Unit1d TheWorkingCell

Topics:

OverviewofEnergy
ATPandCellularWork
Enzymes
MembraneFunction

Homework:
Chapter5

OverviewofEnergy
Energy:thecapacitytoperformwork
Work:performedwhenanobjectismovedagainstanopposingforce
e.g.synthesizingmolecules,movingobjects,generatingheatandlight
TypesofEnergy:
Kinetic energyofmovement
Potential storedenergy
FirstLawofThermodynamics
Energycannotbecreatedordestroyedbutitcanchangeform
SecondLawofThermodynamics
Whenenergyisconvertedfromoneformtoanother,theamountof
usefulenergydecreases
Noprocessis100%efficient
Example:morepotentialenergyisinthegasolineofacaratrestthan
thekineticenergyofthemovingcar
Theremainingenergyisreleasedintheleastusefulformofheat the
totalenergyismaintained
Entropy
Allenergyconversionsgeneratesomeheat heatproductionmakes
energylessuseful
Heatisenergyinitsmostchaoticform theenergyofaimlessmolecular
movement
Entropy:isameasureoftheamountofdisorderorrandomnessina
system

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 Everytimeenergyisconvertedfromoneformtoanother,entropy
increases
SelfQuiz1

ChemicalEnergy
Specialformofpotentialenergy
Arisesfromthearrangementofatoms
Livingcellsandenginesusethesamebasicprocesstomakethe
chemicalenergystoredintheirfuelsavailableforwork
Thebreakdownoflarger,moreusefulmoleculestosmaller,less
usefulmolecules
Inbothcasesoxygenismixedwiththemoleculesinaprocessused
toreleaseenergy
Wasteproductsarecarbondioxideandwater
Inanengineonlyabout25%isusefulenergywhiletherestislostas
heat
Inanimalcellstheprocessiscalledcellularrespiration andismuch
moreefficient about40%isconvertedtouseableenergy about
60%generatesbodyheat heatisusefulsinceithelpstokeepbody
temperatureat37oC
CellularRespiration:energyreleasingchemicalbreakdownoffuel
moleculesandthestorageofthatenergyinaformthecellcanusetodo
work

SelfQuiz2

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ATPandCellularWork
CelldonotderiveenergydirectlyfromCarbsandfatsthatareingested
Moleculesarebrokendownduringcellularrespirationandtheenergy
thatisreleasedisstoredinmoleculesofATP
TheStructureofATP
Consistsofamoleculeofadenisineand3phosphategroups
Eachphosphategroupisnegativelycharged
Thenegativechargesrepeleachotherandthecrowding
contributestothepotentialenergy likeaspring
InATPitisthereleaseofphosphateinthetailthegivesoffthe
energyresultinginADP

PhosphateTransfer
ATP givesenergytoothermoleculesbytransferringphosphate
groupstothemolecules
ForanyATP,theterminalphosphateisaddedandremoved3times
eachminute
Energyisreleasedwhenthephosphatebondisbroken
Thephosphateatomisacceptedbythemoleculethatisapartof
theprocesswheretheworkisbeingdone
Thereare3situations:

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TheATPCycle
ATPcanberestoredbyaddingaphosphategroupbacktoADP
Thechemicalenergytheisharvestedthroughcellularrespirationis
usedfromsugarsandothermoleculesisusedtoreplenishATP
Insummary,cellularworkusesATP'senergyinthe3rdphosphate
andADPisrecycledcombiningADPandPduringcellularrespiration
Thethirdphosphategroupactsasanenergyshuttle

SelfQuiz3

Enzymes
Metabolism:thetotalofallchemicalreactionsinanorganism

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Enzymes:proteinsthatspeedupchemicalreactions
Therearethousandsofdifferentenzymeseachpromotinga
differentchemicalreaction
ActivationEnergy
Chemicalbondsmustbebrokenforachemicalreactiontobegin
andthisrequiresenergy
Activationenergy istheenergyrequiredtobeginachemical
reaction
Enzymesenablereactionstobeginbyreducingtheamountof
activationenergyrequiredtostartthereaction

SelfQuiz4

InducedFit
Anenzymeisveryselectiveinthechemicalreactionsthatit
catalyzes
Theenzymemustrecognizethereactantmolecule calledthe
substrate
Oncetheenzymerecognizesthesubstrateitmustbindwithitand
thisdependsontheenzyme'sshape
Activesite:theregionoftheenzymethathasashapeand
chemistrythatfitthesubstrate
Inducedfit:whenthesubstrateandenzymefittheenzymechanges
shapesothefitissnugger
Oncethechemicalsubstrateisboundbytheenzyme,thereaction
isputunderchemicalstressandforcesthereaction

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EnzymeInhibitors
Certainmoleculesthatbindtoenzymesanddisruptingtheir
function
Somecanactassubstrateimpostersandpluguptheactivesiteof
theenzyme
Otherwaysinhibitorsworkarebychangingtheshapeoftheactive
sitesoitnolongerbindstothesubstrate
Pencillanworksbyinhibitingtheenzymethatbacteriausetomake
theircellwalls
Cancerdrugsworkbyinhibitingenzymesinvolvedincelldivision

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SelfQuiz5

MembraneFunction
ThePlasmaMembraneregulatespassageofmaterialsintoandoutof
thecell
TransportProteins: membraneproteinsthathelpmovesubstances
acrossacellmembrane

PassiveTransport:DiffusionAcrossMembranes
Diffusion:themovementofmoleculessothattheyspreadoutinto
availablespace
Moleculesmovefromaregionofhigh concentrationtoaregionof
low concentration theconcentrationgradient
Moleculeswillcontinuetomoveinthisdirectionuntilthereisan
equaldistributionofmolecules dynamicequilibrium wherethere
isanequalamountofmoleculesmovingacrossamembraneinone
directionastheother
PassiveTransport: isanexampleofpassivediffusionacrossa
membrane doesnotrequireenergybutthemembraneplaysa
regulatoryrole
e.g.smallmoleculeslikeCO2 andO2 passmoreeasilythan
largermoleculeslikeaminoacidsbutmembranecanbe
impermeabletosmallionslikeH+ b/ctheyaretoohydrophilic
Inpassivetransportmoleculespassfreelydownthe
concentrationgradient acrossthemembrane
Facilitateddiffusion:thepassivediffusionofmoleculesvia
transportproteinsdowntheconcentrationgradient stillrequires

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noenergy likepassingthroughachannel

SelfQuiz6

OsmosisandWaterBalance
Osmosis:thediffusion ofwater acrossaselectivelypermeable
membrane
Hypertonic:thesolutionwiththehighersoluteconcentrationto
theother
Hypotonic:thesolutionwiththelowersolutionconcentrationto
theother
Isotonic:whentwosolutionshaveequalsoluteconcentrationto
eachother
Waterwilldiffuseacrossasemipermeablemembrane(permeable
towaterbutnotthesolute)fromanareaofhighwater
concentrationtoanareaoflowwaterconcentration
WaterBalanceinAnimalCells
Cellsmustbalancewateruptakeandloss
Osmoregulation:thecontrolwaterbalance

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SelfQuiz7

ActiveTransport:ThePumpingofMoleculesAcrossMembranes
Activetransport: requiresenergy tomovesubstancesacrossthe
membraneagainst theconcentrationgradient
Cellularenergy,energyfromATP,drivesatransportproteinto
pumpmoleculesacrossamembraneagainsttheconcentration
gradient
Enablescellstomaintaininternalconcentrationsofsmall
solutesthatdifferfromenvironmentalconcentrations
e.g.nervecellsrequirehigherlevelsofK+ andlowerlevels
ofNa+ thantheexternalenvironment potassiumsodium
pump

SelfQuiz8

ExocytosisandEndocytosis:TrafficofLargeMolecules
Macromolecules,suchasproteins,moveacrossmembranesin
membraneboundsacs vesicles
Sacsfusewiththemembraneandspillthecontentsintooroutof
thecell
Exocytosis:exportingoflargemacromoleculesviathefusingof
vesicleswiththeplasmamembrane
Endocytosis:importingoflargemacromoleculesviathefusingof
vesicleswiththeplasmamembrane
phagocytosis:engulfsnonspecificparticlesorfoodpackages

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withinfoodvacuoles
Pinocytosis:cellsgulpsdropletsoffluidbyformingvesicles
Receptormediatedendocytosis:specific triggeredbythe
bindingofspecificmoleculestoreceptorproteinsinthe
plasmamembrane avesicleisthenformedandtransports
thesubstanceintothecell
e.g.livercellsusereceptormediatedendocytosistotake
upcholesterolparticlesfromtheblood

TheRoleofMembranesinCellSignaling
Membraneplaysaroleinconveyingmessagefromexternal
environmenttoinsidecellsandbetweencells
Communicationcanbegin:
Whenareceptorprotein intheplasmamembranereceivesa
stimulusfromtheoutsideenvironment
fromasignalingmoleculelikeahormone
Beginsachainreactioninoneormoremolecules
Signaltransductionpathway:proteinsandothermoleculespass
thesignalalongandconvertittochemicalformsthatcanfunction
inthecell

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SelfQuiz9

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