8.

15
a) We are given with the following statement. "We can use a significant test to evaluate the
hypothesis fi c , : "fi = 0.6versus the two-sided alternative." The above statement is wrong
because we state that the null hypothesis 1/0 : "fi = 0.6, for a sample parameter or statistic. But
the hypothesis tests give information about population parameters; in this case we use p, not a
sample parameter;.
b) We are given with the following statement. "The large-sample significance test for a
population proportion is based on a / statistics." The above statement is wrong because the test
statistic for the large-sample significance test of population proportion follows normal
distribution but not the 1-distribution.
c) We are given with the following statement "A large-sample 95% confidence interval for an
unknown proportion p is ft plus or minus its standard error. The above statement is wrong
because a large-sample 95% confidence interval for an unknown proportion p is defined as p- E
where E is known as margin of error and is given as E =
Z cd2 X SE (ft).

8.19
Here we have with X = 805 and n= 5000.
a)

By the definition, the sample proportion is given as follows.

= 805/5000
P=

0.1610

We know that, the 95% confidence interval forp is given as follows.

Where in is the margin of error and is given asm = Here z* =1.96.
By the definition we have

Therefore, the 95% confidence interval for the population proportion of people who would prefer
doctor, nurse, or other health care professional as a marriage partner,p is obtained as

b) The proportion of people who would prefer doctor, nurse, or other health care professional
as a marriage partner is obtained as

The 95% confidence interval for the population proportion of people who would prefer doctor,
nurse, or other health care professional as a marriage partner,p is obtained as

8.25
a) By the definition, the sample proportion ft is given as p = x/ n Therefore, the number of
students who plan to study abroad is obtained as follows.

b) We know that the 99% confidence interval forp is given as follows.

Where m is the margin of error and is given as ill = z'SEfr .
Here z* = 2.576. By the definition, we have

The margin of error is

So 99% confidence interval is

8.31
In a sample of 159,949 first-year college students, 42% reported that they plan to study abroad.
Here we have ft = 0.42 and n = 159, 949 . We know that the 95% confidence interval for p is
given as follows.
m Where in is the margin of error and is given as m=z*Sep
The standard error is

So 99% confidence interval is

We have the 99% confidence interval as (0.4168, 0.4232) and we obtained the 95% confidence
interval as (0.4176,0.4224). Therefore the 95% confidence interval is narrower than the 99%
confidence interval.

8.45
The Mathematician tossed a coin 10000 times and obtained 5067 heads. So, we have X = 5067
andn = 10000 . Letp be the proportion of the coin comes up heads. By the definition, the sample
proportion is given as follows.

a) We have to test whether there is enough evidence to claim that the probability that the coin
comes up heads is not 0.5.
We set up the null and alternative hypotheses for the test of significance as follows.
1/0: There is no evidence to claim that the probability that the coin comes up heads is not 0.5.
H0 :p= 0.5
At 5% level of significance, it is tested against the assertion that there is enough evidence to
claim that the probability that the coin comes up heads is not 0.5.
H0 :p0.5

Sample size n= 10000

Sample proportion p= 0.5

The test significance

P value

b) We know that the 95% confidence interval forp is given as follows.

-m
Where m is the margin of error and is given as m = z*SE p
Here z* =1.96. By the definition we have

Margin of error

Confidence interval

8.72
(a) Az statistic is used to test the null hypothesis that A = The above statement is wrong Az
statistic is used to test the null hypothesis that p1 = p2but not A = Null hypothesis always states
about population parameter(s) but not sample statistic.
(b)
If two sample proportions are equal, then the sample counts are equal. The above statement is
wrong. If two sample proportions are equal, then the sample counts may or may not be equal.

(c) A 95% confidence interval for the difference in two proportions includes errors due to
nonresponse. The above statement is wrong A 95% confidence interval for the difference in two
proportions does not include errors due to nonresponse. Confidence limits are based on the actual
number of responses.

8.77
The data from text is

(a) The sample proportion for juvenile females,

Pf= 48/60=0.80
1,F= The sample proportion for juvenile males,
Pm= 52/132=0.394

b)

Estimate difference

For 95% confidence, we use z* = 1.96 (from z-table), so the margin of error is
m=z*SED =1.96 x 0.0669 = 0.131
The 95% confidence interval for the difference in proportions is Dm=0.4060.131
=(0.406-131, 0.406+0.131)
Dm= (0.275, 0.537)
The above interval contains only positive values, so it indicates that text books more often refer
to females in the juvenile sense than they do males.

8.78
The data is

Null hypothesis,
Ho: Pf = Pm
Alternative hypothesis,
Ha: pF # PM
The sample proportion for juvenile females,
Pf = 48/ 60 =0.80
Pm= 52/132= 0.394

Pooled estimate is

Pooled estimate error is

Under H0

Test statistic

The P value is

The P-value is 0.0002 and is very small, so we reject our null hypothesis, Ho. Strong statistical
evidence to conclude that gender bias is statistically significant.

9.11
The results classified by region are

The percent of black that offer RDC

= No. of banks that offer RDC / total no. of banks
= 289 / 780
= 0.371
= 37.1%

The percent of black that not offer RDC

= No. of banks that not offer RDC / total no. of banks
= 491 / 780
= 0.6295
= 62.95%
The marginal distribution is

The marginal distribution of banks which offer RDC

The conditional percent of banks that offer RDC in Northeast region is

= no. of banks that offer RDC in Northeast region / no. of banks
= 28 / 66
= 0.4242
= 42.42%
Conditional distribution is

Hence, we can say that 37.1% of banks offer RDC service. Among the banks at different regions,
31% of the banks are from Midwest region. But only 25.8% of Midwest banks are offering RDC
service which is the smallest percent of banks that offer RDC. Almost more than 40% of banks
from Northeast. Southeast and West regions offer RDC service. The 48.3% of banks from
Southeast offer RDC service which is the highest percent.

b)

The hypotheses to be tested are: Null hypothesis Ho : There is no association between region and
whether or not a community bank offers RDC. Alternative hypothesis Ha: There is association
between region and whether or not a community bank offers RDC. We have to find the expected
count.

Let Ri be the ith row total, =1, 2, 3,4,5,6 and Cj be the jth column total, j = 1, 2. From the data
we have = 66, R2 =118,R3 =137,R4 = 244, R5 = 78, R6 =137,C1= 289,C2 =491 Let be the
expected count of ith row and jth column.

Expected counts for region and offer RDC

The x2 test statistic is

Degree of freedom

c)
The P value for chi-square test is

d) Here P-value is sufficiently small, we reject the null hypothesis H0. There is sufficient
evidence that there is an association between region and whether or not a community bank offers
RDC. On average, 37% of banks have RDC. The Northeast, Southeast, and West have a geater
percentage of banks with RDC than the other regions.

9.13
For the give information

Marginal total
a)

b)
The percent of students who agreed that they lied at least once to their teacher

The percent of male students who agreed that they lied at least once to their teacher

Hence, among male students, 25.05% of male students agreed that they lied at least once to their
teacher. Hence, we can say that 75% of the students did not lied to their teacher.

The percent of female students who agreed that they lied at least once to their teacher

Hence, among female students, 69.02% of female students agreed that they lied at least once to
their teacher. Hence, we can say that 31% of the female students did not lie to their teacher.

c)
Approximately half of all students have lied at least once to a teacher. However, a much higher
percentage of females have lied at least once to a teacher than males. More males have not lied to
their teachers.
d)
The hypothesis to be tested are: Null hypothesis Ho :There is no association between gender and
whether or not a student lied to a teacher. Alternative hypothesis Ha: There is association
between gender and whether or not a student lied to a teacher. We have to find the expected
count.

R1= 13523, R2 =14279, C1 = 12887, C2 =14915

Let Eti be the expected count of ith row and jth column.

Expected counts for lied and gender

The x2 test statistic is the sum of term

Degrees of freedom for the test statistic

There are two rows and two columns in the table. That is r = 2, c = 2

The P value of chi-square is

Here P-value is sufficiently small, we reject the null hypothesis Ho. There is sufficient evidence
that there is an association between gender and whether or not a student lied to a teacher. A
student is more likely to have lied to a teacher at least once if the student was a female.