nanometer, micron, and up to mm
scales.
There are many different definitions of nanotechnology and there is a degree of
hype regarding it.
Whatever the exact definition, key features in this field are:
combining different sciences and technologies
enhanced or new properties
Faster
Lighter
Cheaper
-Faster
Lighter
Cheaper
Scanning Probe Microscopy, including the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) AFM
tip, used to manipulate,image and measure atomic scale feature
The Nanofactory
Integrate large numbers of nanoscale chemical fabrication units
Combine nanoscale pieces into large-scale products
General-purpose manufacturing in a tabletop format
Extremely advanced products with compact functionality
Produce its own weight in hours; produce copies of itself
Developing a Nanofactory
Three milestones:Basic molecular manufacturing:The precise formation of
molecular structures under direct mechanical control.
Exponential molecular manufacturing: The use of nanoscale molecular
manufacturing tools to build more of themselves, making it possible to produce
large quantities of product.Integrated molecular manufacturing: The integration of
tools into massively parallel structures, nanofactories, that can combine their
outputs into large products
Iron nanoparticles to
Carbon nanotube
transistor for computer
future chips
Bottom-up fabrication
Self-assembly of atoms and molecules (since top-down is very
difficult for manufacturing at nanoscale level).
Use of chemical and biological processes.
Current day examples: Growth of nanowires from vapor, using gold
nano-dot catalysts; Self-assembled monolayers (SAM) from solution.
Nanotechnology could be
Not just new products a new means of production
Manufacturing systems that make more manufacturing systems
exponential proliferation
Vastly accelerated product improvement cheap rapid prototyping
Affecting all industries and economic sectors
general-purpose
technology
Inexpensive raw materials, potentially negligible capital cost economic
discontinuity
Impacts crossing borders global transformation
Societal Implications
Rapid design, prototype, refinement
Local manufacturing from local materials
High-performance products
Self-contained, automated factories
Exponential manufacturing
Factories become as cheap as any product
Products become as cheap as raw materials
(as cheap to build, not necessarily to buy)
The challenges of nanotechnology will have to be addressed by a diverse
collection of people and organizations.
No single approach will solve all problems or address all needs.
Issues of multiple stakeholders and world regions (North-South) must be
represented. The only answer is a collective answer, and that will demand an
unprecedented collaboration of leaders in science, technology, business,
government, and NGOs. It will require participation from people of many nations,
cultures, languages, and belief systems.
1000
500
10
15
Particle Diameter (nm)
20
CONCLUSION
Nanotechnology offers the ability to built large numbers of products that
are incredible powerful by todays standards.This possibility creates both
opportunity and risk.The problem of minimizing the risk are not simple,excessive
restriction creates black markets,whoich in this context implies unrestricted
nanofabrication.Selecting the proper level of restriction is likely to pose a difficult
challenge
Preventing a personal nanofactory from building and unapproved products
can be done using technologies already in used today.It appears that the
nanofactroy control structure can be made virtually unbreakable.Product
approval by contrast depends to some extent to human institutions.With a block
based design system,many products can be assessed degree of danger without
the need for human intervention;this reduces subjectivity and delay and allows
people to focus on the few truly risky design.
Naitonal security will demand limits on the weapons that can be produced
REFERENCES
www.iop.org/EJ/nano
www.nanotech-now.com/
www.foresight.org/
www.nanotechnology.com/
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology