INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Volume 2, No 3, 2012

Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing Association

Research article

ISSN 0976 4402

Orientation studies of a cell-phone mast to assess electromagnetic radiation

exposure level
Jagbir Kaur, A.K. Dhami
Department of Applied Sciences, Sant Baba Bhag Singh Institute of Engineering &
Technology, Khiala, P.O. Padhiana, Distt. Jalandhar, Punjab, India
amarjot.d@gmail.com
doi:10.6088/ijes.00202030110
ABSTRACT
Electromagnetic radiation emitted by cellphone towers is a new form of environmental
pollution and is a new health hazard. This radiofrequency radiation pollution is an issue of
world wide concern due to its undesirable effects on human health, flora and fauna. It is
known that radiation levels are higher at a lower distance from the cell-phone tower than at
far distances, but only distance measurement from tower cannot be said to be a reliable
method to grade a place as safe or unsafe unless the direction is specified as well. The present
studies were taken to estimate the radio frequency (RF) pollution by measuring power
densities as a function of direction and distance of a cell-phone mast. The measurements were
done in 8 different orientations of the cell-phone base station at an interval of angular
separation of 450 between two directions The cell phone radiations as power densities were
measured using a handheld portable power density meter TES 593 in maximum average
mode and specific absorption rates (SAR) were estimated at 835 MHz, 915 MHz, 1900 MHZ
and 2450 MHZ from the measured values. The findings identified the maximum and
minimum exposure zones around a cell-phone mast. The studies show how power densities
change with distance for a combination of directional and dish antennas. The peak in power
density values was observed at a distance of 40 meters for most of the antenna orientations.
Notations used
SAR = Specific Absorption Rate
PA = E2= Absorbed power density by the human brain tissue
E2= Magnitude of electric field vector
= Conductivity of the human brain tissue
m = Mass density of the human brain tissue
Keywords: cell phone radiation, antenna orientation, power density, dirty electricity,
electromagnetic pollution)
1. Introduction
A new kind of pollution coming from electromagnetic radiation called dirty electricity has
many sources e.g. electric power lines, AM/FM radio and TV broadcasting stations, cordless
phones, Wi-Fi, microwave ovens, MRI machines, etc. However, the advent of cell-phone age
has resulted in many fold increase in electromagnetic pollution. The concern generated by
these radiation becomes evident for humans when the sudden global disappearance of honey

Received on December 2011 Published on February 2012

2285

Orientation studies of a cell-phone mast to assess electromagnetic radiation exposure level

bees, house sparrows, butterflies, bats and birds is being reported and the main cause has
been attributed to the radiation coming from cellphone towers ( Harst 2005, Balmori 2006,
Evereart 2007, Balmori 2007, Balmori 2009, Balmori 2010). Studies by various research
groups suggest that some biological changes occur in animals, e.g., increased blood brain
barrier permeability and changed gene expressions in rats(Nittby 2009, El-Sayed 2011),
oxidative DNA damage in mice(Khalil 2011), altered EEG, disturbed carbohydrate
metabolism, enlarged adrenals, altered adrenal hormone levels, structural changes in liver,
spleen, testes, and brain in white rats(Dumansky 1974), increase in melatonin in cows(Stark
1997), irreversible sterility in mice(Magras 1997), change in calcium ion efflux from brain
tissue, cardiac arrhythmias and sometimes cardiac arrest in frogs(Dutta 1989) due to exposure
to RF radiation. The short term effects of these radiation, as suggested through field studies
on people living within 300 meters of cell phone tower, could be sleep disturbance,
depression, headache, nausea, visual disorders, respiratory problems, nervousness and
agitation (Santini 2002, Khurana 2010). But these symptoms may be indication of many other
possible causes as well. At the moment, it is hard to comment on the chronic effect of these
radiations, as these are not the established facts yet, however, it is reported by some research
groups that slow long term exposure may cause cancer(Dolk 1997, Marinelli 2004), brain
tumors(Hardell 2006, Hardell 2009), male infertility(Wdowiak 2007) and DNA
damage(Philips 2009) (Stagg 1997).
In view of the possible harmful effects of these radiation, studies are required to assess the
exposure levels around the cellphone masts. It is a known fact that power density levels of
radiation decrease with increase in distance (Mann 2000, Al-Ruwais 2001). Hence if a tower
is closer to a place, e.g. at 100 m from a school, the dangers are much more than a school
which is situated at more than 1000 m. Since, this distance law holds good only if the antenna
is in direct line of site, but in actual case, the radiation can be obstructed by metal objects,
cement walls or many other factors. It also depends upon the orientation of the antenna. The
locations facing the tower antenna will have more radiation as compared to the one on the
back side of it. Thus, only distance measurement from tower cannot be said to be a reliable
method to grade a place as safe or unsafe unless the direction is specified as well.
With the above background, the aim of the present study is fixed to find the angular regions
and directions around cellphone mast which have higher power density levels. The objective
is to get quantitative information about the actual power density levels around cellphone
masts and how they vary with distance in a particular direction, whether there is any change
in radiation levels with changing orientation at a fixed distance and if so, how it varies.
2. Materials and method
Two parameters which are mainly used to express radiation exposure levels are power
density and specific absorption rate (SAR) (Ghandi 1990, Guy 1986). Power density
measurements were performed using a handheld portable power density measuring TES 593
electro-smog meter from TES Electrical Electronic Corp. The measuring device covered wide
range of frequencies from 10 MHz to 8 GHz. The instrument was sensitive enough to detect
fields as low as 0.0001 mW/m2. It has the triple axis sensor which gave the accurate three
dimensional measurements without having to point its antenna in a particular direction.
A cellphone mast was chosen to measure the radiation emitted from its antennas in different
directions. This tower is located in open area in fields close to village Khiala in district
Jalandhar of Punjab province in India. The mast was chosen such that there were no other
such towers within radius of 1 km of this mast. Hence interference from other cellphone
Jagbir Kaur, A.K. Dhami
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 2 No.3, 2012

2286

Orientation studies of a cell-phone mast to assess electromagnetic radiation exposure level

antennas is eliminated. There were no buildings around the tower within radius of 200 meters.
Thus, within the measurement zone, obstruction from other objects can be ruled out. The
power density values were measured up to 60 m from the mast at intervals of 10 meters. The
observations were made in 8 different orientations for each distance. The directions are
specified by symbols E, W, N, S, SE, SW, NE & NW. Each reading was taken at an interval
of angular separation of 450 between two directions. The readings were allowed to stabilize
for 2 to 3 minutes before noting them in the maximum average mode. The measurements
from three different spots around the area of interest were then averaged. The power density
measurements are given in mW/m2.
The rate at which radiation is absorbed by the human body is measured in terms of specific
absorption rate (SAR) (Ghandi 1990, Guy 1986):. It is described as the transfer of energy
from electric and magnetic fields to charged particles in an absorber. In this work, local SAR
has been estimated for a point on the brain as the absorber. Local SAR is related to electric
field through the equation (Ghandi 1990, Guy 1986):
SAR = E2/m = PA/ m

(1)

The measuring electro-smog meter showed power density values in both mW/m2 and V/m
units. These values were used to estimate SAR using equation (1).
3. Results and discussions
The variation of power density with distance in all the 8 directions of measurement is shown
in figure 1. The main features of the observations in all directions are as follows. A peak in
power density was observed at a distance of 40-50 meters from the tower in most of the
directions except NE and E. As can be seen from figure 1, In the NE direction, the peak
detected at lower distance of 20 m is so small that it can be neglected. And in the direction E,
there is a sudden rise of power density value at 20 m and then it almost stays constant with
distance, without forming a peak. Direction W also shows interesting behavior. At 20 m
distance from the tower, the power density levels are at the minimum, and then they start
increasing slowly with distance. A sudden jump in power level is observed beyond 50 m
where it stays constant in the range of measurement.
The highest radiation levels in a particular direction are plotted with distance in figure 2. The
maximum power density level was observed in NW direction at 40 m. However, this result
cannot be generalized as there may be variation in the peak direction for different masts
depending upon the interference from other objects or buildings surrounding mast, which
should also be taken into account for future studies. But considering this particular type of
antenna and open space, one can take NW direction to be of the highest radiation. The highest
power density value measured in this direction was 1.988 mW/m2. The minimum value of
power density peak level was observed in SW direction (figure 2) with value of 0.4809
mW/m2. The directions of least radiation level and hence safest are SW and NE within the
observed range. The measured power density values showed very low values at all distances
in these directions. The high intensity and hence unsafe zone is in the direction NW. It may
be noted here that directional antennas in these studies are towards SE and NW direction.
Also, it would be interesting to mention here that the radiation levels closest to tower ( 10
m) are more in some directions (SE and S) and less in other directions (NW, N, and AW).
This means a person standing beneath the tower will be exposed to different radiation
intensity than the other person standing beneath the same tower but in a different direction.
Jagbir Kaur, A.K. Dhami
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 2 No.3, 2012

2287

Orientation studies of a cell-phone mast to assess electromagnetic radiation exposure level

Also, radiation levels are higher in the regions making angle 450 with SE and NW (the
direction of the antenna) on either side, whereas regions NE and B which are outside the 45 0
coverage have least power density values (figure 1).

Figure 1: Behavioral pattern of electromagnetic radiation measured as power density

(mW/m2) from a cellphone mast as a function of distance in different directions (E, W, N, S,
NE, NW, SE, SW). The mast contained directional antennas facing NW and SE directions
and dish antennas facing NW, SE, and W direction. The maximum power density levels are
shown in the directions SE and NW, and minimum in the direction perpendicular to these.
The high radiation zones are the ones within 45 degrees of the NW and SE directions.
SAR represents the actual specific absorption rate which is more accurate estimation than the
direct power density measurement value. Hence it is more important to calculate SAR for
estimation of health hazards posed by these radiations. Specific absorption rates for the
present studies were calculated using equation (1) for the head or brain. In the present studies,
SAR was calculated for frequencies 835 MHz, 915 MHz, 1900 MHz and 2450 MHz, which
covers most of the frequency bands used for telecommunication. Many countries have taken
the precautionary measures to protect public from the radiation but the recommended safety
limits vary from country to country (FCC 1997, ARPNSA 2002, ANSI/IEEE 1999, Health
Canada Safety code 6 1999, ICNIRP 1998). The criterion of safe limit chosen in the present
study is the one recommended in the scientific literature above which biological effects start
showing (Wolke 1996). The current safety limits in India and some other countries are by
many orders higher than the values at which biological effects of electromagnetic radiation
are reported in the literature (table 1).
In terms of SAR, harmful biological effects which start occurring in brain are reported to be
at SAR as low as 0.001W/Kg where an increase in molecular stress response in cells occur
(de Pomerai 2000). Change in calcium concentration in heart muscle cells of guinea pigs
Jagbir Kaur, A.K. Dhami
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 2 No.3, 2012

2288

Orientation studies of a cell-phone mast to assess electromagnetic radiation exposure level

have been noticed at the same SAR values (Wolke 1996). Increase in permeability of BBB
(blood-brain barrier) in mice has been observed at SAR levels of 0.008 W/Kg (Persson 1997).
BBB is a selective barrier, which allows transport of the indispensable nourishing elements
such as glucose towards brain, but blocks the potentially harmful substances for nerve cells.
Exposure of rats to 900 MHz radiation of SAR from 0.016 to 5 W/Kg showed a leak of
albumin in BBB (Salford 1994). Hence, if we take into account the values of SAR at which
above mentioned changes in cells and tissue start taking place, 0.001 W/Kg can be called the
biological limit, above which SAR should be considered harmful.
Maximum Power Density (mW/m 2)

2.5

NW

1.5
ES
N

W
S

1
E
0.5

NE

SW

0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Distance (m)

Figure 2: Maximum power density (mW/m2) of cellphone radiation versus distance in

different directions. Directions NW, ES, N and SW show maxima at 40 meters. Highest
measured power density is observed in NW direction, which is in the direction of the antenna.
Table 1: Some Biological Effects of Radio-waves at different power density values
Power
Density
(mW/m2)
0.02

0.6

1
1.3
1.68
2.0 8.0
3
6

Reported Biological Effects

Sleep disorders, abnormal blood pressure, nervousness, weakness, fatigue,

limb pain, joint pain, digestive problems, fewer school children promoted
(Altpeter 1995)
Altered EEG, disturbed carbohydrate metabolism, enlarged adrenals, altered
adrenal hormone levels, structural changes in liver, spleen, testes, and brain in
white rats.
(Dumansky 1974)
Increase in melatonin in cows
(Stark 1997)
Decreased cell growth (human epithelial amnion cells) (Kwee 1997)
Irreversible sterility in mice
(Magras 1997)
Childhood leukemia near transmitters.
(Hocking 1996)
Impaired motor function, reaction time, memory and attention of school
children, and altered sex ratio of children. (Kolodynski 1996)
Change in calcium ion efflux from brain tissue, cardiac arrhythmias and
sometimes cardiac arrest (frogs)
(Dutta 1989)
Jagbir Kaur, A.K. Dhami
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 2 No.3, 2012

2289

Orientation studies of a cell-phone mast to assess electromagnetic radiation exposure level

10

Headache, Dizziness, irritability, fatigue, weakness, insomnia, chest pain,

difficulty breathing, indigestion (humans-occupational exposure) (Simonenko
1998),
Microwave hearing clicking, buzzing, chirping, hissing or high pitched
tones.
(Frey,1973,Justesen 1979, Lin 1978)
Breakdown of blood-brain barrier (Salford 1997)
Altered white blood cell activity in school children (Chiang 1989)

20

25
0 - 40

The SAR calculated as percentage of biological limit is shown in figures 3(a-d) as a function
of distance from tower for different directions and different frequencies. It is evident from the
figure that SAR percentage calculated for head is 110 % of the biological limit in NW
direction at 2450 MHz frequency. This means, the specific absorption rates are more than
100% of the biological limit in this direction. The SAR values calculated for frequencies 835
MHz, 915 MHz, and 1900 MHz in all the directions of the mast for head showed values 20 to
80% of the scientifically recommended limits. The estimated risk at higher frequencies
indicate that 3G phones pose much greater risk than the 2G phones, though the risk for lower
frequencies still exists. The risk for other frequencies in NW direction is shown in figure 3.
(b) 915 Mhz
W
SW

60

S
SE

50
40

20

E
NE
N

10

NW

30

0
0

20

40

60

Specific Absorption Rate (%)

Specific Absorption Rate (%)

(a) 835 MHz

60

W
SW
S
SE

50
40
30

E
NE
N
NW

20
10
0
0

80

20

40

W
SW
S
SE
E
NE
N
NW

40
Distance (m)

60

80

Specific Absorption Rate (%)

Specific Absorption Rate (%)

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20

80

(d) 2450 MHz

(c) 1900 MHz

60

Distance (m)

Distance (m)

120

W
SW
S
SE
E
NE
N
NW

100
80
60
40
20
0
0

20

40

60

80

Distance (m)

Figure 3 (a-d): Specific Absorption Rates estimated in terms of SAR percent of biological
limit (0.001 W/Kg) versus distance from the cellphone mast in different directions calculated
for radio frequency (a) 835 MHz (b) 915 MHz (c) 1900 MHz and (d) 2450 MHz. At high
frequencies of 2450 MHz, SAR value has been estimated to be more than 100% of the
biological limit in the NW direction.
It is clear from the above discussion that NW direction has the maximum exposure level. This
is the direction towards which directional antennas are facing. However, the exposure levels
are very low below 30 m of distance. The high-risk distance from this antenna is at 40 m
Jagbir Kaur, A.K. Dhami
International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 2 No.3, 2012

2290

Orientation studies of a cell-phone mast to assess electromagnetic radiation exposure level

from the tower. Thus directly facing a directional antenna even for a short time at distance of
40 m can cause serious health problems and can cause irreparable damage to brain. There
were two directional antennas and one dish antenna facing on this side.
4. Conclusions
The electromagnetic radiation emitted by cellphone mast was measured in terms of power
density as a function of distance and direction. The measurements were done in 8 different
orientations of the mast. The measured values were used to calculate specific absorption rate
of the brain tissue to assess the health risks. Certain directions were found to be safer than the
other directions. Safer directions NE and SW are the ones making angle 90 degrees with the
directional antenna. And the most unsafe is the one facing the antenna at a distance of 40 m,
which showed radiation levels as high as 110% of the scientifically recommended limit. The
environmental dynamics, which varies from location to location, has not been taken into
account considering that environmental factors like wind, rain, snow or solar energy etc
should not have noticeable effect on the power density of these radiation. But future studies
in this direction can provide more lucid information. Also, more biological studies should be
done to estimate the actual damage to tissues, muscles and brain activity of humans and
animals.
5. References
1. Al-Ruwai A. S., (2001), Measurements of RF radiation in the vicinity of FM and TV
broadcasting stations, Science and Technology, 6, pp 45-51.
2. Altpeter E. S. et al., (1995), Study on health effects of the shortwave transmitter
station of Schwarzenburg, Berne, Switzerland, Study No. 55, Swiss Federal Office of
Energy.
3. ANSI/IEEE C95.1 (1999), IEEE standard for safety levels with respect to human
exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz. ANSI/IEEE
C95.1, ISBN: 0738115576, p 76.
4. ARPNSA: RADIATION PROTECTION STANDARD., (2002), Maximum exposure
levels to radiofrequency fields 3 kHz to 300 GHz, Radiation Protection Series
Publication No.3.
5. Balmori A., (2006), The incidence of electromagnetic pollution on the amphibian
decline: Is this an important piece of the puzzle?, Toxicological and Environmental
chemistry, 88(2), pp 287-299.
6. Balmori A., (2009), Electromagnetic pollution from phone masts. Effects on wildlife
Pathophysiology, 16(2), pp 191-199.
7. Balmori A., (2010), The incidence of electromagnetic pollution on wild mammals: A
new poison with a slow effect on nature? , The Environmentalist, 30(1), pp 90-97.
8. Balmori A., and Hallberg O., (2007), The Urban decline of the house sparrow (Passer
domesticus): A Possible Link with Electromagnetic Radiation, Electromagnet Biology
and Medicine, 26(2), pp 141-151.

Jagbir Kaur, A.K. Dhami

International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 2 No.3, 2012

2291

Orientation studies of a cell-phone mast to assess electromagnetic radiation exposure level

9. Chiang H., Yao G.D., Fang Q.S., Wang K.Q., Lu D.Z., Zhou Y.K., (1989), Health
effects of environmental electromagnetic fields, Journal of Bioelectricity, 8, pp127-31.
10. de Pomerai C.D., David H., Allan J., Duce I., Mutwakil M., Thomas D., Sewell
P.,Tattersall J., Jones D., (2000), Non-thermal heat-shock response to microwave,
Nature: cell biology, 405, pp 417-418.
11. Dolk H., Shaddick G., Walls P., Grundy C., Thakrar B., Kleinschmidt I., Elliott P.,
(1997), Cancer incidence near radio and television transmitters in Great Britain. I.
Sutton Coldfield transmitter, American Journal of Epidemiology, 145(1), pp 1-9.
12. Dumansky J.D., Shandala M.G., (1974), The biologic action and hygienic signicance
of electromagnetic elds of super high and ultra high frequencies in densely populated
areas, Biologic Effects and Health Hazard of Microwave Radiation, Proceedings of an
International Symposium; Czerski, P., et al., Ed.; Polish Medical Publishers: Warsaw.
13. Dutta S.K., Ghosh B., Blackman C.F., (1989), Radiofrequency radiation-induced
calcium ion efflux enhancement from human and other neuroblastoma cells in culture,
Bioelectromagnetics 10, pp 197-202.
14. El-Sayed A., Badr H.S., Yahia R., Salem S., Kandil A., (2011), Effects of thirty
minute mobile phone irradiation on morphological and physiological parameters and
gene expression in pregnant rats and their fetuses, African Journal of Biotechnology,
10(26), pp 19670-19680.
15. Everaert J., Bauwens D., (2007), A possible effect of electromagnetic radiation from
mobile phone base stations on the number of breeding house sparrows (Passer
domesticus), Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 26, pp 63-72 .
16. FCC(Federal Communications Commission) (1997), Evaluating compliance with
FCC guidelines for human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields,
Suppliment C ,Edition 97-01 to OET BULLETIN 65,Edition 97-01.
17. Frey A. H., and Messenger R., (1973), Human perception of illumination with pulsed
ultrahigh-frequency electromagnetic energy, Science, 181, pp 356-358.
18. Ghandi., (1990), Biological Effects and Medical Applications of Electromagnetic
Energy. Prentice Hall , Englewood Cliffs: NJ.
19. Guy A.W., and Chow C.K., (1986), Specific Absorption Rates of Energy in Man
Models Exposed to Cellular UHF-mobile-antenna Fields, IEEE Trans on Microwave
Theory and Techniques, vol: MTT-34.
20. Hardell L., Carlberg M., (2009), Mobile phones, cordless phones and the risk for
brain tumors, International Journal of Oncology, 35, pp 5-17.
21. Hardell L., Carlberg M., Mild K.H., (2006), Pooled analysis of two case control
studies on use of cellular & cordless phones and risk of malignant brain tumors
diagnosed in 1997-2003, International Archives of Occupational and Environmental
Health, 79(8), pp 630-9.

Jagbir Kaur, A.K. Dhami

International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 2 No.3, 2012

2292

Orientation studies of a cell-phone mast to assess electromagnetic radiation exposure level

22. Harst W., Kuhn J., Stever H., (2006): Acta Systemica-IIAS International Journal,
6(1), pp 1-6.
23. Health Canada Safety code 6 (1999), Safety Code 6. Limits of human exposure
toradiofrequency electromagnetic fields in the frequency range from 3 kHz to 300
GHz. Environmental Health Directorate, Health Protection Branch, Health Canada,
Canada.
24. Hocking B., Gordon I.R., Grain H.L., Hatfield G.E., (1996), Cancer incidence and
mortality and proximity to TV towers, Medical Journal of Australia, 165 (11 - 12), pp
601 605.
25. ICNIRP (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection) (1998),
Guidelines for limiting exposure to time varying electric, magnetic, and
electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz). Health Physics 74 (4), pp 494-522.Justesen
D. R. (1979), Behavioral and psychological effects of microwave radiation, Bulletin
of the New York Academy of Medicine, 55(11), pp10581078.
26. Khalil A., Alshamali A., Gagaa M.H., (2011), Detection of Oxidative Stress Induced
by Mobile Phone Radiation in Tissues of Mice using 8-Oxo-7, 8-Dihydro-2'Deoxyguanosine as a Biomarker, World academy of Science, Engineering and
Technology, 76, pp 657-62.
27. Khurana V.G., Hardell L., Everaert J., Bortkiewicz A., Carlberg M., Ahonen M.,
(2010), Epidemiological evidence for a health risk from mobile phone base stations,
International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health,16(3), pp 263-7.
28. Kolodynski A. A., Kolodynska V. V., (1996), Motor and psychological functions of
school children living in the area of the Skrunda Radio Location Station in Latvia,
The Science of the Total Environment,180,pp 87-93.
29. Kwee S., and Raskmark P., (1997), Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields and cell
proliferation. In Proceedings of the Second World Congress for Electricity and
Magnetism in Biology and Medicine, Bologna, Italy, F. Bersani, ed.
30. Lin J.C., (1978), Microwave Auditory Effects & Applications, Charles C Thomas,
Springerfield, USA.
31. Magras I.N., Xenos T.D., (1997), RF radiation induced changes in prenatal
development of mice, Bioelectromagnetics, 18(6), pp 455-61.
32. Mann S.M., Cooper T.G., Allen S.G., Blackwell R.P., Lowe A.J., (2000), Exposure
to Radiowaves near mobile phone base stations, NRPB,R-321, Chilton.
33. Marinelli F., La Sala D., Cicciotti G., Cattini L., Trimarchi C., Putti S., Zamparelli A.,
Giuliani L., Tomassetti G., Cinti, C., (2004), Exposure to 900 MHz electromagnetic
field induces an unbalance between pro-apoptotic and pro-survival signals in Tlymphoblastoid leukemia CCRF-CEM cells., Journal of Cellular Physiology, 198(2),
pp 324-332.

Jagbir Kaur, A.K. Dhami

International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 2 No.3, 2012

2293

Orientation studies of a cell-phone mast to assess electromagnetic radiation exposure level

34. Nittby H., Brun A., Eberheardt J., Malmgren L., Persson B. R. R., Salford L. G.,
(2009), Increased blood brain barrier permeability in mammalian brain 7 day after
exposure to the radiation from GSM- 900 mobile phone, Pathophysiology, 16(2-3),
pp 103-12.
35. Oslen R.G., Hammer W.C., (1981), Evidence for microwave-induced acoustical
resonances in biological material, Journal of Microwave Power, 16(3-4), pp263-9.
36. Persson B., Salford L.G., Brun A., (1997), Blood-brain barrier permeability in rats
exposed to electromagnetic fields used in wireless communication, Wireless
Networks, 3, pp 455-461.
37. Philips J.L., Singh N.P., Lai H., (2009), Electromagnetic fields and DNA Damage,
Pathophysiology, 16, pp 79-88.
38. Salford L.G., Brun A., Sturesson K., Eberhardt J.L., Persson B.R., (1994),
Permeability of the blood-brain barrier induced by 915 MHz electromagnetic
radiation, continuous wave and modulated at 8, 16, 50, and 200 Hz., Microscopy
Research and Technique, 27(6), pp 535-42.
39. Salford L. G., (1997), Blood brain barrier permeability in rats exposed to
electromagnetic fields from a GSM wireless communication transmitter. In
Proceedings of the Second World Congress for Electricity and Magnetism in Biology
and Medicine, Bologna, Italy, F. Bersani, ed.
40. Santini R., Santini P., Danze J.M., Le Ruz P., Seigne M., (2002), Study of the health
of people living in the vicinity of mobile phone base stations: Influence of distance
and sex, Pathol Biol, 50(6), pp 369-373.
41. Simonenko V.B, Chernetsov A.A.,
Lyutov V.V., (1998), Inuence of
electromagnetic radiation in the radio-frequency range on the health condition of an
organized collective, Voenno-meditsinskiy zhurnal CCCXIX(5), pp 64-68.
42. Stagg R.B., Thomas W.J., Jones R.A., Adey W.R., (1997), DNA synthesis and cell
proliferation in C6 glioma and primary glial cells exposed to a 836.55 MHz
modulated radiofrequency field, Bioelectromagnetics 18(3), pp 230-236.
43. Stark K.D., Krebs T., Altpeter E., Manz B., Griot C., Abelin T., (1997), Absence of
chronic effect of exposure to short-wave radio broadcast signal on salivary melatonin
concentrations in dairy cattle, Journal of Pineal Research., 22(4), pp 171-6.
44. Wdowiak A., Wdowiak L., Wiktor H., (2007), Evaluation of effect of using mobile
phones on male fertility, Ann Agric Environ Med, 14, pp 169-172.
45. Wolke S., Neibig U., Elsner R., Gollnick F., Meyer R., (1996), Calcium homeostasis
of isolated heart muscle cells exposed to pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic fields,
Bioelectromagnetics, 17(2), pp 144-153.

Jagbir Kaur, A.K. Dhami

International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 2 No.3, 2012

2294