Battle of Lepanto

This article is about Battle of Lepanto in 1571. For other The Christian coalition had been promoted by Pope Pius
uses, see Battle of Lepanto (disambiguation).
V to rescue the Venetian colony of Famagusta, on the island of Cyprus, which was being besieged by the Turks
The Battle of Lepanto took place on 7 October 1571 in early 1571 subsequent to the fall of Nicosia and other
Venetian possessions in Cyprus in the course of 1570.
when a eet of the Holy League, a coalition of southern European Catholic maritime states, led by Spain de- The banner for the eet, blessed by the pope, reached the
cisively defeated the eet of the Ottoman Empire on the Kingdom of Naples (then ruled by the King of Spain) on
northern edge of the Gulf of Corinth, o western Greece. 14 August 1571. There, in the Basilica of Santa Chiara,
The Ottoman forces sailing westwards from their naval it was solemnly consigned to John of Austria, who had
station in Lepanto (Turkish:
nebaht; Greek: - been named leader of the coalition after long discussions
or Naupaktos or pahtos) met the Holy between the allies. The eet moved to Sicily and leaving
League forces, which came from Messina, Sicily, where Messina reached (after several stops) the port of Viscardo
they had previously gathered.
in Cephalonia, where news arrived of the fall of Famagusta
and of the torture inicted by the Turks on the
The victory of the Holy League prevented the Ottoman
Venetian
commander of the fortress, Marco Antonio BraEmpire from expanding further along the European side
gadin.
of the Mediterranean. Lepanto was the last major
naval battle in the Mediterranean fought entirely between On 1 August, the Venetians had surrendered after being
galleys and has been assigned great symbolic and histori- reassured that they could leave Cyprus freely. However,
the Ottoman commander, Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha, who
cal importance by several historians.[9][10][11]
had lost some 52,000 men in the siege (including his son),
broke his word, imprisoning the Venetians. On 17 August, Bragadin was ayed alive and his corpse hung on
1 Background
Mustafas galley together with the heads of the Venetian
commanders, Astorre Baglioni, Alvise Martinengo and
Gianantonio Querini.
Despite bad weather, the Christian ships sailed south and,
on 6 October, they reached the port of Sami, Cephalonia
(then also called Val d'Alessandria), where they remained
for a while. On 7 October, they sailed toward the Gulf of
Patras, where they encountered the Ottoman eet. While
neither eet had immediate strategic resources or objectives in the gulf, both chose to engage. The Ottoman eet
had an express order from the Sultan to ght, and John of
Austria found it necessary to attack in order to maintain
the integrity of the expedition in the face of personal and
political disagreements within the Holy League.[12]

2 Forces
See Battle of Lepanto order of battle for a detailed list of ships and commanders involved in
the battle.
The members of the Holy League were Spain (including
the Kingdom of Naples, the Kingdom of Sicily and the
Kingdom of Sardinia as part of the Spanish possessions),
the Republic of Venice, the Papal States, the Republic of
Genoa, the Duchy of Savoy, the Duchy of Urbino, the

Depictions of the Ottoman Navy during the battle of Lepanto

3 DEPLOYMENT

Knights Hospitaller and others. Its eet consisted of 206

galleys and 6 galleasses (large new galleys, invented by
the Venetians, which carried substantial artillery) and was
commanded by Don John of Austria, the illegitimate son
of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles I of Spain and V
of the Holy Roman Empire, and half-brother of Philip
II of Spain, supported by the Spanish commanders Don
Luis de Requesens and Don lvaro de Bazn, and Genoan
commander Gianandrea Doria.

tions of the Ottoman Empire, namely Berbers, Greeks,

Syrians, and Egyptiansand 34,000 soldiers.[22] Ali
Pasha, the Ottoman admiral (Kapudan-i Derya), supported by the corsairs Mehmed Siroco (natively Mehmed
uluk) of Alexandria and Ulu Ali, commanded an Ottoman force of 222 war galleys, 56 galliots, and some
smaller vessels. The Turks had skilled and experienced
crews of sailors but were signicantly decient in their
elite corps of Janissaries. The number of oarsmen was
[23]
Vessels had been contributed by the various Christian about 37,000, virtually all of them slaves.
states: the Spanish Empire was the largest contributor An advantage for the Christians was their numerical suof money, ships and men to the League, and Philip IIs periority in guns and cannon aboard their ships, as well as
admiral and brother, Don Juan of Austria, subsequently the superior quality of the Spanish infantry.[17] It is estiled their forces.[13] The Spanish Empire provided to the mated that the Christians had 1,815 guns, while the Turks
eet 81 galleys and 20 sailing ships (30 galleys from the had only 750 with insucient ammunition.[6] The ChrisKingdom of Naples, 14 galleys from Spain, 10 galleys tians embarked with their much improved arquebusier
from the Kingdom of Sicily and the remaining from pri- and musketeer forces, while the Ottomans trusted in their
vate contractors).[14] Spain also provided 40 frigates and greatly feared composite bowmen.[24]
brigantines.[15] 109 galleys and 6 galleasses came from
the Republic of Venice, 27 galleys from the Republic
of Genoa (partly nanced by Spain), 7 galleys from the
3 Deployment
Pope, 5 galleys of the Order of Saint Stephen from the
Grand Duchy of Tuscany, 3 galleys each from the Duchy
of Savoy and the Knights of Malta, and some privately
owned galleys in Spanish service.[16][17] All members
of the alliance viewed the Ottoman navy as a signicant threat, both to the security of maritime trade in the
Mediterranean Sea and to the security of continental Europe itself. Spain was the largest nancial contributor,
though the Spaniards preferred to preserve most of their
galleys for Spains own wars against the nearby sultanates
of the Barbary Coast rather than expend its naval strength
for the benet of Venice.[17] The various Christian contingents met the main force, that of Venice (under Venier),
in July and August 1571 at Messina, Sicily. John of Austria arrived on 23 August.
This eet of the Christian alliance was manned by 40,000
sailors and oarsmen. In addition, it carried almost
28,000 ghting troops: 10,000 Spanish regular infantry
of excellent quality,[17] 7,000 Germans and Croatians
and 5,000 Italian mercenaries in Spanish pay,[18] and
5,000 Venetian soldiers.[19] Also, Venetian oarsmen were
mainly free citizens and were able to bear arms adding to
the ghting power of their ship, whereas convicts were
used to row many of the galleys in other Holy League Formation of the eets just before contact.
squadrons.[20]
Many of the galleys in the Ottoman eet were also rowed
by slaves, often Christians who had been captured in previous conquests and engagements.[20] Free oarsmen were
generally acknowledged to be superior by all combatants,
but were gradually replaced in all galley eets (including those of Venice from 1549) during the 16th century
by cheaper slaves, convicts and prisoners-of-war owing to
rapidly rising costs.[21]

The Christian eet formed up in four divisions in a northsouth line. At the northern end, closest to the coast, was
the Left Division of 53 galleys, mainly Venetian, led by
Agostino Barbarigo (admiral), with Marco Querini and
Antonio da Canale in support. The Centre Division consisted of 62 galleys under John of Austria himself in his
Real, along with Sebastiano Venier, later Doge of Venice,
Mathurin Romegas and Marcantonio Colonna.

The Ottoman galleys were manned by 13,000 experi- The Right Division to the south consisted of another 53
enced sailorsgenerally drawn from the maritime na- galleys under the Genoese Giovanni Andrea Doria, greatnephew of admiral Andrea Doria. Two galleasses, which

3
had side-mounted cannon, were positioned in front of
each main division, for the purpose, according to Miguel
de Cervantes (who served on the galley Marquesa during the battle), of preventing the Turks from sneaking
in small boats and sapping, sabotaging or boarding the
Christian vessels. A Reserve Division was stationed behind (that is, to the west of) the main eet, to lend support
wherever it might be needed.

extended further to the south than his own, and so headed

south to avoid being outanked, instead of holding the
Christian line. After the battle Doria was accused of having maneuvered his eet away from the bulk of the battle
to avoid taking damage and casualties. Regardless, he
ended up being outmaneuvered by Ulu Ali, who turned
back and attacked the southern end of the Centre Division, taking advantage of the big gap that Doria had left.

This reserve division consisted of 38 galleys - 30 behind

the Centre Division commanded by lvaro de Bazn, and
four behind each wing. A scouting group was formed,
from two Right Wing and six Reserve Division galleys.
As the Christian eet was slowly turning around Point
Scropha, Dorias Right Division, at the o-shore side, was
delayed at the start of the battle and the Rights galleasses
did not get into position.

In the north, Mehmed Siroco had managed to get between

the shore and the Christian North Division, with six galleys in an outanking move, and initially the Christian
eet suered. Commander Barbarigo was killed by an
arrow, but the Venetians, turning to face the threat, held
their line. The return of a galleass saved the Christian
North Division. The Christian Centre also held the line
with the help of the Reserve, after taking a great deal of
damage, and caused great damage to the Muslim Centre. In the south, o-shore side, Doria was engaged in a
melee with Ulu Alis ships, taking the worse part. Meanwhile Ulu Ali himself commanded 16 galleys in a fast attack on the Christian Centre, taking six galleysamongst
them the Maltese Capitana, killing all but three men on
board. Its commander, Pietro Giustiniani, Prior to the
Order of St. John, was severely wounded by ve arrows,
but was found alive in his cabin. The intervention of the
Spaniards lvaro de Bazn and Juan de Cardona with the
reserve turned the battle, both in the Centre and in Dorias
South Wing.

The Ottoman eet consisted of 57 galleys and 2 galliots on

its Right under Mehmed Siroco, 61 galleys and 32 galliots
in the Centre under Ali Pasha in the Sultana, and about
63 galleys and 30 galliots in the South o-shore under
Ulu Ali. A small reserve existed of 8 galleys, 22 galliots and 64 fustas, behind the Centre body. Ali Pasha
is supposed to have told his Christian galley-slaves: If
I win the battle, I promise you your liberty. If the day
is yours, then God has given it to you. John of Austria,
more laconically, warned his crew: There is no paradise
for cowards.[25]

The battle

A sinking Ottoman Navy vessel, painting by Pieter Brnniche,

1762.

Ulu Ali was forced to ee with 16 galleys and 24 galliots, abandoning all but one of his captures. During
the course of the battle, the Ottoman Commanders ship
was boarded and the Spanish tercios from 3 galleys and
the Ottoman Janissaries from seven galleys fought on the
deck of the Sultana.[26] Twice the Spanish were repelled
with heavy casualties, but at the third attempt, with reinforcements from lvaro de Bazns galley, they took the
ship. Mezzinzade Ali Pasha was killed and beheaded,
against the wishes of Don Juan. However, when his severed head was displayed on a pike from the Spanish agship, it contributed greatly to the destruction of Turkish
morale. Even after the battle had clearly turned against
the Turks, groups of Janissaries still kept ghting with all
they had. It is said that at some point the Janissaries ran
out of weapons and started throwing oranges and lemons
at their Christian adversaries, leading to awkward scenes
of laughter among the general misery of battle.[6]
The battle concluded around 4 pm. The Ottoman eet
suered the loss of about 210 shipsof which 117 galleys, 10 galliots and three fustas were captured and in
good enough condition for the Christians to keep. On
the Christian side 20 galleys were destroyed and 30 were
damaged so seriously that they had to be scuttled. One
Venetian galley was the only prize kept by the Turks; all
others were abandoned by them and recaptured.

The left and centre galleasses had been towed half a mile
ahead of the Christian line. When the battle started, the
Turks mistook the galleasses for merchant supply vessels
and set out to attack them. This proved to be disastrous;
with their many guns, the galleasses alone were said to
have sunk up to 70 Ottoman galleys before the Ottoman
eet left them behind. Their attacks also disrupted the
Ulu Ali, who had captured the agship of the Maltese
Ottoman formations.
Knights, succeeded in extricating most of his ships from
As the battle started, Doria found that Ulu Alis galleys

5 AFTERMATH

the battle when defeat was certain. Although he had cut

the tow on the Maltese agship in order to get away,
he sailed to Constantinople, gathering up other Ottoman
ships along the way and nally arriving there with 87 vessels. He presented the huge Maltese ag to Sultan Selim
II who thereupon bestowed upon him the honorary title
of kl" (Sword); Ulu thus became known as Kl Ali
Pasha.

recognized by treaty the Ottoman possession of Cyprus,

whose last Venetian possession, Famagosta, had fallen to
the Turks under Piyale Pasha on 3 August 1571, just two
months before Lepanto, and remained Turkish for the
next three centuries, and that summer the Ottoman Navy
attacked the geographically vulnerable coasts of Sicily
and southern Italy. Sultan Selim IIs Chief Minister, the
Grand Vizier Mehmed Sokullu, argued to the Venetian
emissary Marcantonio Barbaro that the Christian triumph
The Holy League had suered around 7,500 soldiers,
sailors and rowers dead, but freed about as many Chris- at Lepanto caused no lasting harm to the Ottoman Empire, while the capture of Cyprus by the Ottomans in the
tian prisoners. Ottoman casualties were around 15,000,
same year was a signicant blow, saying that:
and at least 3,500 were captured.

Aftermath

You come to see how we bear our misfortune. But I would have you know the dierence between your loss and ours. In wresting
Cyprus from you, we deprived you of an arm;
in defeating our eet, you have only shaved our
beard. An arm when cut o cannot grow again;
but a shorn beard will grow all the better for the
razor.[31]

Numerous historians pointed out the historical importance of the battle and how it served as a turning point
in history. For instance, it is argued that while the ships
were relatively easily replaced,[24] it proved much harder
to man them, since so many experienced sailors, oarsmen and soldiers had been lost. The loss of so many of
its experienced sailors at Lepanto sapped the ghting effectiveness of the Ottoman navy, a fact emphasized by its
avoidance of major confrontations with Christian navies
in the years following the battle. Other historians have
The Victors of Lepanto (from left: John of Austria, Marcantonio suggested that the reason for the Turks being contained
at the time had less to do with the battle of Lepanto than
Colonna, Sebastiano Venier).
the fact that they had to contend with a series of wars with
The engagement was a signicant defeat for the Ot- Persia, a strong military power at the time.
tomans, who had not lost a major naval battle since the f- After 1580, the discouraged Ottomans left the eet to rot
teenth century. The defeat was mourned by them as an act in the waters of the Golden Horn.[32] Especially critical
of Divine Will, contemporary chronicles recording that was the loss of most of the caliphates composite bowthe Imperial Fleet encountered the eet of the wretched men, which, far beyond ship rams and early rearms,
indels and the will of God turned another way. [27] were the Ottomans main embarked weapon. US hisTo half of Christendom, this event encouraged hope for torian John F. Guilmartin noted that the losses in this
the downfall of "the Turk", the Satan-like personica- highly specialized class of warrior were irreplaceable in a
tion of the Ottoman Empire,[28] who was regarded as the generation.[33] Paul K. Davis has also stated that:
"Sempiternal Enemy of the Christian. Indeed, the Empire lost all but 30 of its ships and as many as 30,000
This Turkish defeat stopped Ottomans exmen,[24] and some Western historians have held it to be
pansion into the Mediterranean, thus maintainthe most decisive naval battle anywhere on the globe since
ing western dominance, and condence grew
the Battle of Actium of 31 BC.
in the west that Turks, previously unstoppable,
could be beaten.[34]
Despite the decisive defeat, the Ottoman Empire rebuilt
its navy with a massive eort, by largely imitating the
successful Venetian galeasses, in a very short time. By
1572, about six months after the defeat, more than 150
galleys and 8 galleasses, in total 250 ships had been built,
including eight of the largest capital ships ever seen in
the Mediterranean.[29] With this new eet the Ottoman
Empire was able to reassert its supremacy in the Eastern
Mediterranean.[30] On 7 March 1573 the Venetians thus

The victory for the Holy League was historically important not only because the Turks lost over 200 ships and
30,000 men killed (not including 12,000 Christian galley
slaves who were freed), but because the victory heralded
the end of Turkish supremacy in the Mediterranean.[24]
However, in 1574, the Ottomans retook the strategic
city of Tunis from the Spanish-supported Hafsid dynasty,

5
which had been re-installed after John of Austrias forces
reconquered the city from the Ottomans the year before.
Thanks to the long-standing Franco-Ottoman alliance,
the Ottomans were able to resume naval activity in the
western Mediterranean. In 1576, the Ottomans assisted
in Abdul Maliks capture of Fez this reinforced the Ottoman indirect conquests in Morocco that had begun under Sleyman the Magnicent. The establishment of Ottoman suzerainty over the area placed the entire southern
coast of the Mediterranean from the Straits of Gibraltar
to Greece under Ottoman authority, with the exceptions
of the Spanish-controlled trading city of Oran and strategic settlements such as Melilla and Ceuta.

celebrating victory over the Turks.[39] There were celebrations and festivities with triumphs and pageants at
Rome and Venice with Turkish slaves in chains.[40]
There are many pictorial representations of the battle, including one in the Doges Palace in Venice, by Andrea
Vicentino on the walls of the Sala dello Scrutinio, which
replaced Tintoretto's Victory of Lepanto, destroyed by re
in 1577. A painting by Paolo Veronese is in the collection of the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice and Titian's
Allegory of the Battle of Lepanto, using the battle as a
background, hangs in the Prado in Madrid. A painting
by Filipino painter Juan Luna depicting the Battle of Lepanto is also displayed at the Spanish Senate in Madrid.

Religious signicance

The Holy League credited the victory to the Virgin Mary,

whose intercession with God they had implored for victory through the use of the Rosary. Andrea Doria had
kept a copy of the miraculous image of Our Lady of
Guadalupe given to him by King Philip II of Spain in
his ships state room.[35] Pope Pius V instituted a new
Catholic feast day of Our Lady of Victory to commemorate the battle, which is now celebrated by the Catholic
Church as the feast of Our Lady of the Rosary.[36][37]

Descriptions in art and culture

Battle of Lepanto, part of a 19th-century tapestry in a museum

in Gennep, Netherlands.

The signicance of Lepanto has inspired artists in various

elds. One piece of commemorative music composed
after the victory is the motet Canticum Moysis (Song of
Moses Exodus 15) Pro victoria navali contra Turcas by
the Spanish composer based in Rome Fernando de las
Infantas.[38] The other piece of music is Jacobus de Kerle
Cantio octo vocum de sacro foedere contra Turcas
1572 (Song in Eight Voices on the Holy League Against
the Turks), described as an exuberantly militaristic piece

Depiction of the tactical array from the Vatican Library

The battle has also appeared in literature and poetry.

Spanish poet Fernando de Herrera wrote the poem Cancin en alabanza de la divina majestad por la victoria
del Seor Don Juan in 1572. The English author G.
K. Chesterton wrote a poem Lepanto, rst published in
1911 and republished many times since. It provides a series of poetic visions of the major characters in the battle,
particularly the leader of the Christian forces, Don Juan
of Austria (John of Austria). It closes with verses linking Miguel de Cervantes, who fought in the battle, with
the lean and foolish knight he would later immortalize
in Don Quixote. Miguel de Cervantes lost the use of an
arm in this battle and therefore he is known as el manco
de Lepanto (the one-armed man of Lepanto) in the Hispanic world. Emilio Salgari devoted two of his historical novels, Captain Storm and The Lion of Damascus, to the siege of Famagusta and Lepanto and they
served as basis for three movies, two in Italian and one
in Spanish.[41][42][43][44][45]

8 See also
Battle of Preveza (1538)
Battle of Djerba (1560)
Siege of Malta (1565)

9 NOTES
Battle of Navarino (1827)

Notes

[1] Drane, Augusta Theodosia (1858). The Knights of st.

John: with The battle of Lepanto and Siege of Vienna.
London.
[2] Konstam, Angus (2003). Lepanto 1571: The Greatest Naval Battle Of The Renaissance. United Kingdom:
Osprey Publishing. pp. 2023. ISBN 1-84176-409-4.
Retrieved August 29, 2012.
[3] George Ripley and Charles A. Dana (1867). The new
American cyclopaedia: Volume 10. New York.
[4] Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1984). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571, Volume 161. Philadelphia.
[5] Rodgers, William Ledyard (1939). Naval Warfare Under
Oars, 4th to 16th Centuries: A Study of Strategy, Tactics
and Ship Design. United States: Naval Institute Press. p.
175. ISBN 9780870214875.
[6] Georey Parker, The Military Revolution, pp. 8788
[7] Confrontation at Lepanto by T.C.F. Hopkins, intro

[20] John F. Guilmartin (1974), pp. 222225

[21] The rst regularly sanctioned use of convicts as oarsmen
on Venetian galleys did not occur until 1549. re Tenenti,
Cristoforo da Canal, pp. 83, 85. See Tenenti, Piracy and
the Decline of Venice (Berkeley, 1967), pp. 124-25, for
Cristoforo da Canals comments on the tactical eectiveness of free oarsmen c. 1587 though he was mainly concerned with their higher cost. Ismail Uzuncarsili, Osmanli
Devletenin Merkez ve Bahriye Teskilati (Ankara, 1948), p.
482, cites a squadron of 41 Ottoman galleys in 1556 of
which the agship and two others were rowed by Azabs,
salaried volunteer light infantrymen, three were rowed by
slaves, and the remaining 36 were rowed by salaried mercenary Greek oarsmen.
[22] Stevens (1942), p. 63
[23] Konstan (2003), pp. 20-21
[24] A History of Warfare, Keegan, John, Vintage, 1993
[25] Stevens (1942), p. 64
[26] A ag taken at Lepanto by the Knights of the Order of
Saint Stephen, and traditionally said to be the standard of
the Turkish commander, is still in display, together with
other Turkish ags, in the Church of the seat of the Order
in Pisa. , (in Italian)

[8] Georey Parker, The Military Revolution, p. 88

[27] Wheatcroft 2004, pp.33-34
[9] John L. Esposito (1999). The Islamic Threat: Myth or
Reality?. Oxford U.P. pp. 42, 85.
[10] Paul K. Davis (1999). 100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient
Times to the Present. Oxford U.P. p. 170.
[11] Jackson J. Spielvogel (2012). Western Civilization: A Brief
History, Volume II: Since 1500, 8th ed. Cengage Learning.
p. 343.
[12] Glete, Jan: Warfare at Sea, 1500-1650: Maritime Conicts and the Transformation of Europe. Routledge.
2000. pp. 105. Retrieved from Ebrary.
[13] Dandelet, Thomas James: The Renaissance of Empire in
Early Modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 2014. ISBN 9780521769938, p. 154
[14] Meyer Setton, Kenneth: The Papacy and the Levant,
1204-1571, Vol. IV. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1984. ISBN 9780871691620, p. 1047.
[15] Herrera, Fernando de: Relacion de la guerra de Cipre, y
sucesso de la batella naval de Lepanto. Sevilla: Alonso
Picardo, 1572, p. 99.
[16] Konstam, Angus (2003). Lepanto 1571: The Greatest Naval Battle Of The Renaissance. United Kingdom:
Osprey Publishing. p. 23. ISBN 1-84176-409-4. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
[17] Stevens (1942), p. 6669
[18] Clissold (1966), p. 43.
[19] Konstan (2003), p. 20

[28] Department of History - Columbia University (PDF).

Columbia.edu. Retrieved 2012-07-07.
[29] J. Norwich, A History of Venice, 490
[30] L. Kinross, The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of
the Turkish Empire, 272
[31] Wheatcroft 2004, p. 34
[32] Roger Crowley, Empires of the Sea: The siege of Malta,
the battle of Lepanto and the contest for the center of the
world, publisher Random House, 2008, p287
[33] Guilmartin (1974)
[34] Davis, Paul K. 100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times
to the Present
[35] Badde, Paul. Maria von Guadalupe. Wie das Erscheinen
der Jungfrau Weltgeschichte schrieb. ISBN 3-548-605613.
[36] Butlers Lives Of The Saints (April) by Alban Butler (1999)
ISBN 0-86012-253-0 page 222
[37] EWTN on Battle of Lepanto (1571)
[38] Stevenson, R. Chapter 'Other church masters section 14.
'Infantas in Spanish Cathedral Music in the Golden Age
pp316-318.
[39] Stephen Pettitt, 'Classical: New Releases: Jacobus De
Kerle: Da Pacem Domine', Sunday Times, Jan 2006.

[40] See Rick Scorzas article in The Slave in European Art:

From Renaissance Trophy to Abolitionist Emblem, ed Elizabeth McGrath and Jean Michel Massing, London (The
Warburg Institute) and Turin 2012.

Crowley, Roger Empires of the Sea: The siege of

Malta, the battle of Lepanto and the contest for the
center of the world, Random House, 2008. ISBN
978-1-4000-6624-7

[41] Salgari, Emilio (June 19, 1905). Capitan Tempesta. Create Space. ISBN 978-1463637163. Retrieved 8 October
2014.

Currey, E. Hamilton, Sea-Wolves of the Mediterranean, John Murrey, 1910

[42] Salgari, Emilio (January 1, 1947). Il Leone Di Damasco.

Milan: Fabbri. ASIN B005WW1Z5U. Retrieved 8 October 2014.

Guilmartin, John F. (1974) Gunpowder & Galleys:

Changing Technology & Mediterranean Warfare at
Sea in the 16th Century. Cambridge University
Press, London. ISBN 0-521-20272-8.

[43] D'Errico, Corrado. Capitan Tempesta. http://www.

imdb.com''. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
[44] D'Errico, Corrado. Il Leone Di Damasco. http://www.
imdb.com''. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 8 October
2014.

Guilmartin, John F. (2003). Galleons and Galleys:

Gunpowder and the Changing Face of Warfare at
Sea, 1300-1650. Cassell. ISBN 0-304-35263-2.

[45] Navasqus, Carmen. El Len de Damasco. http://www.

imdb.com''. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 8 October
2014.

Hanson, Victor D. Carnage and Culture: Landmark

Battles in the Rise of Western Power, Anchor Books,
2001. Published in the UK as Why the West has
Won, Faber and Faber, 2001. ISBN 0-571-21640-4.
Includes a chapter about the battle of Lepanto

10

Hess, Andrew C. The Battle of Lepanto and Its

Place in Mediterranean History, Past and Present,
No. 57. (Nov., 1972), pp. 5373

References

Anderson, R. C. Naval Wars in the Levant 15591853, (2006), ISBN 1-57898-538-2

Beeching, Jack. The Galleys at Lepanto, Hutchinson, London, 1982; ISBN 0-09-147920-7
Bicheno, Hugh. Crescent and Cross: The Battle of
Lepanto 1571, pbk., Phoenix, London, 2004, ISBN
1-84212-753-5
Capponi, Niccol (2006). Victory of the West:The
Great Christian-Muslim Clash at the Battle of Lepanto. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81544-3.
Braudel, Fernand. The Mediterranean in the Age
of Philip II. (vol 2 1972), the classic history by the
leader of the French Annales School; excerpt and
text search vol 2 pp 10881142

Konstam, Angus, Lepanto 1571: The Greatest Naval

Battle of the Renaissance. Osprey Publishing, Oxford. 2003. ISBN 1-84176-409-4
Stevens, William Oliver and Allan Westcott (1942).
A History of Sea Power. Doubleday.
Harbottles Dictionary of Battles, third revision by
George Bruce, 1979
Parker, Georey (1996) The Military Revolution:
Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 15001800. (second edition) Cambridge University Press,
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Warner, Oliver Great Sea Battles (1968) has Lepanto 1571 as its opening chapter. ISBN 0-89673100-6

Chesterton, G. K. Lepanto with Explanatory Notes

and Commentary, Dale Ahlquist, ed. (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2003). ISBN 1-58617-030-9

The New Cambridge Modern History, Volume I The Renaissance 1493-1520, edited by G. R. Potter, Cambridge University Press 1964

Clissold, Stephen (1966). A short history of Yugoslavia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
ISBN 0-521-04676-9.

Wheatcroft, Andrew (2004). Indels: A History of

the Conict between Christendom and Islam. Penguin Books.

Cakir, brahim Etem, Lepanto War and Some Informaton on the Reconstructon of The Ottoman
Fleet, Turkish Studies -International Periodical For
The Language Literature and History of Turkish or
Turkic, Volume 4/3 Spring 2009, pp. 512531
Cook, M.A. (ed.), A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730, Cambridge University Press, 1976;
ISBN 0-521-20891-2

11 External links
Battle of Lepanto animated battle map by Jonathan
Webb
Chronicle of the battle of Lepanto by Luis Coloma,
SJ

11
Lepanto cultural center
The Battle that Saved the Christian West by Christopher Check
Overview of the battle
Lepanto: The Battle that Saved Christendom?
The Tactics of the Battle of Lepanto Claried: The
Impact of Social, Economic, and Political Factors on
Sixteenth Century Galley Warfare

Coordinates: 3812N 2118E / 38.200N 21.300E

EXTERNAL LINKS

12
12.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Battle of Lepanto Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Lepanto?oldid=658970404 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Bryan

Derksen, Ed Poor, Rmhermen, Panairjdde~enwiki, Esteban Franz Tichy~enwiki, Stevertigo, Llywrch, Ahoerstemeier, GCarty, RodC,
Adam Bishop, David Newton, Benwetmore, Tpbradbury, Joy, Raul654, Wetman, Shafei, She Who Must Be Obeyed, Huangdi, Dimadick,
Robbot, Dale Arnett, The Phoenix, Kristof vt, Dukeofomnium, DocWatson42, Tom harrison, Average Earthman, Snowdog, Varlaam,
DO'Neil, Per Honor et Gloria, Apoivre, Gugilymugily, Alexf, Gdr, Kjetil r, Quadell, Albrecht, Antandrus, Rdsmith4, Ruzulo, PFHLai, Neutrality, D6, Amys, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Fvdham, MeltBanana, David Schaich, Pavel Vozenilek, SpookyMulder,
Bender235, Kross, Euyyn, CeeGee, Sasha Kopf, Kevin Myers, JW1805, La goutte de pluie, Physicistjedi, BCRCornet, Mu5ti, Canek,
Cosal, Nuno Tavares, Kelly Martin, PatGallacher, Deeahbz, TheoClarke, JBellis, WadeSimMiser, Ardfern, Macaddct1984, SDC, Plrk,
Ciroa, Rjwilmsi, Gryndor, BlueMoonlet, Himasaram, Peripatetic, Schaengel89~enwiki, SchuminWeb, DominikHomann, Chinfo, Kyriakos, A.Garnet, Gparker, Str1977, Malhonen, Yce, Chobot, Roeeyaron, Gwernol, Ravenswing, YurikBot, Oldwindybear, Anders.Warga,
Kirill Lokshin, Grubber, Gaius Cornelius, The Ogre, Grafen, Jagatai, Mmccalpin, Rjensen, Thiseye, Retired username, Jpbowen, BOTSuperzerocool, .marc., Rob117, Nikkimaria, GraemeL, Barbatus, Curpsbot-unicodify, Kaicarver, That Guy, From That Show!, Attilios,
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CaptainLepton, Belligero, Cyfal, ClueBot, Dvl007, Stealthepiscopalian, Kalsby, Unbuttered Parsnip, Zburh, Alareiks, S.BULLET., Piledhigheranddeeper, Sik em dawgs, Alexbot, Yorkshirian, Phso2, Takabeg, SchreiberBike, Jtle515, Venera 7, DumZiBoT, XLinkBot, Dubmill, Gingerbreadman4290, Emirkalyoncu, Surtsicna, Luwilt, Addbot, Manuel Trujillo Berges, IsaacMorrison, Mark.hamid, AkhtaBot,
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ZroBot, Knight1993, History6969, SporkBot, MaryContrary, BrokenAnchorBot, KazekageTR, ChuispastonBot, Edhu9,
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Ekingicing, Yogurto, Damonikis and Anonymous: 349

12.2

Images

File:Banner_of_the_Holy_League_1571.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Banner_of_the_Holy_

League_1571.png License: Public domain Contributors: uploaded here by Durero, the creator. Original artist: User:Durero
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Vaticano.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Sp!ros
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Public domain Contributors: National Maritime Museum (BHC0261) Original artist: Template:Yogesh Brahmbhatt
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c2/Coat_of_arms_of_Federico_and_Guidobaldo_da_Montefeltro.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
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License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ningyou.
File:Flag_of_Genoa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Himasaram
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serenissima.htm) Original artist: F l a n k e r
File:Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_(1840).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Flag_of_
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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_

10

12

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

http://www.vicmart.com/ext/en/exrw/item=1416 - Ottoman medal from 1850 Original artist: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/

wiki/User:Dsmurat' title='User:Dsmurat'>DsMurat</a><a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Dsmurat' title='User
talk:Dsmurat'>talk </a>
File:Flag_of_the_Papal_States_(pre_1808).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Flag_of_the_Papal_
States_%28pre_1808%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Himasaram
File:Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Flag_of_
the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta.svg License: Public domain Contributors: en:Image:Flag of the Sovereign Military Order of
Malta.svg Original artist: Zscout370
File:Lapanto_formation.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lapanto_formation.png License: Public
domain Contributors: A History of Sea Power Project Gutenberg edition [1] Original artist: William Oliver Stevens and Allan Westcott
File:Lepanto_f1.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Lepanto_f1.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: www.pinakoteka.zascianek.pl Original artist: Tommaso Dolabella
File:Lepantogennep.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Lepantogennep.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: LooiNL
File:Naval_Ensign_of_the_Ottoman_Empire.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Naval_Ensign_of_
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File:Savoie_flag.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Savoie_flag.svg License: CC0 Contributors: Own
work Original artist: Patricia.di
File:Seeschlacht_von_Lepanto_von_Pieter_Brnniche.jpg
Source:
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Seeschlacht_von_Lepanto_von_Pieter_Br%C3%BCnniche.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Kopenhagen, Dnemark Original
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at en.wikipedia
File:Victors_of_Lepanto.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Victors_of_Lepanto.jpg License: Public
domain Contributors: [1] Original artist: Anonym

12.3

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