BINOMIAL EXPANSION NOTES

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 4
BINOMIAL EXPANSION
BA501
CHAP 1 - Binomial Expansions

The binomial theorem describes the algebraic expansion of powers of a binomial.
Figure 1 : Example use the binomial Expansion in geometric
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BINOMIAL EXPANSION
BA501
There are 3 methods to expand binomial expression

Method 1 - Algebra method
Expansion two or more expression.
Example: The expansion depend on power value (n)
n = 0,
(a + x)0 = 1
n = 1,
(a + x)1 = a + x
n = 2,
(a + x)2 = (a + x) (a + x) = a2 + 2ax + x2
n = 3,
(a + x)3 = (a + x) (a + x) (a + x) = a3 + 3a2x + 3ax2 + x3
n = 4,
(a + x)4 = (a + x)(a + x)(a + x)(a + x) = a4 +4a3x +6a2x2 +4ax3+ x4
Method 2 - PASCAL Triangle

Pascal's triangle is a triangular array of the binomial coefficients in a triangle. It
is named after the French mathematician Blaise Pascal
Base on algebra method.
only using the coefficients of terms.
Power value
Coefficient
n=0
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
n=5
n=6
1
1
1
2
3
4
5
1
1
3
6
10
1
4
10
?
1
5
1
1
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BINOMIAL EXPANSION
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Example:
(1 + 2x)5
n=5
10
10
(1 + 2x)5 = 1(1) ( 2 x ) 5 (1) ( 2 x ) 10 (1) ( 2 x ) 10 (1) ( 2 x ) 5 (1)( 2 x ) 1(1) ( 2 x )

5
= 1 10 x 40 x 80 x 80 x 32 x
Method 3 - Binomial theorem

Sum of terms (Hasil tambah sebutan)
The general terms = nCr an - rxr
With r = 0,1,2,3,4
n
Cr =
n!
r ! r !
How to use calculator to calculate nCr

nCr
n value
SHIFT
r value
Example:
Find value of 6C3 using calculator
6
n value
SHIFT
3
r value
= 20
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BINOMIAL EXPANSION
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The expansion of (a + x)n where n is a positive integer.

The expansion of (a + x)n where n is a positive integer, power for first term a is
n and power for increase terms are (n-1)
example :
n=5
(a + x)n = an + 5a(n-1)x + 10a(n-2)x2 + 10a(n-3)x3 + 5a(n-4) x4 + x5
(a + x)5 = a5 + 5a4x + 10a3x2 + 10a2x3 + 5ax4 + x5
The general terms of Binomial Expansions:
Formula 1 :
(a + x)n = an + nC1an - 1x + nC2an - 2x2 + nC3an - 3x3 + ..+ nCrxn - rar +

... + xn
= an + nan - 1x + n(n - 1)an - 2x2 + n(n - 1)(n - 2)an- 3x3 + ... +
1x2
1x2x3
n(n - 1)(n - 2) (n - r + 1)(an - rxr) + ... + xn

1x2x3x.... r
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BINOMIAL EXPANSION
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Example 1: Expand the expression using binomial theorem

a) (1 + 3x)4
b) ( 3 2x )3
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c) (2 +
x
4
BINOMIAL EXPANSION
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)5
d) ( x 2y)6
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e) ( 2a b)4
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BINOMIAL EXPANSION
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Coefficients value and terms value for positive integer n
General term = nCr an - rxr

where r = 0,1,2,3,4,.
r = term -1
Example 2 :
1. Find the coefficient of x3 and 5th term of the binomial expansion of 3 5 x 6 .
a=
,x=
,n=
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BINOMIAL EXPANSION
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2. Find the term include x3 and the term independent of x in the expansion
12
x 2
x
Exercise : 1.
a=
1
2
Find the 3rd term in the expansion below:

a)
3.
,n=
Expand the expression:

a)
2.
,x=
1
2
x
x
x
5
b)
Find the coefficientdownload@

value for x18 of expansion
x 3 x
3
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BINOMIAL EXPANSION
BA501
Binomial expansion of (1+x)n where n (power) is not a positive integer

( not positive integer means fraction or negative value )
In this case the Binomial expansions an infinite series.
Condition:
Expansion in form ( 1+x )n
This series is infinite
If expression in form (a + x)n the value of a 1, hence expansion
must use formula 2
General term
(1 x )
= 1 nx
n ( n 1)
n ( n 1 )( n 2 )
x
2
1x 2
x
3
n ( n 1 )( n 2 )( n 3 )
1x 2 x3
x ......
4
1x 2 x3 x 4
If value of a in binomial expression not 1 (a 1)

Use formula 2
Expansion a 1
n
(a + x) =
x
n
a 1
a
a 1
a

x
n ( n 1) x
n ( n 1 )( n 2 ) x
n ( n 1 )( n 2 )( n 3 ) x

...
1 n
a
1x 2
1x 2 x3
1x 2 x3 x 4
a
a
a
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BINOMIAL EXPANSION
BA501
Example :
In ascending power of x, obtain the first 4 terms of :
(a)
(2 x)
1
(b)
4 x
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BINOMIAL EXPANSION
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(c)
8 2 x
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BINOMIAL EXPANSION
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d)
x
3
Exercise : Find the expansion of expression below up to the term in x3 :

1
a)
1 x 3
b)
4 2 x
c)
2 1
27 x 2
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BINOMIAL EXPANSION
BA501
Approximations
Use Binomial Theorem
If ( 2 . 05 ) =
3
Whole
number
x = 2.05 whole number
= (2 + 0.05)3
Example :
1. Obtain the approximation value to 4 decimal places
a) (1.08)5
= (1 + 0.08)5 ,
(a=
x=
n=
use
(a + x)n
= an + nC1an - 1x + nC2an - 2x2 + nC3an - 3x3 + ... + nCrxn - rar + ... + xn
(1 + 0.08)5
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b)
BINOMIAL EXPANSION
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0 . 997
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BINOMIAL EXPANSION
2. Find the binomial expansion of 1
2x
BA501
. Hence find the value of 1 . 0024 to

5
5 places of decimals
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BINOMIAL EXPANSION
BA501
3. Using Binomial Expansion, find first 4 terms of 2 x . Hence find the

10
approximation value of 1 . 98 until 4 decimal places.

10
Expansion Method for approximation

Note :
If value of x is so small or mark slightly
we can use formula
( 1+x )n 1 + nx
exp :
(1+ 0.00002)6 = 1 + 6(0.00002)
= 1 + 0.00012
= 1.00012
(2+ 0.00006)3 = (2 + 0.00006)3
= 23(1 + 3(0.00003))
= 8.00072
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BINOMIAL EXPANSION
BA501
Approximation for multiplication and division

example :
1. Find the value of expression below to 5 decimal places using binomial
theorem:
i)
(1.01)3(
0 . 96
ii)
1 . 06
0 . 02
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18
BA501
1 . 07 0 . 99 3
2
1 0 . 02
4
iii)
BINOMIAL EXPANSION
iv) Find the value of (5.04)4 to four places of decimals using binomial
theorem.
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BINOMIAL EXPANSION
v) Using binomial theorem, find the value of
26
25
BA501
7
to four decimal places.
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BINOMIAL EXPANSION
BA501
Exercise:
1. Find the binomial expansion of each of the following :
a) 2 x
3y
b) 1
2x
b)
2
3
d)
2. Find the term include x4 and the term independent of x in the expansion
12
3x
.
16
3. For the Binomial Expansion
1
2
x
6
2x
1 x
4. Find the expansion of
find coefficient value of x8 .
1 3 x
5. Expand 1 x 3 up to terms x3. Hence using the expansion before, find

the approximation value of 3(1.08) to 5 places of decimals.
6. Find the approximation value for
1
0 . 932
7. Using binomial theorem, find the value of
1 . 01
3
0 . 92
0 . 88
to four decimal
places.
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ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 4

CHAP 1 - Binomial Expansions

Figure 1 : Example use the binomial Expansion in geometric

There are 3 methods to expand binomial expression

(a + x)3 = (a + x) (a + x) (a + x) = a3 + 3a2x + 3ax2 + x3

(a + x)4 = (a + x)(a + x)(a + x)(a + x) = a4 +4a3x +6a2x2 +4ax3+ x4

Method 2 - PASCAL Triangle

(1 + 2x)5 = 1(1) ( 2 x ) 5 (1) ( 2 x ) 10 (1) ( 2 x ) 10 (1) ( 2 x ) 5 (1)( 2 x ) 1(1) ( 2 x )

Method 3 - Binomial theorem

How to use calculator to calculate nCr

The expansion of (a + x)n where n is a positive integer.

(a + x)n = an + nC1an - 1x + nC2an - 2x2 + nC3an - 3x3 + ..+ nCrxn - rar +

n(n - 1)(n - 2) (n - r + 1)(an - rxr) + ... + xn

Example 1: Expand the expression using binomial theorem

Coefficients value and terms value for positive integer n

General term = nCr an - rxr

Find the 3rd term in the expansion below:

Expand the expression:

Find the coefficientdownload@

Binomial expansion of (1+x)n where n (power) is not a positive integer

If value of a in binomial expression not 1 (a 1)

Exercise : Find the expansion of expression below up to the term in x3 :

x = 2.05 whole number

= an + nC1an - 1x + nC2an - 2x2 + nC3an - 3x3 + ... + nCrxn - rar + ... + xn

2. Find the binomial expansion of 1

. Hence find the value of 1 . 0024 to

3. Using Binomial Expansion, find first 4 terms of 2 x . Hence find the

approximation value of 1 . 98 until 4 decimal places.

Expansion Method for approximation

Approximation for multiplication and division

v) Using binomial theorem, find the value of

to four decimal places.

3. For the Binomial Expansion

find coefficient value of x8 .

5. Expand 1 x 3 up to terms x3. Hence using the expansion before, find

7. Using binomial theorem, find the value of

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