1a)

Malacca is famous for their Baba and Nyonya community. Peranakan or Baba and
Nyonya are the descendants of mixed Chinese and Malay they are better known Peranakan
Baba Nyonya. Baba and Nyonya community is said to come from Mainland China who
migrated to Malacca since 600 years ago. At first, this community is only available in Melaka
only. However, after Penang and Singapore began to grow, baba and nyonya migrate to the
both states. According to history, the development of this community in Melaka begins when
development times Malay sultanate of Malacca again. Melaka famous as a trading center at
that time have attracted many foreign traders from countries including China for trade in
Malacca. Traders from China has been married local women and child birth bloody cross of
Malay-Chinese, or better known as the Baba Nyonya. These people are mostly derived from
the Hokkien province, China. Baba and Nyonya community is absolutely pure Chinese. At
first they came to Malacca to trade and find a job and marry a local woman whose son and
daughter called the Baba Nyonya called. Therefore the Baba and Nyonya has similarities to
the Malays, especially in terms of language, food and culture.
One of the customs is the traditional Baba Nyonya Wedding or Peranakan Wedding
is a complex preparations and numerous ceremonies which lasts up to 12 days. Its a very
tedious process in preparations, time and money and that why most of the younger
generation prefers to skip some of the ceremonies. Similar like their Chinese counterpart,
the Peranakan put a great emphasis on choosing good dates and times.
All the Baba Nyonya Wedding or marriages were arranged marriages. Normally, the
elderly will seek the service of a match maker when they feel that their child has come of age
to be married. The match-maker can be a professional match maker and normally has a
large network of friends or he/she might be one of the close relative or friends. As a return
for the successful match making service, the match maker will receive a red-packet with
money and roasted pig trotter.
After the match- maker, a group of elderly people from the bridegroom family will pay
the short listed future-daughter-in laws family a visit. This visit is known as merisik , a
custom that you could find both in Malay and Chinese community. The merisik group is
normally headed by the match-maker and a few elderly relatives from the bridegroom and
the bridegroom parents will not participate in this merisik visit. Themerisik group will
inform the girls family of their intention and to seek approval. They will not talk formally like
in normal daily conversations but talk in a mixture of quatrain or pantun by the malay
influence. To ensure that the couple has a happy wedlock, they will ask for the intended girls
date of birth or Pek Zhi. Later they will consult a Feng Shui Master to check the boy and girl

compatibility with each other. After everyone has come to an agreement, a ceremony of
exchanging gifts between the two families known as Lapchai (engagement day) will be held.
Nowadays, the merisikritual has long been abandoned. The Baba Nyonya wedding
ceremony starts with the performance of purification and initiation into adulthood rites. This
ceremony or ritual is known as Cheo-thau. It is done by both parties at their respective
homes during auspicious hours agreed upon earlier.
Next is the Chim-pong or the coming together of the bride and bridegroom ritual. This
is when the couple pays homage to heaven; earth and man before a special three-tiered
alter called sam-kai. Elaborated preparations can be seen at the alter table. This ritual is
very important as the marriage is dully solemnized during this stage.
The whole practice is guided by an elder known as Sang Kheh Umm or Mak Andam
(Chief Mistress) to ensure the smooth flow of the marriage ceremonies and rituals. The
Sang Kheh Umm is experienced in the obligatory rites & rituals of Baba Nyonya Wedding.
Every gesture and movement of the couple has been carefully rehearsed to synchronise with
music supplied by a Chinese clarinet. This music is known as Serunee. The trademark of
Baba Nyonya wedding is when the couple will have to walk sideway.
The bridegroom will only get his first look at his wife when they meet in the bridal
chamber.This is the time when the husband is allowed to lift the veil over his wifes face with
guidance from the Sang Kheh Umm (The veil needs to be lifted smoothly without dropping it
on the floor).However, the wife is even then forbidden by tradition to steal a glance at her
husband. It would be deem as immodest to do so as relatives and friends milling in and
around the chamber. Her chance comes not long after both of them sit down for their first
meal together.
Ceremony 'Choon Tok' is a ceremony for the newlyweds to eat together as husband
and wife. On the day of 'sah jit' (three-day celebration) is the bride to invoke respect to family
members and also their god.
Chia N sia ceremony is an event invitation to customs and it is to the groom. On this
day the bride will wear a dress and cloth gloves made of brocade and woven with threads of
silver and gold. On this day also is the song 'dondang Love' will be sung and shared with
humor, praise and excitement.

Twelve day is the day where guests will be offered with nasi lemak made very
cautiously in order to contain a lot of fat. The steamed rice in wooden steamer covered with
banana leaves. People who specializes in cooking Nasi Lemak called 'Aunt Nasi Lemak'. On
this day also meetings be made while enjoying a meal or tepak sireh.
Chian N Ching Kay, Che Umm It is an invitation to dinner for family members and inlaws of the bride. The aim is to strengthen fraternal relations between the two sides. Indeed,
in a ceremony like this that family relationships can be further strengthened. Every marriage
there must have certain taboos to avoid a problem occurs. In the Baba Nyonya community,
they believe the selection date corresponding is to avoid something bad happening.
Other than that, there are beliefs have been assimilated from the Malay community
into Baba and Nyonya culture. the two tall candles on the wedding ceremony table represent
the bride and the groom. One each candles you will see a paper depicting the
Dragon (groom) and Phoenix (bride). They believe that, whichever candles burned out first
(Dragon or Phoenix), the person will pass away first and vice versa
The ritual of releasing a hen and rooster under the marriage bed. Then, everyone
waits to see whether the hen or the rooster will come out first. If the rooster comes out first, it
means the first born will be a male and vice versa.
Besides that,Baba and Nyonya community still believed to diviner and healer. Usually
they go see a shaman when a baby is always crying nonstop. They believe that their child
has been interrupted by a ghost. The go to see a shaman to ask for help banish the ghost or
remove them from interfering with the child.
Most Peranakans generally subscribed to Chinese beliefs system such as Taoism,
Confucianism and Chinese Buddhism. Just like the Chinese, the Peranakans also celebrate
Lunar New Year, Lantern Festival and other Chinese festivals, while adopting the customs of
the land they settled. However in this modern society, many of young Peranakan community
have been embracing Christianity.
Next aspects is taboos.Just like in any other cultures, the Peranakans still believe in
taboos (meaning superstition) especially among the older generations. In some cases, quite
a number the Peranakan's taboos are deemed too strict and complex.
They also believe,Pregnant women are prohibited to touch the items such as gift,
stuffs, wedding beds and etc.or join in the preparations for the marriage ceremony. They are
also strongly prohibited from entering the wedding chamber. Pregnant mothers also cannot
leave home at dusk. At the time of the alleged devil, demons, and ghosts begin to wander.
They believe that the blood of a pregnant mother's firstborn was favored by a vampire and

langsuir. If they need to come out, the mother is required to carry items made of iron,
including a knife to scare the ghosts.
It is a big mistake to Peranakan families during the past days when guests wear
black or white clothing entire current accompanies weddings because these clothes are
considered to be "the council sadness" or burial clothes.
In addition, the culture of the etnics.The Baba and Nyonya were partially assimilated
into the Malay culture, especially in food, cloth and language used. Most of the Peranakan
are non-Muslim, but have retained the ancestral worship tradition of the Chinese, especially
of their wedding ceremony is largely based upon the Chinese tradition.
The Baba language or Baba Malay is a lingo of the Malay language, with many
words borrowed from Chinese (especially Hokkien), Portuguese, Dutch, Tamil and English. It
is the mother tongue of the Babas and Nyonyas, many of whom do not speak any Chinese
dialect. It is a language for intra-group communication and was the lingua franca of the
Straits Settlements. Some examples of Baba Malay:Ini bakul gua punya. Apa pasal lu kasi
dia?Saya ini jam mau pigi paseh.Baba Malay is fast dying today, and many of the young
cannot speak it, having been brought up to concentrate on English, Malay and even
Mandarin.
On certain days, such as festivals and weddings Baba and Nyonya community will
perform dances such as Lion Dance, Opera and Fu Kien Restoran Nyonya Baba. Next their
uniqueness in the social life of Baba & Nyonya is dondang sayang. This folk song played in
official events such as wedding receptions and any functions. The song is accompanied with
violins, drums, gong and they use dialects Baba.
Baba and Nyonya community is famous in Melaka. This community is also known for
its food traditions passed down from their ancestors. The food also has interesting
amalgamation of Chinese and Malay dishes.
One of the traditional Peranakan food is ayam pongeh / babi pongeh materials used
potato type or Red Yukon compared with type Russet chicken / pork and dried mushrooms
Chinese / Japanese.
Baba Nyonya cuisine is also famous for its spicy sour dishes. Their cuisine has to
some extent influenced by the cuisine of the Malay community. Normally, the ingredients
consist of fish (usually herring, mackerel, red fish and fish terubuk), dried chillies, shallots,
garlic, shrimp paste, ginger, galangal, turmeric, lemon grass, leaves kesum, ginger flower,
tamarind , tamarind or lime leaves.

Kuih Ku is one of the traditional cake of the Baba and Nyonya. Cakes by small round
or oval and around which there is a sticky rice flour and sweet in its middle part. Skin on the
outside resembles tortoiseshell and placed on a piece of banana leaf. My cake is considered
a lucky food because it provided during important festivals like Chinese New Year,
Traditional costume of the Baba and Nyonya adapted from malay ladies. This can be
seen in women's clothes which they wear batik sarong as their main clothes. For middle age
woman, they wore long dresses and sarongs while younger people prefer to wear clothes
pretty embroidered kebaya lady.
Ussually middle aged woman wear baju panjang and it adapted from malay womens
clothing. The shirts have long sleeved, knee length and thin transparent blouses. It paired
with batik (sarong). Kebaya Encim is for younger peopleThe name is derived from the name
'encim' or Enci which refers to a Chinese woman who married. The dress Incorporated
symbols and motifs from China, such as dragon, phoenix, peony and lily
Baju Lok Chuan atau Mandarin Jacket is chinese traditional dress worn by Baba. Silk
long sleeve sweater, usually wornwith a matching pair of loose pants. Clothing races Baba
more to dress the influence of western and Chinese own.Baba or elderly men were dressed
more casual on ordinary days but still wearing samfoo, coat or shirt pagoda with
embroidered pants,shoes and hats.Shoes bead is handmade footwear. It requires skill and
patience to create a tangle of glass beads that are sewn on burlap. Traditional shoe design
beaded showed motive of Europe flower and its color is influenced by baba and nyonya
pottery and batik sarong.
In conclusion, baba ethnics is unique and interesting, so Baba and Nyonya itself
need to protect their etnics so that it will no be extinct. Baba community i is the result of a
acculturation process and was adaptation of the malay community, almost all aspects of
community life such as food, clothing, speech and so on have been used in their way of life.

Discuss the implications of cultural diversity among student on the process of

teaching and learning in the classroom.
Malaysia is a multiracial country with diverse cultures and ethnic groups. This cultural
diversity has demonstrated the uniqueness of our country compared to other countries. In
the context of education, socio-cultural diversity not only consider the aspects of race,
ethnicity and culture on their own, but it also covers a wider scope. In the classroom, there
are various racial, ethnic and cultural uniqueness and diverse.
Socio-cultural diversity also affects the students. Pupils have its own stance as a
result of the influence of culture, religion and environment. Therefore, the existence of
different races and socio student culture in the classroom makes them become prejudices
against the students that are varied from their lifestyle. Therefore, students should have
clear minds and they can develop their understanding of their peers of different religious,
cultural and gender so that no gaps between them to facilitate the learning process.
Other that that is the use of standard language should be practiced by students when
in class or while on school grounds. The use of native language or dialect in the classroom
should be controlled to ensure that the learning process goes smoothly. The use of correct
adjustable language should also be emphasized among students in order to avoid fights and
misunderstandings between each other. Appropriate vocabulary can also help students
reach social maturity.
Besides that, students should take advantage of the socio-cultural diversity in the
classroom to interact with different races and genders. The thinking patterns between male
and female are different and positive interaction such as learning in a group can make the
student comprehend about things more clearly. At the same time, limits mixing between the
gender should be emphasized so that is will not have conflict with the claims of religion.
Next,Religion and belief is a very sensitive issue. So, the students religion and belief
should not be disputed. The process of socialization between people without affect the
religious affiliations should be developed so that students self-formation process can be
implemented.
Moreover, class of different races, ethnic and socio-cultural requires trust between
each other. Activities that been conducted should be able to cultivate a spirit of mutual trust
in student life. High spirit of trust will break down the walls of racism and racial unity will be
established explicitly.

Socio-cultural diversity in the classroom also stimulate the existence of a discipline

problem. Students will easily influence by other peoples behaviour. For example, a good
student will be affected by the behaviour of his naughty friends when they are often interact
and socialize. Teachers need to be sensitive about the changes in student behaviour so that
they can avoid the bad behaviour and learning disabilities can be controlled besides
changed his attitude

Suggest measures to address the cultural and linguistic diversity among students in
the classroom.
The role of all parties is necessary in to overcome the cultural and linguistic diversity.
Education plays a very important role as a platform to promote, preserve and maintain the
unity and harmony of all races this.
Next, the teacher should have competence in the field or subject taught. Teachers
need to have the knowledge, skills and comprehensive experience on the field. Teachers
should constantly improve their knowledge and skills in the subject taught so that the
teaching and learning process more interesting and fun. Teachers also need to be creative in
teaching and connect the lesson with their daily life. Students will see and assess what we
have learned is useful to him for presence and future.
In a multi-ethnic classroom, there are several strategies that can be used by teachers
to overcome the cultural and linguistic diversity among students in the classroom. The first
one is the content, teacher can use the materials and example from various cultures to
explain the concept in teaching. This will make the students feel very proud and confident
when positive things come from their culture are highlighted and discussed. This will attract
them and they will focus on the learning process in the classroom.
Besides that, teachers should help students to keep a positive attitude towards
cultural diversity found among their peers for example by giving reward for students if they
work positively towards other races and groups. Next, by adding contacts with diverse
backgrounds and activities organized by cooperative learning. In this method, students learn
to work together in small groups consisting of students of different races, abilities and
privileges.
Lastly, the learning style, it can be defined as an individual's learning style. Each
individual has his own style to learn. Man is a very unique and different in their view
something, make decisions, and how they interact. There are people who shape the
perception of sensation-based, they are based on intuition, and there is a use of knowledge,
some use logical thinking. These differences exist due to the personality of each individual is
different. Teachers must be sensitive to their teaching styles so that students can realize
their potential as high as possible.

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