AMERICAN BIRDING ASSOCIATION

VOLUME 3 1:

I
Cover: Aplomado Falcon is featured
in two articles in this issue. Clay and Pat
Sutton write about the River of Raptors
in Veracruz (page 229), where Aplomado
Falcon is currently a local resident. At one
time this handsome falcon also inhabited
the grass-yucca plains of southeastern
Arizona and southwestern New Mexico, as
well as the yucca-covered sand ridges of the
lower Texas coast, described by David
Wilcove (page 224). The cover photograph
of this species, taken upon the bird's release
at Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge,
Texas, was taken by Steve Bentsen in 1993.
The camera was a Nikon F4, Nikon
400mmlf3.5 lens, Fuji Velvia film, at 15032,
f5.6 at 11250 sec.

267

283
293

NUMBER 3

JUNE 1999

A Birding Perspective
Editorial
Your Letters
The Forgotten Grasslands
A Birding Essay: Reflections on Southwestern Bird Life
by David S. Wilcoue
River of Raptors
Exploring and Enjoying Pronatura
Veracruz's Raptor Conservation Project
by Clay Sutton and Pafrici~zS l ~ f f o n
Rare, Local, Little-known, and Declining
North American Breeders
A Closer Look: Snowy Plover
by Peter VI! C. Paton
The Next New ABA Birds
Florida and Southeastern Gulf Coast
by Bill Pranty
Answers to April Photo Quiz
by Jinz Burns
Answers to the February Alternate Photo Quiz
by Alvaro Jaramillo
Gleanings from the Technical Literature
A Familiar Mystery-Polymorphisn~
and the White-throated Sparrow
by Paul E. Woods
Building Birding Skills
Rules to Bird By: Bergmann's Rule
by Edward H. Burtt Jr.
An Aleutian Canada Goose Success Story
by Nina Faust and Edgar Bailey
Tools of the Trade
Meade ETX-A Questar for the Rest of Us?
by Stephen Ingraham
Cats Indoors!
Campaign Gathers Steam
by Linda Winter
Book and Media Reviews
The Joy of Birding
A Eurasian Hobby More or Less
by Arlene Koch
New Photo Quiz
Advertiser Index: page 295

Florida and Southeastern Gulf Coast:

Third in u Mini-series of Seven
BILL PRANTY*

IFYOU ARE IN FLORIDA and the

eastern Gulf Coast region looking
for bird species never before seen
in the ABA Area, you would most
efficiently spend your time in just
four sub-tropical Florida counties,
one of those markedly better than
the other three.
One of the regions in Don
Roberson's 1988 Birding article included nearly all of Florida and
extended west along the Gulf
coast to about the Mississippi
River delta, encompassing coastal
portions of Alabama and Mississippi, and a coastal part of
Louisiana.
South Florida was included by
Roberson undoubtedly because of
the area's proximity to the Bahamas and Cuba, and the number of
Caribbean strays that already had
been recorded from the region.
Palm Beach County, Florida, is
less than 60 miles from Grand Bahama Island, and the mainline
Florida Keys are less than 100
miles from Cuba. Considering the
*85 15Village Mill Row, Bayonet Point,
Florida 34667-2662, billpranty@hotmail.com
FLORIDA A N D SOUTHEASTERN COAST

Next Birds: Some Background

1-

Just over ten years ago Don Roberson of Pacific Grove, California, was asked to
gather a panel of birding experts and ornithologists from around the US. and Canada
to predict what species would be the next new birds recorded in North America.
After some thoughtful balloting, the predictions appeared in the December 1988
Birding. Now, we have assembled seven new panels, one for each of the seven regions
covered in 1988 (with only slight geographic alteration): southern Arizonalsouthwestern New Mexico, Florida and the southeastern Gulf Coast,Texas,western Alaska,
northeastern North America (Newfoundland to Delaware Bay), Pacific pelagic (British
Columbia to California), and Atlantic pelagic (mainly associated with the Gulf Stream).
Predictions again are being made as to what species might be considered most likely
candidates t o make an addition t o the ABAArea list in the foreseeable future. Here
is the third article in that mini-series, this one on Florida and the southeastern Gulf
Coast. Previously covered regions in the mini-series are shown in pink in the map
below.To check on more of the ground-rules for this seven-part mini-series,
see the first installment in the December 1998 Birding (pp. 4 8 4 4 9 I).

Palcific Pelagic
(BritistI Columbia
to California)

(mainly Gulf Stream)

Southeast
and Sou
New

Texas

and Southeastern
Gulf Coast

most likely new aba birds

FLORIDA AND SOUTHEASTERN

GULF COAST REGION

:arner,, ,
Parish j
New

THE
BAI-WW

/1

distribution of Caribbean strays in

North America, it might have
been more efficient had only
four southeastern counties in
Florida been chosen for consideration in that article, rather than
nearly the.entire state and portions of three other states.
Most of the "South Florida and
Southeastern Gulf Coast" region
that we are examining in this
mini-series has no affinity to subtropical southeastern Florida. To
illustrate this fact, the table lists
the 25 species recorded in the region as first records for North
America. Twenty-one of these occurred in three of the four counties that comprise southeastern
Florida: Palm Beach, MiamiDade, and Monroe (the fourth

county is Broward). The remaining four species occurred elsewhere in Florida, two in the Panhandle and two in the peninsula.
Monroe County, which includes
the western portion of Everglades
National Park and nearly all of
the Florida Keys, accounts for
two-thirds of all species new to
North America that were recorded
first from this region.
No species have been reported
first in North America from
coastal portions of Alabama and
Mississippi, or from the coastal
portion of Louisiana east of the
Mississippi River delta. Each of
these states, however, has recorded
a first North American record
from outside the boundary of the
region which we are discussing. La

Sagra's Flycatcher was found at

Orrville (not "Oroville" as in AOU
1998), Alabama, on 14 September
1963 (Miles 1967); Citrine Wagtail
at Starkville, Mississippi, 31 January-1 February 1992 (DeBenedictis 1994); and Blue Bunting at
Cameron Parish, Louisiana, 16
December 1979 (Cardiff and Rernsen 1981). The Kelp Gull recorded
at the Chandeleur Islands,
Louisiana, in 1989 will be the first
exception to the table if the
species is accepted by the ABA
Checklist Committee.
Only three of the 54 species selected by Roberson's panel were o
Caribbean affinity, and only the
Greater Antillean Pewee (= Cuban
Pewee, Contopus caribaeus) made
the Top 10 list. The two other
SIRDING, JUNE 199"

,
:
!

g;
.

Caribbean species mentioned were

Pearly-eyed Thrasher and Greater
Antillean Bullfinch. At least two
other species considered to be potential North American strays by
Roberson's panel-Bulwer's Petrel
and Streaked Flycatcher-also
might occur in the region.
On 11March 1995, a Cuban
Pewee was discovered by Brian
Hope at Spanish River Park in
Palm Beach County, Florida (Pranty 1995). The bird remained
through at least 4 April 1995, and
was well documented by photographs
- - and audio- and videotapes. This was the first record for
Cuban Pewee in North America,
although the species has not yet
been added to the ABA Checklist.
Of the other four species menFLORIDA A N D SOUTHEASTERN COAST

tioned by Roberson that might be

found in the region, Pearly-eyed
Thrasher has not been reported in
North America. The three remaining species have all been reported
in Florida, but none was recorded
verifiably (i.e., photographed,
tape-recorded, salvaged, or collected) using the criteria established by Robertson and
Woolfenden (1992) and Stevenson
and Anderson (1994), and none is
on the Florida or ABA lists. The
report of a Greater Antillean
Bullfinch was clouded by the possibility that the bird had escaped
from captivity, but Robertson and
Woolfenden consider the species
to be "surely a plausible straggler
to southern Florida."
For our current predictions, the

gion; 10 birders and ornithologists

who live in the region were chosen
to make the predictions. Eight of
the panel members live in Florida,
with the other two from Alabama
and Louisiana, respectively From
Alabama is Greg Jackson, Field
Notes seasonal editor for the Central Southern Region and the birdrecords compiler for Alabama.
From Louisiana is David Muth,
former longtime American Birds
seasonal editor of the Central
Southern Region, and a former
member of the Louisiana Bird
Records Committee. The Florida
birders are Bruce Anderson, coauthor of The Birdlife of Florida
and past president of the Florida
247

most likely new aba birds

1
I

Ornithological Society (FOS); Lyn

Atherton, former American B i d s
seasonal editor and past secretary
of the FOS Records Committee;
Wes Biggs, state coordinator of the
Florida Breeding Bird Atlas (19861991), and founder of Flor~daNature Tours; Bob Duncan, expert in
birds of the Florida pmhandle region, and author of T l ~ Birds
e
of
E ~ c n n z b iS'7;zt.~
~ ~ , Rosn, rind O h loosn Colrirties, Florida; David
Goodwin, longtime compiler of
the St. Petersburg Christmas Bird
Count and past president of FOS;
Wayne Hoffnlan, until recently the
ornithologist for the National
Audubon Society's Tavernier field
station; Bill Pranty, author of A
Birder? Guide to Florida and state
compiler of the FOS seasonal bird
reports; and William B. Robertson
[r., senior research scientist a t Evxglades National Park and author
or co-author of dozens of publications, including Florida Bird
Species: A n Annotated List.
Twenty-six species were mentioned by this panel as having the
potential to stray into the Florida
and Gulf Coast region. Each
species was ranked hierarchically
according to its likelihood of occurring in the region.
Because Duncan, Jackson, and
Muth live far from the southeastern Florida coast, they chose to list
potential stragglers from Central
and South America rather than
from the Caribbean. Their choices
differ significantly from those of
the peninsular Florida birders.
rhis adds a welcome flavor to the
rall list. Among the Central
I South American candidates,
however, only the Piratic Flycatcher made the Top Six List; the other

RED-LEGGEDTHRUSH

In order, the Top Six most likely additions to the ABA Checklist
from the Florida and Gulf Coast
region are the following: Cuban
Emerald, Red-legged Thrush,
Olive-capped Warbler, Bahama
Yello\vthroat, Piratic Flycatcher,
and Greater Antillean Bullfinch.
With the exception of the flycatcher, which is from tropical
America, these species all occur
cominoidy in the Bahama Islands,
and some occur also in Cuba. Perhaps not surprisingly, published reports in Florida for all species but
the flycatcher exist, but verifiable
evidence is lacking in all cases.
Birders who wish to study potential West Indian strays have two
widely available field guides at
their disposal: Birds of the West
lndies (Bond 1990) and A Guide to
the Birds of the West lndies (Raffaele et al. 1998), prefaced in Raffaele (1998). Bond (1990) is smaller

-,.

BI

HALL-.

(i.e., it is a true "field" guide),

costs less, and its illustrations
focus solely on Caribbean species.
But although Raffaele et al. (1998)
costs more, many birders will prefer it over Bond (1990) because it
contains range maps for all species
and is current in terms of nomenclature. (Raffaele et al. 1998, however, chose to use their own name
-Crescent-eyed P e w e e f o r Cuban Pewee, a decision sure to cause
confusion.) A Birder3 Guide to the
Bahama Islands, including Turks
and Caicos (White 1998b), prefaced in White (1998a), is an excellent reference for the Bahamas and
includes many color photographs
of the Bahamian specialties.
Again, some of the choices by
Duncan, Jackson, and Muth are
to be found in Hilty and Brown
(1986) or Howell and Webb (1995)
rather than in Bond, Raffaele et
al., o r White.
BIRDING. JUNE 1999

I 'I
I .

Cuban Emerald
(Chlorostilbon ricordii)
Native to the northern Bahamas,
Cuba, and the Isle of Pines, this
species was by far the run-away
winner, included in the lists of all
seven birders from the Florida
peninsula. It was the top choice of
Anderson, Atherton, Biggs, Goodwin, Pranty, and Robertson, and
the second choice of Hoffman. It
has been reported in Florida about
14 times, most recently in May
1991 at Everglades National Park,
Miami-Dade County, when
Atherton, Biggs, and others saw
it, but it has yet to be documented
verifiablp All seven panel members from peninsular Florida
agreed that it is just a matter of
time before this species is photographed or videotaped in the
state.
The Cuban Emerald is slightly
larger than a Ruby-throated Hummingbird, with a straight bill with
a mostly reddish lower mandible.
Males have an all-green body with
white undertail coverts; females
have grayish underparts. Both
sexes have a small white postocular spot (males) or stripe (females)
and a long, deeply-forked tail,
black in males or brownish in females. Brace's Emerald (C. bracei), which is known from a single
specimen collected from New
Providence Island in 1877 and presumably is now extinct, may have
been indistinguishable in the field
from Cuban Emerald.

Red-legged Thrush
(Turdus plumbeus)
Native to the Bahamas, Cuba, the
Isle of Pines, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, and other Caribbean islands,
this species has been reported
FLORIDA AND SOUTHEASTERN COAST

March 1960 at Miami, MiamiDade County, Florida. The observers considered the bird to be
an escapee, although no sourcc
was mentioned. Robertson and
Woolfenden (1992) considered
such an assessment to be unnecessary and cited the report of a presumed vagrant at Grand Cayman
Island. Pranty chose this species
over other potential Caribbear
strays such as West Indian
Whistling-Duck, Cuban Grass
quit, Cuban Bullfinch, and
Greater Antillean Bullfinch vecause he felt that the thrush was
least likely to be kept in captivity,
and any verified Florida record
was likely to be accepted as a genuine strap
The Red-legged Thrush is about
the size of an American Robin.
Birds from the Bahamas are a dark
gray overall, with a black throat
and a white chin. Birds from central and western Cuba have a darker chin and a reddish-brown belly
In all races, the tail is black with
large, white terminal-spots; tht
soft parts (i.e., legs, bill, and 01
bital rings) are red.

"v

Bahama Yellowthroa

(Geothlypis rostrata)
Native to the northern Bahamas
(Abaco, Andros, Cat Island,
Eleuthera, Grand Bahama, and
New Providence), this species has
produced.three North American
reports, all from Florida. The first
report: by Paul Sykes, was of a
bird mist-netted at Loxahatchee
NWR, Palm Beach County, on 19
October 1968 (Sykes 1974). It was
examined briefly, then escaped before it could be documented fully
The second report, from the west-

BRUCE HALLETT

ern Florida Panhandle on 8 October 19-4. probably should be discounted until details are published. Dunn and Garrett (1997)
mention an additional Florida report: remains of a bird found in
the stomach of a tiger shark (!)
captured off llelbourne Beach,
Brevard County, on 11 May 1976.
Bahama Yellowthroat is slight
larger than a Common Yellowthroat, with a longer, more robu
bill and all-yellow underparts.
The call note is a distinct tuck or
chyimp that lacks the "sh or j
qualities" of a Comnlon Yellowthroat (Dunn and Garrett 1997).

Olive-capped Warbler
(Dendroica pityophila)
This species is native to pine
ests of Cuba, Grand Bahama, and
Abaco. Robertson felt that the
Lower Keys are the most
spot for this species to sh

most

-'-

ely new aba birds

Florida, since the bird's pine forest

habitat has been virtually eliminated from mainland southeastern
Florida. The sole North American
report is from atypical habitat
(i.e., West Indian hardwood hammock) at Everglades National
Park, Miami-Dade County, Florida, on 8 March 1991, a report not
accepted by the FOS Records
Committee.
Olive-capped Warbler is about
the size of a Northern Parula, with
dull bluish-gray upperparts, a
brownish-olive cap, and two
whitish wingbars. The yellow
throat and breast are bordered by
black. Belly and undertail coverts
are dingy $

Piratic ~'iwatcherrp

OLIVE-CAI

Native from southern Mexico

south to northern Argentina and
southern Brazil. Northern populations of this species migrate south
during northern winter, but southern populations migrate northward following breeding (our winter). This was Jackson's top
choice, and Duncan's second.
There are three recent reports of
Piratic Flycatcher from North
America: one from Rattlesnake
Springs, New Mexico, in September 1996, a second from Big Bend,
Texas in April 1998, and the third,
which actually occurred first, of a
bird photographed at the Dry Tortugas National Park, Florida, on
15 March 1991, initially identified
as a Variegated Flycatcher
(Bradbury 1992) but recently reidentified as a Piratic Flycatcher
(fide Bruce Anderson). However,
the Piratic Flycatcher is not yet
under consideration by the ABA
Checklist Committee.

Piratic Flycatchers are smaller

than Sulphur-bellied Flycatchers,
with a much smaller bill, a dark
mask and cap, whitish supercilium, an unstreaked back, pale
throat, blurry dusky streaking o r
the chest and flanks, and a tail
that lacks rusty color.

Greater Antillean
Bullfinch
(Loxigilla violacea)
This species is native to the Bahamas, Hispaniola, and Jamaica.
The sole North American report
was of a male studied "as close as
10 feet for 20 minutes" by Cynthia
Plockelman and A1 Liberman, two
experienced Florida birders, at
Hypoluxo Island, Palm Beach
County, Florida, on 24 April 1977
(Kale 1977). This species was listed as an Honorable Mention by
Roberson's (1988) panel.
Greater Antillean Bullfinch is
slightly smaller than a Blue Grosbeak with a similar body shape
and large conical bill. Plumage is
black overall, with dull red eyebrows, throat, and undertail
coverts.
The Blue-and-white Swallow
and Pearly-eyed Thrasher received
the same number of points from
the panel as the Greater Antillean
Bullfinch. However, the bullfinch
was chosen by three panel members versus two each for the swallow and thrasher, so it was given a
higher ranking.

Twenty honorable-mention
species that did not make the Top
six list were also chosen by one or
more panel members. Ten of these
received from two to six points
each, while ten others received
BIRDING, JUNE 1999

only a single p o i n t each. T h o s e

t h a t received m o r e t h a n o n e p o i n t
a r e mentioned below in greater
detail.
1. Blue-and-white Swallow (Pygochelidon cyanoleuca). A widespread species whose South American, south-of-the-equator, populations are austral, northbound,
migrants.
2. Pearly-eyed Thrasher (Margarops
fuscatus). Widespread in the West
Indies, and expanding its range in
the Bahamas. Shows some tendency for vagrant): with a report
from New Providence Island. This
species was also listed as an Honorable lMention in the original
Roberson article (1988), which includes a photograph.
3. "Cuban Crab Hawk" (Btrteogallus
/anthracinus] gundlachii). Considered currently to be a race of
the Common Black-Hawk but
may soon be elevated to the level
of a full species. Endemic to
Cuba. Numerous reports and a
few records of this species have
occurred in ~Mia~ni-Dade
and

Monroe counties, Florida-most

identified as Great Black-Hawks
(Buteogallus mrubitinga)-but
their origins have been questioned
(Robertson and \Voolfenden 1992,
itevenson and Anderson 1994).
jocial Flycatcher (Myiozetetes
sinzilis). A common resident from
coastal Mexico (north to southern
Tamaulipas) south to Peru and
Argentina. This was an "also ran"
of Roberson's (1988) panel. This
species has been reported from
Texas.
Streakcd Flycatcher (Myiodynastes inaculatus). Another Honorable mention from Roberson
(1988), including a photograph.
There is a well-detailed report
from St. George Island State Park,
Franklin County, Florida, on 25
September 1995 (Dean and Sally
Jue in Pranty 1996). There havc
been othcr unverified reports from
outsidc the Florida-Gulf region.
White-throated Kingbird (Tyranntrs albogzilaris). A widespread
austral migrant of South Amcrica
(north to thc Guianas and south-

.-151:
9"

FLORIDA A N D SOUTHEASTERN COAST

- ,-g p p ;
%$& .2+--;

eastern Venezuela) that winters ir

the Amazon basin.
A
Alpine Swift (Apt~s~7~1617).
highly migratory species native to
southern Europe, Africa, and
southwestern Asia. A vagrant to
Barbados, St. Lucia, Guadeloupe.
and Puerto Rico.
Bulwer's Petrel (Bulweria bulwerii). This was ranked second
most likely to occur by Roberson's
(1988) panel. There are numerous
North American reports, including two from Florida. One bird
photographed off Monterey Bay,
Monterey County, California, on
26 July 1998, followed shortly.
thereafter by another photographed off North Carolina on
S August 1998, will be the first
S o r t h American records if accepted by the ABA Checklist
Committee. (Given our panel
rules, ho~vever,this species is legitimate for our list, since it was not
under co~isiderationby the ABA
Checklist Committee when the
votes Ivere cast.)
Plumheous Kite (Ictiileil
pltrmbeL7).X spring and summer
resident of Central and South
America, north to southern
Tamaulipas and south to nor
ern Argentina.
10. Black-bellied Storm-Petrel (Fre- t R.* F' , ~E gatta t ~ o ~ i iA~seabird
).
of soutli-' r. r :
*
ern oceans that undergoes a
,
'.
northward post-breeding dispersal in the Atlantic nearly to the
. -, '
equator. The sole North Ameri.
can report refers to seven speci- i 2 , 3:. -*? s - 2 . '
rnens collected a t St. Marks har- :.it f.5:
i2-u.f
bor, Wakulla County, Florida, , &++-I *:
around 1850 (Howell 1932). Based :
' . ,. !:*
o n measurements taken by G.N.
i
.
Lawrence, Bourne (1962 and 1964
'"1
in Stevenson and Anderson 1994)
i
:
i;
determined that the Florida speci,
rnens ere of the Wh~te-bellied &:,-?;
Storm-Petrel ( E grallaria), rather ,*,a$
than of E tropica. None of the -rj&<d
'

,:

'

.- *

<,!*

most likely new aba birds

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presently, and neither species is on

the ABA Checklist.

The following species all received one point each: Softplumaged Petrel (Pterodroma mollis), West Indian Whistling-Duck
(Dendrocygna arborea), Gray
Heron (Ardea cinerea), Violet
Sabrewing (Campylopterus hemileucurus), Chestnut-collared Swift
(Streptoprocne rutila), Grayrumped Swift (Chaetura cinereiventris), Caribbean Martin
(Progne dominicensis), Smallbilled Elaenia (Elaenia pnrvirostris)-another "also ran" of
Roberson's panel, Giant Kingbird
(Tymnnus cubensis), and Cuban
Bullfinch (Melopyrrha nigm).

Literature Cited
American Birding Association. 1996. ABA
Checklist: Birds of the Continental
United States and Canada. 5th ed.
Colorado Springs.
American Ornithologists' Union. 1998.
Check-list o f North American Birds.
7th ed. Washington, D.C.
Bond, J. 1990. Birds of the West Indies.
5th ed. Collins. London.
Bradbury, R.C. 1992. First Florida record
of Variegated Flycatcher (Empidonomus varius) at Garden Key, Dry Tortugas. Florida Field Naturalist
20: 4 2 4 .
Cardiff, S.W., and J.V. Remsen Jr. 1981. A
Blue Bunting [Passerina (Cyanocompsa) parellina] record for the United
States from Louisiana. Auk 98:
621-622.
DeBenedictis, PA. 1994.1994 ABA Checklist report. Birding 27:367-368.
Dunn, J., and K. Garrett. 1997. A Field
Guide to Warblers of North America.
Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
Hilty, S.J., and W.L. Brown. 1986. A
Guide to the Birds of Colombia.
Princeton University Press.
Howell, A.H. 1932. Florida Bird Life.
Coward-McCann, New York.
Howell, S.N.G., and S. Webb. 1995. A
Guide to the Birds of Mexico and
Northern Central America. Oxford

University Press, New York.

Kale, H.W. 11. 1977. Florida Region
[Spring 1977 report]. American Birds.
31: 988-992.
Miles, M.L. 1967. An addition to the avifauna of the United States: Myiarchus
stolidus sagrae. Auk 84: 279.
Pranty, B., compiler. 1995. Florida Ornithological Society Field Observations Committee spring report:
March-May 1995. Florida Field Naturalist 23: 99-108.
. 1996. Florida Ornithological Society Field Observations Committee
fall report: August-November 1995.
Florida Field Naturalist 24: 48-59.
Raffaele, H.A. 1998. Bahamian and other
West Indian birds. Birding 30:
208-211.
Raffaele, H.[A.], J. Wiley, 0. Garrido, A.
Keith, and J. Raffaele. 1998. A Guide
to the Birds o f the West Indies. Princeton University Press.
Roberson, D. 1988. The 10 most likely additions to the ABA Checklist. Birding
20(6): 353-363.
Robertson, W.B., Jr., and G.E. Woolfenden. 1992. Florida Bird Species: An Annotated List. Special Publication No.
6. Florida Ornithological Society
Gainesville.
Stevenson, H.M., and B.H. Anderson.
1994. The Birdlife of Florida. Universit y Press of Florida, Gainesville.
Sykes, I?W. 1974. First record of Bahama
Yellowthroat in the United States.
American Birds 28: 14-15.
White, A. W. 1998a. Birding Southern
Abaco. Birding 30: 196-211.
. 1998b. A Birder's Guide to the
Bahama Islands, including Turks and
Caicos. American Birding Association,
Colorado Springs.

Additional S~ecies