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wrong polarities were chosen (incoming/outgoing), connecting ammeters like a voltmeter and so on.
This is the most important area where student must focus on.
Actually, student can judge himself/herself properly as well being honest if s/he can perform the
prac with little help/guidance from others, and would ask the things s/he would need to know about
the new equipment/instrument or such things and that is what is required.
4. What do K and L stand for on the current transformers?
I did not get any direct answer to the question asked. But it is true that these are the names given to
the terminals of the CT according to the naming convention followed by the manufacturer or
standards followed by the manufacturers.
For example this K-L and k-l are the naming conventions used by Gossen (from Germany) where K-L
are the input and output terminals respectively on the higher current side (or primary side) while k-l
are the lower current side (or secondary side).
Fig. 1 shows connections of CT and PT from such a company that can be studied to understand what
their recommendations are about how to use their instrument:
Fig. 2: CT connection
However, the most import thing here to take note of or learn is that CTs are polarised and must be
fitted in correct way. CTs are marked with P1 and P2 to indicate which way they should connected
around the cable or the busbar. The side marked P2 must point toward the generator, and P2 must
point toward the load. The CT output secondary must be connected to the meter correctly. All
terminals supplied with secondary terminals marked S1 and S2 which must be connected to the
correct terminals on the meter. The meter will not register correctly if any of the CTs are connected
incorrectly. The S1 terminal must be connected to the current in terminal for the appropriate
phase on the meter while S2 terminal must be connected to the current out terminal of the meter.
5. For Power Systems prac PS4, for part (d), when we are required to increase the excitation
current to full load current, how do we achieve this and what full load current value do we use?
In part (d), we are determining the sequence reactance of a transformer. According to the prac
manual, the current should be full-load current and the transformer is a 1:1 one in which case the
current supplied by the generator and the current on the secondary side of the transformer would
be the same. However, as we dont have the 1:1 transformer, we use the transformer ratio and
maintain the same generator full-load current for this part of prac. For example, for the old
generator we have full-load current of 26 A and we would be maintaining that current whereas for
the new generator the full-load current is 10.1 A and again we maintain the same current.
Now, the important thing here is that the ammeters are connected on the secondary side of the
transformer and by making sure that those currents are 15.05 A and 16.68 A, the currents at the
generator sides would be 26 A and 10.1 respectively.
Obviously, these currents can be achieved by increasing the voltage across the generator stator
terminals by increasing the flux (by increasing excitation current). As we start with a short-circuit on
the secondary side of the of the transformer, we would observe no or low voltage. But when S.C.
condition is withdrawn, the voltage is readable.