!SOLUTION!TO!PROBLEM!SET!#!3!

1. Here, we have three (3) situations - temperature (T) is constant throughout the problem. We
look at this pictorially:

Before:
After ("left"):
After ("removed"):
P = 650 torr
P = 600 torr
P = 1 atm. = 760 torr
V = ? = Vbulb
V = Vbulb
V = 1.52 cm3 = 1.52 mL
n = nbefore
n = nl e f t
n = nremoved
As the above picture implies, we can use conservation of mass (moles) of gas before and after
the above process takes place. Using the symbols above, we have:
nbefore!!=!!nleft!!+!!nremoved
PV
PV
=
RT before
RT left +

fi

PV
. Substituting n = RT (ideal gas law)
PV
RT removed . Since R and T are constant,

(PV)before!!=!!(PV)left!!+!!(PV)removed

fi

. Plugging in,

(650 torr)Vbulb = (600 torr)Vbulb + (760 torr)(1.52 mL) ; solving for Vbulb
fi

(760!torr)(1.52!mL)
Vbulb = (650!torr!!-!!600!torr)

23.10!mL!or!cm3

2. From the ideal gas law, for N2(g), fi PN2VN2!!=!!nN2RTN2 . "Collecting a gas over
water" means there is always H2O(g) present in the container also. From Dalton's Law, since
all the gases are in the same Volume at the same temperature:
Ptotal!!=!!740!torr!!=!!PN2!!+!!PH2O

. Remembering that 1!mm!Hg!+!1!torr

fi PN2
VN2

= Ptotal - PH2 O = 740 torr - 24 torr = 716!torr

= 750 cm3 = 750 mL = 0.750!L
and TN2 = (25 + 273) K = 298!K

\ nN2

PN2VN2
= RT
N2

1!atm.
(716!torr) 760!torr (0.750!L)
=

L!atm.
0.0821!mole!K (298!K)

0.0289!moles!N2(g)

 28.0!g!N2
grams of N2 = (0.0289 moles N2) 1!mole!N

= 0.8086!g!of!N2

Note: grams!of!N2 !!=!!grams!of!N!!(why?)

\ grams!of!N!=!0.8086!g
1!mole!N 6.022!x!1023!N!atoms
# of N atoms = (0.8086 g N) 14.0!g!N

1!mole!N
\ #!of!N!atoms!!=!!3.48!x!102 2

Note: there are 1.74 x 1022 N2 molecules present.

3. Since the gas is ideal, and the temperature and amount are constant fi Boyle's Law applies ,
i.e., PV = nRT = constant fi PinitialVinitial!=!PfinalVfinal . There are two (2) bulbs,
connected by a stopcock (i.e., a valve) of negligible volume. The bulb on the left, below of unknown volume V - contains all of the gas, initially. The bulb on the right, below - which
is empty, initially - has a volume of 0.500 L. When the stopcock is opened, the gas occupies
the volume of both bulbs (i.e., it completely fills its new container). Thus,

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Initial:
Vinitial = V = ?
Pinitial = 1 atm. = 760 torr

currentpoint
currentpoint
Final:192837465
Vfinal = V + 0.500 L
Pfinal = 530 torr
n = constant
T = constant

Thus, PV = nRT = constant fi PinitialVinitial!=!PfinalVfinal!!-!!Boyle's!Law

Plugging in: (760 torr)V = (530 torr)(V + 0.500 L) . Solving for V, we have:
(0.500!L)(530!torr)
V = (760!torr!-!530!torr)

1.15!L

(grams!of!gas)RT
(4a) PV = nRT = (molecular!weight!of!gas)

.
gRT
= M.W.

where g = mass of gas in grams and M.W. = molecular weight of the gas in g/mole.
gRT
\
M.W.!!=!!! PV
. Plugging in:


L!atm.
(0.896!g) 0.0821!mole!K [(28!+!273)K]
M.W. =
1!atm.
1!L
(730!torr) 760!torr (524!mL) 1000!mL

. Thus,

g
M.W.!=!molecular!weight!of!gas!=!43.9!mole
(4b) Compound consists of N and O fi Nx Oy . We know, from the definition of
molecular weight, that:
g
M.W. = 43.9 mole

g
= x 14.0!mole

g
+ y 16.0!mole

; where x and y are the integer

subscripts in the formula above.

\ By "trial-and-error" we have:
g
g
If x =1 and y =1 fi (1)(14.0) + (1)(16.0) = 30.0 mole 43.9 mole
g
g
If x =1 and y = 2 fi (1)(14.0) + (2)(16.0) = 46.0 mole 43.9 mole
g
g
If x = 2 and y = 1 fi (2)(14.0) + (1)(16.0) = 44.0 mole 43.9 mole

fi No!
fi No!
fi Yes!!

Thus, our compound must have 2 N atoms and 1 O atom in its molecular formula; because
only then do we get the correct molecular weight. \ molecular!formula!=!N2 O ;
dinitrogen monoxide or nitrogen (I) oxide or nitrous oxide or "laughing gas".
(5a) From the section before question 5, on the problem set, we know that
moles!A
XA = mole fraction of gas A = total!moles
grams!of!A
mass % of A = total!grams

. Also, from the problem, we know that

grams!of!A
x 100 % = 100!g!total

. Our notation will be:

Let gA = grams of A and gtotal = total grams (of sample). Here, we have three (3)
components:
Cl2, N2, and O2 - all gases.
XCl2

moles!Cl2
= moles!O !+!moles!Cl !+!moles!N
2
2
2

moles N2 =

gN2
g
28.0!mole

; and moles O2 =

; where moles Cl2 =

gO2
g
32.0!mole

gCl2
g
71.0!mole

. Plugging into XCl2

expression fi XCl2
and gN2

gCl2

gCl2
71.0
= g
gN2 gCl2
O2
32.0!+!28.0!+!71.0

. We can rewrite gCl2

= (100 g total)(% Cl2) ; gN2

, gO2

= (100 g total)(% N2) ;

gO2 = (100 g total)(% O2) .

Note: the "100 g total" will cancel out always in numerator and denominator when we plug
into the mole fraction. Thus:
%!Cl2
71.0
100!g!total
XCl2 = %!O
x 100!g!total . Thus, plugging in the given
%!N
%!Cl
2
2
2
32.0 !+! 28.0 !+! 71.0
mass percents: mass % Cl2 = 40, mass % O2 = 30, and mass % N2 = 30 ; we have:
40
71.0
XC l2
= 30
= 0.22
. Similarly,
30
40
!+!
!+!
32.0 28.0 71.0

XN 2

%!N2
28.0
= %!O
%!N
2
2 %!Cl2
!+!
32.0
28.0 !+! 71.0

X O2

30
32.0
= 30
30
40
!+!
!+!
32.0 28.0 71.0

XN2!!+!!XCl2!!+!!XO2!!=!!1

30
28.0
= 30
30
40
32.0!+!28.0!+!71.0

= 0.36

= 0.42

. Finally,

. Checking: we should have

since they are fractions. Plugging in:

0.42 + 0.22 + 0.36 = 1 - It checks, as it should.

(5b) The gases each exert a partial pressure, PA, defined in problem set 3, in the section before
(5a), as:
PA = XAPtotal , where Ptotal = total pressure . Here, Ptotal = 760 torr = 1 atm.
\ PC l2

= XCl2 Ptotal = (0.22)(760 torr) = 167.2!torr

PN 2

= XN2 Ptotal = (0.42)(760 torr) = 319.2!torr

PO2

= XO2 Ptotal = (0.36)(760 torr) = 273.6!torr

PCl2!+!PN2!+!PO2!=!Ptotal

. Checking, we should have:

. Substituting the partial pressures above:

167.2 torr + 319.2 torr + 273.6 torr = 760 torr - It checks, as it should.
4

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6. The unbalanced partial reaction is:
currentpoint
Sc(s) + HCl(aq)
currentpoint
H2(g) + ? . This
192837465
reaction has the form of a single

currentpoint
replacement reaction , i..e., a reaction of the form: A + BC
currentpoint
AC + B .
192837465
Thus, a good guess is that ? is a binary compound of Sc and Cl, i.e., Scx Cly . Also, we
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It does not matter, for the purposes of solving this problem, which it is. However, to be
correct, we note that it is aqueous; that is, Scx Cly (aq). Thus, our "complete" and balanced
reaction is:
currentpoint
2x Sc(s) + 2y HCl(aq)
currentpoint
y H2(g) + 2 Sc192837465
xCly(aq) .
Note, the important stoichiometric relationships are:
Each!one!(1)!mole!Sc(s)!contributes!one!(1)!mole!Sc!to!ScxCly(aq)
Each!one!(1)!mole!HCl(aq)!contributes!one!(1)!mole!Cl!to!ScxCly(aq)
Each!two!(2)!moles!HCl(aq)!produces!one!(1)!mole!H2(g)
Using the above stoichiometric relationships and following the steps indicated by parts (6a)
and (6b), we will determine x and y and hence find an empirical formula for ScxCly.

(6a) moles H2(g) liberated = nH2

1!atm.
(722!torr) 760!torr (2.41!L)
=
0.0821! L!atm. (373!K)

mole!K

PH2VH2
= R!T
H2

\ moles!H2 (g)!liberated!=!0.075!moles

(6b) From the wording of the problem, Sc(s) completely reacts - HCl(aq) is in excess.
1!mole!Sc(s)
\ moles Sc(s) reacted = (2.25 g Sc(s)) 44.96!g!Sc(s)

= 0.050!moles

(6c) We want the empirical formula of ScxCly. Using the boxed stoichiometric relationships
preceding part (6a), it is now easy to proceed.
1!mole!Sc!in!ScxCly
moles Sc in ScxCly = (0.050 moles Sc(s) reacted) 1!mole!Sc(s)!reacted
= 0.050!moles!Sc

and

2!moles!HCl 1!mole!Cl!in!ScxCly
moles Cl in ScxCly = (0.075 moles H2) 1!mole!H

1!mole!HCl
2

= 0.150!moles!Cl

. Dividing by moles of Sc (lowest # of moles) gives:

(6c) (Continued)

moles!Cl
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Sc(s) + 3 HCl(aq)

3
currentpoint
currentpoint
ScCl3(aq) + 2 192837465
H2(g) or, using integer coefficients,

2 Sc(s) + 6 HCl(aq)

currentpoint
currentpoint
2 ScCl3(aq) + 3192837465
H2(g) .

7. Preliminary note: H2O cannot stably exist as a gas at STP (1 atm., 273 K (0oC)). Hence the problem is not totally realistic. What is important is that temperature (T) and pressure (P)
are constant - this is what we really need to know.
(7a) All gases are assumed ideal, and are at the same T and P (i.e., STP). Thus, we can apply
Avogadro's hypothesis - "equal volumes of gases, at the same temperature and pressure,
contain an equal number of molecules (or moles of molecules)". We can easily see this from
the ideal gas law. If T and P are constant:
V
RT
Thus,
n !!!=!!! P !!!=!!constant!!-!!V!is!proportional!to!n!for!each!gas .
volume!ratios!!=!!mole!ratios

. Thus, using given information

4!volumes!CO2(g)!!!!4!moles!CO2(g)
supplied with the problem:

6!volumes!of!H2O(g)!!!!6!moles!of!H2O(g)

2!volumes!of!N2(g)!!!!2!moles!of!N2(g)
where "" means "is proportional to".
Note: I did not write "=" in the above set of boxed relationships. This is because only ratios
are equal (as indicated in the bold-faced expression, above). However, since the chemical
equation is really just a proportion or ratio of moles of reactants to moles of products; then
we can read the chemical equation in terms of volumes as well as in terms of moles - provided
T and P are constant and we have gases which we assume are ideal. Thus, our stoichiometric
mole ratios can be also written as stoichiometric volume ratios. Thus, for example, according
to the information given with the problem, we can write:
4!volumes!CO2(g)
4!moles!of!CO2(g)
=
. With this in mind, we can write down a
6!volumes!H2O(g)
6!moles!H2O(g)
partially balanced chemical equation. We will
denote our gaseous unknown compound as CxHyNz(g). Thus,
?!CxHyNz(g)!!+!!?!O2(g)!!!!!4!CO2(g)!!+!!6!H2O(g)!!+!!2!N2(g)

By the wording of the problem, O2(g) and CxHyNz(g) are in exact stoichiometric proportion
(i.e., both are limiting reagents), so
6

(7a) (Continued)
moles!of!Oxygen!(O)!on!reactant!side!!=!!moles!of!Oxygen!(O)!on!product!side

This above relationship follows from conservation of mass (moles) for oxygen (O). Thus,
looking at the previously written down reaction, we count : (4)(2) + (6)(1) = 14 moles of O
on the product side of the reaction. Thus, we must have a total of 14 moles of O on the
reactant side of the reaction fi 7 moles of O2(g) . Thus, we can amend our chemical
reaction:
?!CxHyNz(g)!!+!!7!O2(g)!!!!!4!CO2(g)!!+!!6!H2O(g)!!+!!2!N2(g)

\ Since we can read our equation in terms of volumes or in terms of moles fi we need
73.375
volumes
of
O
(g)
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react
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(7b) We are also told in the problem that we have 9 volumes of (CxHyNz(g) + O2(g)) - together.
Looking again at our amended reaction from (7a):
currentpoint
? CxHyNz(g) + 7 O2(g)
currentpoint
4 CO2(g) + 6 H
192837465
2O(g) + 2 N2(g) ,
we can see that ?!!+!7!=!9

- since we can read our equation in terms of volume or in

terms of moles. \ ?!!=!!9!-!7!!=!!2

balanced reaction:

. Finally, we can write down the completely

2!CxHyNz(g)!!+!!7!O2(g)!!!!!4!CO2(g)!!+!!6!H2O(g)!!+!!2!N2(g)

Now, using the above balanced reaction, we can now read it in terms of moles. Using
conservation of mass (moles) for each of the elements, C,H, and N we have:
moles!of!C!on!reactant!side!!=!!moles!of!C!on!product!side
moles!of!H!on!reactant!side!!=!!moles!of!H!on!product!side
moles!of!N!on!reactant!side!!=!!moles!of!N!on!product!side
\ For moles C:

2x = 4

fi

x!!=!!2

For moles H:

2y = (6)(2) = 12

fi

y!!=!!6

For moles N:

2z = (2)(2) = 4

fi

z!!=!!2

\ Molecular!formula!of!CxHyNz(g)!!=!!C2 H6 N2 (g) . This is indeed a molecular formula,

not an empirical formula, since the elements are not in their simplest mole proportions in the
above chemical formula.

8. The relevant formula, from kinetic theory, is:

urms = root-mean-square speed =

(u2)average

3RT
M

; where

kg
M!=!molecular!weight!(not!Molarity!)!-!in!mole
T!=!temperature!-!in!Kelvin
J
kg!m2
R!=!8.314!mole!K!!!where!J!+! 2 !!!=!!Joule!(SI!unit!of!energy)
s
m
urms!will!have!the!SI!units!of!speed!-! s !
Note: the urms formula can be written in terms of moles or molecules (particles), because
as long as the gas constant, R, and M (molecular weight) are in the same units, it does not
m
affect the units of urms which come out in SI units as meters per second s .
urms, the root-mean-square speed, is interpreted as a property of a "representative" (in a
statistical sense) particle in the gaseous sample. This is sort of like the "fictitious" "John Q.
Public" who represents the "overall" political views of a population of voters but who may not
represent the "actual" views of any one member of the population.
kg
Back to the problem. The mass of the electron = me- = 9.11 x 10-31 particle . We must
kg
convert to mole!electrons , so that we can properly "cancel" with the units of R. Also,
kg!m2
25oC = 298 K. Also, we will write out Joules (J) as
, so that we can explicitly
s2
see the cancellation of units. We will symbolize the electron as "e-".

\ urms,e-

\ urms,e-

kg!m2

J s2
(3) 8.314!mole!K 1!J (298!K)

kg 6.022!x!1023!e-
-31!
9.11!x!10

1!mole
e-
m
= 1.164 x 105 s

km
= 116.4! s

m2
1.3548!x!101 0 !! 2
s

, since 1 km = 1000 m.

g
We repeat the same calculation for UF6. The molecular weight (M) of UF6 = 352.03 mole
Remember, we must convert to kg per mole.

8. (Continued)

\ urms,UF6

\ urms,UF6

kg!m2

J s2
(3) 8.314!mole!K 1!J (298!K)
=

g 1!kg
352.03!

mole 1000!g
m
= 145.3 s

km
= 0.1453! s

m2
2.111!x!104!! 2
s

, since 1 km = 1000 m.

The average kinetic energy per particle (i.e., per electron or per UF6 molecule) is given by:
3 R
(K.E.)average!per!particle!=!2! N

!T
A

- where NA = Avogadro's number = 6.022 x 1023.

Since (K.E.)average per particle is a function of temperature (T) only, the average kinetic energy
per particle for any (ideal) gas particle is the same at the same temperature (T). This
statement can be restated where "particle" is replaced by "one mole" . Hence,
(K.E.)average,e-!(per!electron)!=!(K.E.)average,UF6 !(per!molecule)
!for!all!T

(9a) To determine the molecular weight (MX) of our binary compound of C & O, i.e., "X", we
can use its relative rate of effusion with neon (Ne) gas. Remember, the rate at which the
molecules hit a an area "A" of a wall can be taken to be the rate at which molecules will pass
through a hole of area "A" in this same wall, i.e., effuse through this hole. So,
A
N
8RT
A
N
ZA = Zeffusion = 4 V
! pM ! = 4 V uavg
P!NA
. So, if each
RT
N
gas is initially at the same temperature (T) but at the same pressure (P), then V is the
same for each gas, since N is the same for each gas. In ratio, easy cancellation occurs.
See below. Also, since each gas is effusing from the same chamber, i.e., effusing through the
same hole (of area "A"), then the ratio of the rates of effusion is equal to the following, i.e.,
N
number!of!molecules!in!chamber
Note that for an ideal gas: V =
volume

PX!NA
RT
uavg,X
rate!of!effusion!of!X
i.e., rate!of!effusion!of!hydrogen = P

uavg,Hydrogen
Hydrogen!NA

!
RT
8RT
!pM

P
rate!of!effusion!of!X
X
Hydrogen

=
rate!of!effusion!of!hydrogen
PHydrogen
8RT
!pM !
X
9

(9a)

PX
rate!of!effusion!of!X

=
rate!of!effusion!of!hydrogen
PHydrogen

MHydrogen
!
MX

MHydrogen
! =
MX

1
rate!of!effusion!of!X
rate!of!effusion!of!hydrogen = 1

MHydrogen
!.
MX

The rate of effusion is formally expressed in terms of molecules/second. However, at these

conditions volumes are proportional (i.e., moles = NA molecules or "particles"). So, in
ratio the rates give the same results.
mL!of!X!effused

Dt
MHydrogen
rate!of!effusion!of!X
\ rate!of!effusion!of!Hydrogen = mL!Hydrogen!effused
=
!
!.
MX

Dt
We are told that 2.00 x 103 mL/s of X(g) effuse 9.38 x 103 mL/s of (diatomic) Hydrogen gas
effuses:
mL
2.00!x!103! s
MHydrogen
2.02!g/mole!Hydrogen
\
=
0.21322
=
!
! =
!
!
mL
M
MX
X
9.38!x!103! s
Solving for MX =

(2.02!g/mole)
(0.21322)2

fi

g
MX !!=!!44!!mole .

(9b) Our unknown compound is a binary compound, consisting of Carbon (C) and
Oxygen (O) only. Thus, the molecular formula is Cx Oy . We follow a procedure
similar to problem # 4 of this problem set. Thus, we know that:
g
M.W. = 44 mole

g
= x 12.0!mole

g
+ y 16.0!mole

where x and y are the integer subscripts in the formula above.

\ By "trial-and-error" we have:
g
g
If x = 1 and y =1 fi (1)(12.0) + (1)(16.0) = 28.0 mole 44 mole
g
g
If x = 2 and y = 1 fi (2)(12.0) + (1)(16.0) = 40.0 mole 44 mole
g
g
If x = 1 and y = 2 fi (1)(12.0) + (2)(16.0) = 44.0 mole = 44 mole
g
g
If x = 2 and y = 2 fi (2)(12.0) + (2)(16.0) = 56.0 mole 44 mole
\ x = 1 and y = 2 fi

fi No!
fi No!
fi Yes!!
fi Too much!

Molecular!formula!!=!!CO2 , Carbon Dioxide .

10