Final exam of Applied Linear Algebra - Math 270

April 19, 2011

Problem 1

(2 pts.)


Find two different PLU decompositions for A =

1
2

2
1


.

SOLUTION:

A=

=

Problem 2



1
2

0
1

1
0



1
1
1/2


2
3


(1 pt.)
2

1
3/2


.

(1 pt.)

(2 pts.)

Let ` be the subspace of R3 defined by ` = {[x, y, z]T R3 such that 2x = y and 3y = z}. Write
the matrix representation, with respect to the canonical basis of R3 , of the orthogonal projection
onto `. (The orthogonal projection is a mapping P : R3 R3 .)
SOLUTION: The space ` is a one-dimensional subspace, it can be written as


` = t[1 2 6]T , t R .
Its direction can be represented by the unitary-length vector

1
1
2 .
(1 pt.)
=
41 6
The projection matrix is then given by

1
1
2
P = =
41
6

2
4
12

6
12 .
36

(1 pt.)

Problem 3

(4 pts.)

Find the Singular Values Decomposition and the Pseudoinverse of

2
1
1
A=
3
2

6
3 .
6

SOLUTION:
AT A =

1
3

1
VT =
10

=

3
9
1


,

with eigenvalues 1 = 10, 2 = 0.


(1 pt.)

10 0
0 0
0 0

(1 pt.)

2
1
1
U=
3
2


1
2
1
2
A+ =
30 6 3 6

Problem 4

(1 pt.)

(1 pt.)

(2 pts.)



Find an orthonormal basis for U = span [2 0 1]T , [0 1 2]T , [2 2 5]T R3 .
SOLUTION: Note that the third vector can be written as linear combination of the first two:
[2 2 5]T = [2 0 1]T 2[0 1 2]T ,

(1 pt.)

therefore, its enough to apply Gram-Schmidt to the first two vectors. An orthonormal basis is
then

2
4
1
1
5 .
w2 =
(1 pt.)
w1 = 0 ,
5 1
105 8

Problem 5

(2 pts.)

Let A be a 5 5 matrix with real coefficients such that

det(A I) = 3( 2)3 ( + 4)2

dim Ker (A 2I) = 2.

and

Find all the possible Jordan forms of A, up to permutations of the Jordan blocks.
SOLUTION: The block depending on = 2 must be (up to permutations)

2 1
.
J2 = 0 2
(1 pt.)
2
The block for = 4 can be

either

J4 =

4
0

1
4


or J4 =

4
0

0
4


.

(1 pt.)

Problem 6

(2 pts.)

Find the real coefficients a0 , b1 and the complex coefficients u

1 , u
1 of the Fourier series of the
2-periodic function u defined by

2
if t (0, )
u(t) =
.
2
if t (, 2)
SOLUTION: Note that u is odd, so that ak = 0 for all k Z.
The coefficient b1 can be computed as
Z
1 2
u(t) sin(t) dt.
b1 =
0

(0.5 pts.)

Since both functions are 2-periodic,

1
b1 =

u(t) sin(t) dt,

and since both u and sin are odd functions, their product is even, so that
Z
Z
i
2
4
4h
8
b1 =
u(t) sin(t) dt =
sin(t) dt =
cos(t) = .
0
0

0
By definition of complex Fourier coefficients,
Z
1
u
1 =
u(t)eit dt,
2

u
1 =

1
2

(0.5 pts.)

u(t)e+it dt.

These can be calculated directly, or derived from a1 and b1 via Eulers formula eit = cos(t)+i sin(t):
4i
1
(a1 ib1 ) =
2

4i
1
= (a1 + ib1 ) =
2

(0.5 pts.)

u
1 =
u
1

Problem 7

(0.5 pts.)

(2 pts.)

Let z C be the solution of the equation z 6 = 1. Compute w = 5 + i + z 2 + z 5 .

SOLUTION:
Among the different roots of 1, three would give the same solution, and three different solutions. One point is awarded for the correct identification (graphical or analytical) of the six
different roots. One additional point is awarded for any of the following
following the graph in Figure 1 below: z 2 + z 5 = 0, and therefore w = 5 + i.
noting that both 1 and 1 are roots, choosing z = 1 yields w = 5 + i, choosing z = 1
yields w = 5 + i + 2 = 7 + i.
Complete solution: referring to Figure 1, since Z 6 = 1, if
= Z, then 2 + 5 = 0
= Z 2 , then 2 + 5 = Z 4 + Z 10 = 2Z 4
= Z 3 , then 2 + 5 = Z 6 + Z 15 = 0
= Z 4 , then 2 + 5 = Z 8 + Z 20 = 2Z 2
= Z 5 , then 2 + 5 = Z 10 + Z 25 = 0
= Z 6 , then 2 + 5 = 2.
3

1.2

Z2

Z
0.8

0.4

Z3
-1.2

Z6
-0.8

-0.4

0.4

0.8

1.2

-0.4

-0.8

Z5

Z4
-1.2

Figure 1: The six complex roots of 1.

Problem 8

(4 pts.)


(i) Find the general solution of the system

x0 (t) = 4x(t) + 6y(t)

;
y 0 (t) = 3x(t) + 5y(t)

(ii) draw a picture of the trajectories of the general solution in the real plane;
(
x(0) = 3
(iii) find the particular solution which has initial value:
.
y(0) = 4
SOLUTION: (i) (1 pt.) Eigenvalues: 1 = 2, 2 = 1. Correspondent eigenvectors:
v1 = [1 1]T , v2 = [2 1]T . General solution:
 
 
1
2
u(t) = c1 e2t
+ c2 et
.
1
1
(ii) (2 pts.) See Figure 2 in the next page.
(iii) (1 pt.) Particular solution for the given initial datum: c1 = 5, c2 = 1, and therefore


 
1
2
u(t) = 5e2t
et
.
1
1

2.5

-2.5

2.5

-2.5

Figure 2: Trajectories.