Fixed vs.

Variable
There are two types of positive displacement hydraulic pumps. A fixed pump, which
produces a fixed flow (gpm) based on the rpm of the prime mover or electric motor, and
a variable pump, which can vary its rate of flow (gpm) while the input speed (rpm)
remains constant. Although displacement is typically measured in volume displaced per
revolution, output is measured in gpm.
In this example a motor turning at 1200 rpm is driving a fixed displacement gear
pump producing 5 gpm flow. The flow (gpm) can be changed if the speed (rpm) of
the motor changes.
(ki eit gel-git hidrolik pompa mevcuttur. Sabit pompa, sabit bir ak reticek
ekilde zerinde bir elektrik motoru mevcuttur. Deiken pompa ise motor hz(rpm)
sabit kalrken ak(gmp) iddetini deitirebilir. Gel-git durumu tipik olarak bir
devirdeki hacim deiimiyle hesaplanr ve sonuta gpm cinsinden bir ak elde
edilmi olur.
rnein bir motor 1200 rpm hzla sabit pompayla dnyor ve pompa 5gpm akm retiyor.
Motorun hz(gpm) deiirse akm da deiebilir.

When a variable displacement pump is used in the system, the flow (gpm) can be varied
in two ways. As with fixed displacement pumps, the flow (gpm) will be changed if the
speed (rpm) of the motor is changed. The second way is to vary the displacement of the
pump. For example, the displacement of an axial piston pump is determined by the
distance the pistons are pulled in and pushed out of the cylinder barrel. Since the
swashplate
( Bu ekilde ak 2 ekilde deitirilebilir. Sabit pompada ak ancak motorun hz
deitirilirse deitirilebilir. 2.yol ise deiken pompadr. rnein deiken pompann
iindeki pistonlarn silindirden ieriye itilmeleri ve ekilmeleri arasndaki mesafeyle
hesaplanr.)

35

NOTES

36

angle controls this distance in an axial piston pump, we need only to change the angle
of the swashplate to alter the piston stroke and pump volume./ Several means of
varying the swashplate angles are usedThey may include hand levers, mechanical
stops, or more sophisticated, hydraulically positioned devices. If the pump produces 5
gpm flow with 1200 rpms and maximum displacement, the flow (gpm) can be varied by
moving the swashplate in the upright position or de-stroking the pump. This will vary the
flow from 5 0 gpm./
(Deiken pompadaki eik plaka sayesinde plakann as deitirilerek piston
giren sv hacmi deitirilir. Bu ay deitirmek iin eitli kollar, mekanik
dmeler ya daha sofistike hidrolik cihazlar kullanlr. rnein 5 gpmlik bir akm
eik plaka sayesinde 5-0 arasnda deitirilebilir hale gelebilir.

The gallon per minute discharge of fixed displacement pumps can only be changed
by increasing or decreasing the speed of the electric motor. Dakikada geen sv

hacmi, sabit gel git pompalarnda sadece elektrik motorunun hzn

arttrarak veya azaltarak deitirilebilir./
Quiz
1. Gear Pumps /Dili Pompalar
a) may be variable. deiken olabilir.
b) are usually not used in hydraulics. genellikle hidrolik olarak kullanlmaz.
c) change displacement with changes in rpm.
rpm deiiklikler ile yer deitirme
deitirin.
d) give constant output with constant rpm.
sabit rpm ile sabit k verir.
2. Variable displacement pumps change the output flow by Deiken hacimli pompa ile
k akm deiiklii
a) changing either the pumps rpm and/or swashplate
angle. ya pompa deitirme devir ve/veya swashplate
as.
b) only changing the swashplate angle. sadece eik plaka
as deiiyor.
c) only changing the pumps rpm. sadece pompa deitirme rpm.
3. Variable volume pumps may also be pressure compensated.
Deiken hacimli pompa da basn telafi edilebilir.
a) True Doru

b) False Yanl
4. Piston Pumps Pistonlu Pompalar
a) increase flow by increasing the angle of the
swashplate. Eik plaka(swash plate) as artrarak
akn artrmak.
b) decrease flow with increase in swashplate angle. Eik
plaka as arttrlarak akm der.
c) are at full displacement when the rotating group is turning. Rotasyona giren
gruplar dnerken tam yer deiikliini gerekletirmek.

37

NOTES

38

Pressure Compensated

Variable volume pumps can also be pressure compensated.

Deiken hacimli pompa da basn telafi edilebilir.
A pressure compensated piston pump de-strokes, or moves to zero output, at a
predetermined pressure. Basn telafi piston de-fel, veya k, nceden belirlenmi
bir basn altnda sfr hareket pompa This is accomplished by hydraulically positioning
the pumping chambers to zero output while maintaining compensator pressure at the outlet
of the pump. Bu konumlandrma ile hidrolik pompa odalar pompa kndaki basn
dzenleyici koruyarak kt sfr gerekletirilir. In this example we have used a
pressure compensated piston pump. Bu rnekte bir basn piston pompa telafi
kullandk. It is helpful to understand the functionality of a piston pump. Yardmc piston bir
pompa ilevi anlamaktr.

As the pistons rotate around the shaft and follow the angle of the swashplate, they are
pumping fluid out the outlet, which provides pressure to move a component such as a
cylinder.Pistonlar aftn evresinde konumlanr ve eik plakann asn takip ederler.
Svy darndan pompalayp silindiri yerinden oynatcak basn salanr. When the
cylinder reaches the end of its stroke, pressure rises at the outlet of the pump as the
fluids flow path is blocked. Silindir kontur sonuna ulatnda, basn ykselir ve
akmn yolu kapatlm olunur.
This pressure forces the compensating spool up allowing the pressurized fluid to energize
the de-stroking piston and push against the swashplate, forcing it to a vertical position. Bu
basn basnl sv de-okayarak piston eik plakaya kar itilir ve dikey
pozisyonuna gelmesine zorlanr.
With the swashplate vertical the pump is now de-stroked and the pressure at the outlet
board is maintained at a constant level.
eik plakayla dikey pompa yumuak bir arpma gerekletirir ve dardaki
basncn sabit bir seviyede tutulmas salanr. A very slight amount of flow is
produced to maintain de-stroke pressure. Bu basnc korumak iin ok ufak bir akm
retilmi olunur.This flow is bypassed into the case and carried back to the reservoir
through the pump case drain outlet. Bu akm by-passla eski rezervuarna pompa ile
emilir.
Of the three types of hydraulic pumps discussed, (gear, vane and axial piston), only
the vane and piston may be pressure compensated.Hidrolik pompalar iersindeki

 trden, (dili,pervaneli ve eksenel pistonlu), pervaneki ve pistonlu basnc

telafi edilebilir.

39

NOTES

40

Quiz
1. When an axial piston pump is de-stroked or fully
compensating
Eksenel pistonlu bir pompa temas ettiinde ya da
tamamen
dengelendiinde
a) the swashplate is at a 19angle. Eik plakann as 19dir.
b) the swashplate is at a 0angle.
c) there is no pressure.
d) there is maximum flow.

Eik plaka 0bir ayladr.

Basn olumaz
maksimum ak olur.

2. A pressure compensated axial pump will de-stroke when flow is

blocked.
Bir basn telafi ak engellendiinde eksenel olacak de-inme
pompa.
a) True Doru
b) False Yanl
3. When a pressure compensated pump is on stroke, the system is at rated flow and
working pressure. Basn dengeleme pompas zorlandnda, sistem ortalama bir debi
ve alma basncndadr.
a) True Doru
b) False Yanl

41

NOTES
Mill type cylinders are more robust in design than tie rod cylinders. Deirmen tipi
silindirler dizayn olarak tie-rod silindirlerinden daha salamdrlar. Applications for
the mill type cylinders include presses, cranes, iron works and rolling mills. Deirmen
tipi silindir uygulamalarnn iinde presler, Vinler, demir ileri ve rolling mills
bulunur.

42

ACTUATORS TAHRK

Introduction Giri

The actuator is the interface component that converts hydraulic horsepower back into
mechanical horsepower. Tahrik nitesi hidrolik beygir gcn mekanik beygir gcne
dntren bir arayz bileenidir. An actuator may either be a cylinder giving linear
motion or a hydraulic motor giving rotating motion. Bir etki, silindirin dorusal
hareket vermesi ile veya hidrolik bir motorun dorusal bir hareket vermesiyle
olabilir.After completing this section you should have a good understanding of how
actuators work in a hydraulic system. Bu blm tamamladktan sonra sistemi
altranlarn(actuators), bir hidrolik sistemde nasl bir rol aldn anlam olursunuz.
Cylinder

Silindir

Cylinders are linear actuators. Silindirler dorusal altranlardr.Their output force, or

motion, is in a straight line. k gc, ya da hareket, dz bir izgi.Their function is to convert
hydraulic power into linear mechanical power. Onlarn ilevi hidrolik gc lineer mekanik
gce dntrmektir. Their work applications may include pushing, pulling, tilting, and
pressing.
uygulamalar itme, ekme, yatrma, presleme ve ierebilir. Cylinder type and design are
based on specific applications. Silindir tipi ve tasarmlar belirli uygulamalara
dayanmaktadr.

TypesTrleri
A ram is perhaps the most simple of the actuators. Ram belki
mekanizmalar iersinde belki en basit olandr. It has only one fluid
chamber and exerts force in only one direction. Sadece bir sv haznesi

vardr ve kuvveti sadece tek ynde uygular. It is used in applications

where stability is needed on heavy loads. A r y k l e m e l e r d e
stabilizasyona ihtiya duyulduu durumlarda
k u l l a n l r . A single acting cylinder is pressurized on one end only. Her
bir silindir bir tek uca dayanr bu ula basnlandrlr. The opposite end
is vented to the tank or atmosphere. Kar u tanka ve atmosfere dayanr.
They are designed so that the load or a device, such as an internal spring,
retracts them. Yk veya aygt, bir yay gibi onlar geri ekmek iin
tasarlanmtr.
The double acting cylinder is the most common cylinder used in industrial
hydraulics. ift etkili silindir endstride kullanlan en yaygn hidrolik
silindirdir. We can apply pressure to either port, giving power in both
directions. ki uca da basn ve g uygulanabilir. These cylinders are also
classified as differential cylinders because of their unequal exposed areas
during extend and retract. Bu silindirler ayn zamanda ileri geri hareket
edebilmem srasnda eitsiz maruz alanlar yznden diferansiyel
silindir olarak snflandrlr. The difference in effective area is caused by
the area of the rod that reduces the piston area during retraction. E t k i l i
alanda fark, geri ekilme srasnda piston alan
a z a l t a n b i r u b u k a l a n k a y n a k l a n r . Extension is slower
than retraction because more fluid is required to fill the piston side of the
cylinder. Uzatma daha akkan silindirin piston tarafna doldurmak iin
gerekli olduundan retraksiyon daha yavatr. However, more force can
be generated on extension because of greater effective area. Ancak,daha
byk efektif alan sebebiyle, uzatmada daha fazla g verilebilir. On
retraction, the same amount of pump flow will retract the cylinder faster
because of the reduced fluid volume displaced by the rod. Retraksiyon
srasnda ayn deerdeki pompa ak silindirin daha hzlanmasna
sebep olabilir, azalan sv hacmi ubukla yer deitirir. Less force,
however, can be generated due to less effective area. Ancak daha dk
etki alan nedeniyle daha dk kuvvet de verilebilir.

43

NOTES

44

A double rod cylinder is considered a non-differential type cylinder. i f t

ubuk silindir olmayan diferansiyel tip bir silindir
o l a r a k k a b u l e d i l i r . The areas on both sides of the piston are equal,
thus providing equal force in both directions. Pistonun her iki tarafndaki
alanlar eit, bylece her iki ynde de eit g salanyor. An application for
such cylinders would be where it is advantageous to couple a load to both ends or
where equal speed is needed in both directions. Bu tipteki silindirlerin
uygulamalar, iki uta da eit arlk ve eit hz istendiinde avantajl
olucaktr.
Design
The cylinder assembly is constructed of a steel cap end head, a steel barrel assembly, a
rod end head, a rod bearing, a piston, and piston rod. Silindir montaj elik bir kap
son kafa, elik namlu bir derleme, ubuk sonunda bir kafa, bir kol yatak, piston
ve piston kolu ina edilmitir.Tie rods and nuts are used to hold the heads and barrel
assembly together. Kravat ubuklar ve fndklar balar ve varilleri bir arada
tutmak iin kullanlr.Static seals keep the joint pressure tight. Statik mhrler sk
bir basn salam olur. A rod wiper is provided to prevent foreign material from
entering the bearing and seal area. ubuk silecei, mhr alanna giren yabanc
maddelerin kapal Alana girmesini nlemek iin salanmtr.Sealing a moving
surface is provided by the rod seal, which prevents fluid from leaking past the rod, and
by the piston seals, which prevent fluid from bypassing the piston.ubuk tarafndan
salanan hareket eden yzey, svnn boluklardan akp ubuu gemesini nler
ve ayrca piston kapaklar da svnn pistonun dndan gemesini nler. Fluid is
routed to and from the cylinder through the rod end port and the cap end port. , (Akan
svnn rotasyonu bu ekilde belirlenmi olur ve baka bir yere szmas
engellenir.

Motors
Hydraulic motors are classified as rotary actuators. Hidrolik motorlar dner tahrik
olarak snflandrlr. Motors very closely resemble pumps in construction. Motorlar
ok yakndan inaat pompalar benzer.However, instead of pushing on the fluid as the
pump does, the fluid pushes on the internal surface area of the motor, developing torque.
Ancak, pompa gibi sv itmek yerine, sv, tork gelitirmek iin motorun i yzeyini
iter. Resistance from the load is encountered and pump flow provides a continuous

rotating motion. Ykten gelen direnle ile karlaldnda, pompa ak Srekli

dnen bir hareket salar. Since both inlet and outlet ports may be pressurized, most
hydraulic motors are externally drained. Giri ve k portlar hem basnl olabilir
ama ou hidrolik motorlar dtan boaltlr.

45

NOTES
Hydraulic motors are typically classified as high speed motors (500 10,000 rpm) or low
speed motors (0 1,000) rpm. Hidrolik motorlar genellikle hzl motorlar (500 10.000 rpm) veya dk hz (0 - 1,000) motor devir yksek olarak snflandrlr.
Torque (in lbs) = 63025 x hp
rpm
hp = Torque (in lbs) x rpm
63205

46

Ty p e s
The three most common types of hydraulic motors are the gear, vane and piston. Hidrolik
motorlar en yaygn tr dili, paletli ve pistonlu.

Application
Hydraulics motors are primarily rated according to displacement
and torque.( Hidrolik motorlar ncelikle yer deitirme ve
torka gre derecelendirilir. ) The first consideration should be
torque. lk gz tork olmaldr. Hydraulic motors are rated in foot
or inch-pounds of torque per given psi, typically inch-pounds per
100 psi. (Hidrolik motorlar ayak veya verilen psi bana tork,
100 psi in bana pound genellikle in-pound
derecelendirilir. ) Torque is equal to load times radius. Tork
yk kere yarap eittir. Large displacement motors usually
have a greater radius for the hydraulic fluid to push against,
therefore, they create more torque at a specific pressure.Byk
hacimli motorlar genellikle kar itmek iin hidrolik svs
iin daha byk bir yarap var, bu nedenle, belirli bir
basn altnda daha fazla tork retir.
A hydraulic motor that is rated at 100 inch-pounds of
force per 100 psi is rotating a winch with a diameter
of 4 inches. 100 puan olan hidrolik bir motor 100
ps bana kuvvet in-pound 4 in apnda bir
vin dner. Our load is 500 pounds. Bizim yk 500
kilo. The required torque is 2000 inch-pounds.
Gerekli tork 2000 in-pound. Based on the torque
rating of our motor, our operating pressure would be
2000 psi. Bizim motorun tork derecelendirmesine
gre, bizim alma basnc 2000 psi olur.The
second consideration would be displacement. kinci
husus deplasman olurdu. This is necessary to
determine the amount of flow required to rotate the
hydraulic motor at the required rpm. Bu gerekli ak
miktar gerekli rpm hidrolik motoru dndrmek
iin gerekli belirler.

47

NOTES

48

Quiz
1. The purpose of an actuator is to convert hydraulic energy to mechanical
energy.
Bir tahrik amac, mekanik enerjiyi hidrolik enerjiye dntrmektir.
a) True
b) False
2. Cylinders can be used to
Silindirler iin kullanlabilir
a) push or pull a load.
ekmek.
b) tilt a load.
c) press.
d) all of the above.

Bir yk itmek ve
bir yk tamak.
sktrmak.
yukardakilerin hepsi.

3. At the same pressure, a cylinder will produce more force on extend than on
retract.
Ayn basnta, bir silindir uzarken geri girdiini konuma gore daha fazla
kuvvet retir.
a) True
b) False
4. Hydraulic motors are rated according to displacement and torque
capacity.
Hidrolik motor hacmi ve tork kapasitesine gre derecelendirilir.
a) True
b) False
5. Hydraulic motors are only built in two styles: van and
piston.
Hidrolik motorlar sadece iki stilleri ina edilir: van ve
piston.
a) True
b) False

49

NOTES
IMPORTANT !
The primary function of a pressure relief valve is to protect the system from excessive
pressure. (Basn tahliye valfi birincil ilevi ar basntan sistemi korumaktr. )
The valve should no be used to direct excess pressure to the tank, as this may cause
the system to overheat. (Vana tankn basnc ayarlamak iin direct olarak
kullanlmamaldr, nk bu sistemin ar snmasna neden olabilir.)

50

PRESSURE CONTROL
Introduction
This section is designed to give you an understanding of the basic concept of
manipulating force through a hydraulic system, using pressure control valves. Bu
blmde hidrolik bir sistem araclyla g ileme ile ilgili temel kavramlar
hakknda bilgi vermek, basn kontrol valfleri kullanlarak tasarlanmtr. The two
basic design types of these valves are direct acting and pilot operated. Bu vanalar iki
temel tasarm trn ierir, dorudan manuel hareketle ya da pilotla
ynetilen .This section will illustrate the operating principles of these two types of
valves. Bu blm vanalarn bu iki tr alma prensiplerini aklayacak.
Overview
The primary concern in fluid power circuits is to either control the rate of flow or the
pressure level. Akkan g devrelerinin temel amac, ak hzn veya basn seviyesini
kontrol etmektir. One misconception has been that pressure may be controlled with an
orifice or flow control device. Bir yanl anlalma ise basncn delik veya ak kontrol
cihaz ile kontrol edilebiliceidir. This is never accomplished with any degree of
accuracy. Bu asla herhangi bir doruluk derecesiyle badaamaz. For accurate
control of force, six types of pressure controls have been developed. Gc kontrol
etmek iin, 6 tip basn control sistemi gelitirilmitir. They are: relief valve,
unloading valve, sequence valve, reducing valve, counterbalance valve, and brake valve.
Bunlar: tahliye vanas, boaltma vanas, sra vana, denge vana, ve fren vanas. By
symbol, these valves closely resemble one another. Sembolik olarak bu vanalar
birbirlerine benzerler. Often only their location in the hydraulic circuit will designate
what type of pressure valve they are. Sadece tek hidrolik devrenin sistemdeki
konumu ne tipte bir basn vanas olduunu belirler.

Direct Acting Relief Valve

Maximum system pressure can be controlled with the use of a normally closed pressure
valve. Maksimum sistem basnc normal bir ekilde kapal bir basn vanas
kullanm ile kontrol altna alnabilir.With the primary port of the valve connected to a
system pressure and the secondary port connected to tank, the poppet is actuated by a
predetermined pressure level, at which point primary and secondary passages are

connected, and flow is diverted to the tank. Birincil balant noktas vana takl bir
sistemi basn ve ikincil balant noktas bal tank, angelus. tahrik tarafndan
nceden belirlenmi bir basn dzeyi, bu noktada birincil ve ikincil blmler
bal ve ak aktarmak iin tank. This type of pressure control is known as a relief
valve. Basn kontrol bu tr bir tahliye valfi olarak bilinir.

51

NOTES
High flow valves require larger springs to facilitate larger valve assemblies.
Yksek akm vana daha byk yaylar daha byk vanalar kolaylatrmak
iin gerektirir. Larger springs contribute to higher pressure override in the valve.
Byk yaylar daha yksek bir basnc desteklemek iin kullanlr.
Pressure override is the difference between the cracking pressure and the
pressure needed to completely open the valve. Byk basn deiimi en st
seviyedeki basn ile vanay amak iin gereken basn arasndaki farktr.

52

A direct acting relief valve is one in which the poppet is held

closed by direct force of a mechanical spring which is
usually adjustable. Dorudan eyleme geen tahliye
vanas, destein mekanik yayn oluturduu kuvvet
sayesinde makul bir ekilde kapal tutuluyor.Spring
tension is set on the knob to keep the poppet closed until
system pressure working against the poppet reaches the
desired cracking pressure. Yay gerginlii topuzu sistemi
basn angelus kar almak istediiniz atlama
basnc ulaana kadar angelus kapal tutmak iin
ayarlanr.When the system pressure reaches full relief
value, all fluid is passed across the poppet to the tank
passage. Sistem basnc tam bir rahatlama deeri
ulatnda, tm sv tank geii iin angelus karsna
geti.It should be noted that direct acting relief valves are
usually available in only relatively small sizes. Dorudan
harekete geen emniyet valfi sadece nispeten kk
boyutlarda genellikle mevcuttur unutulmamaldr.
Because it is difficult to design a strong enough spring to
keep the poppet closed at high pressure and high flow.
Tutmak iin yeterince gl bir bahar dizayn etmek
zordur, nk angelus yksek basn ve yksek ak
kapal.
Quiz
1. The secondary port of a direct acting relief valve is connected back to the
tank.
Dorudan oyunculuk tahliye valfi ikincil balant noktas tanka bal
geri dnd.
a) True
b) False
2. Direct acting relief valves only come in large sizes because they have to utilize a
large spring directly against a poppet.
Dorudan harekete geen emniyet vanas sadece dorudan bir destek iin
byk bir yay kullanmak zorunda olduklar iin byk boyutlarda gelir.
a) True
b) False
4. A direct acting relief valve can be used to control maximum system
pressure.
Dorudan oyunculuk tahliye valfi, maksimum sistem basnc control
etmek iin kullanlabilir.
a) True

b) False
Pilot Operated Relief Valve
Pilot operated relief valves are designed to accommodate higher pressures with higher
flows being confined to smaller frame size, then a direct acting relief valve with the same
rate of flow capacity. Pilot emniyet valfi yksek basnlarla beraber oluan yksek
akmlar daha kk boyutlu bir walve evirip kk bir erveden geirerek ayn
iddette bir akm kapasitesi oluturur.The valve is built in two stages. Kapak iki
aamal olarak ina edilmitir.The first stage includes the main spool held in a normally
closed position by a light non-adjustable spring. lk aamada ana biriktirme olmayan
ayarlanabilir hafif bir yay normalde Kapal Konumda tutulan ierir. The stage is
large enough to handle the maximum flow rating of the valve. Sahne kapak maksimum
ak ilemek iin yeterince byktr.The second stage is a small direct acting relief
valve usually mounted as a cross head on the main valve body, and includes a poppet,
spring, and adjustable knob. kinci evre kk dorudan oyunculuk tahliye valfi
genellikle ana vana zerinde Ha Balkl olarak monte edilir, ve bir destek, bahar,
ve ayarlanabilir dme ierir. The first stage handles full rate of flow to the tank. lk
aamada tanka ak hz tam olarak iler. The second stage controls and limits pilot
pressure level in the main spring chamber. kinci aamada da ana bahar odasnda
pilot basn seviyesi kontrol snrlar.

53

NOTES
Although pilot operated relief valves characteristically have less pressure
override than direct acting relief valves, their response time is slower. Pilot
kumandal emniyet valfi karakteristik olarak daha az basn oluturmasna
karn dorudan harekete geen emniyet sbaplarna gore tepki sresi daha
yavatr.
Pressure override occurs when flow through the relief valve increases after
the cracking pressure has been reached. Basn patlamas akn vana
iersinde artmasndan sonra atlama basncna eriildiinde gerekleir.
Due to the compression of the spring, the pressure sill rise above, or override
the setting of the valve. Yayn desteine ramen basn ykselir ya da
vanann ayarna gore patlar.
Note: All pressure valves are designed as either direct acting or pilot operated.
Not: Tm basn vanalar manual kontroll ya da pilot kontroll olarak ilem
gerekletirir.

54

Relieving action through the main spool is as follows: As long

as the system pressure is less than relieving pressure set on
the control knob, pressure in the main spring chamber is the
same as pump line pressure, because there is no flow through
the control orifice, Consequently, there is no pressure drop
from one side of the orifice to the other. Giderici eylem
araclyla ana biriktirme aadaki gibidir:Kontol
dmesiyle, sistem basnc verilen basntan az olucak
ekilde ayarlanrsa,ana yay blgesinde basn ile pompa
yolundaki basn ayn olucaktr, nk Kontrol blgesinde
ak gereklemeyecektir. Sonu olarak, iki tarafta da
hibir basn szmas gereklemez.
When pump line pressure rises higher than the adjustment set on the control knob the
pilot relief poppet moves off its seat. Pompa dorusal basnc, kontrol dmesiyle
ayarlanm olandan daha yksek bir noktaya ularsa pilot destek nitesini
yerinden hareket ettirir..This starts oil flow from the pump line, through the orifice,
across the pilot relief poppet, and to the tank. Bu yan pompaya dolmasn salar ve
azdan geerek pilotun destei hareket ettirmesine sayesinde burden da tanka
dolar.
This restricted flow caused by the orifice creates a pressure difference between the pump
line and the area across the pilot orifice. Azn sebep olduu bu kstl ak, Pompa
blgesi ve pilot aznn olduu blge arasnda bir basn fark oluturur. This
pressure imbalance causes the main poppet to move off its seat. Bu basn
dengesizlii ana destein hareketine neden olur. This will discharge enough of the
pump flow to prevent any further rise in the pump line pressure.Bu boalma

pompadaki herhangi bir basn artmasn engellemek iin

yeterli bir ak oluturur. When pump line pressure drops below the control
knob setting, the pilot relief closes, flow through the orifice ceases, and the main spring
can re-seat the main poppet. Pompa hatt basn kontrol dmesi ayar altna
dtnde, pilot yardm kapatr, deliin iinden ak durur ve ana bahar yeniden
koltuk ana destek.

Poppet Relief Valve

The pilot operated pressure relief valve comprises a valve body, a main spool
cartridge, and a pilot valve with a pressure-setting adjustment. Pilot kumandal
basn emniyet vanas vana gvdesi, ana biriktirme kartu ve basn ayar
ayarlamas ile bir pilot vana oluur.
The pressure present in the primary port acts on
the bottom of the main spool and, at the same
time, the pressure is fed to the spring-loaded side
of the main spool via the control lines and
containing orifices. Basn mevcut birincil port
eylemleri alt ana biriktirme ve, ayn zamanda,

basn beslenen yayl yan ana biriktirme yoluyla

kontrol hatlar ve ieren deliklerini.
The pressure is also present at the ball of the pilot
valve. If the pressure increases to a level above
the spring setting of the pilot valve, the ball opens
against the spring. Basn da pilot valf topu
konumunda bulunuyor. Eer basn pilot vana
bahar ayar stnde bir seviyeye kar, top
bahar kar alr.
The pilot oil on the spring side of the main spool cartridge now flows into the spring
chamber of the pilot valve and is directed internally to the secondary port and back to
the tank. Ana makara kartuunun bahar tarafnda pilot ya imdi pilot vana
bahar odasna akar ve dahili tank, ikincil bir liman ve ynlendirilir.
Due to the orifices in the control line between the primary port and the pilot valve, a
pressure drop, or pressure differential, exists between the bottom of the main spool and
the spring side of the main spool. Nedeniyle deliklerini kontrol hatt arasndaki temel
port ve pilot vana, basn dmesi, basn fark var arasnda alt ana biriktirme ve bahar
yan ana makara.This pressure differential lifts the main spool off its seat and connects
the primary pressure port of the valve to the secondary, or tank port. Bu basn fark
koltuk kapal ana biriktirme asansrler ve vana birincil basn portuna balanr
ikincil ya da tank balant noktas.
Fluid now flows to the tank, maintaining the set operating pressure of the valve. Sv imdi
tank, vana seti alma basnc korumak akar.

55

NOTES

56

Quiz
1. By design, a pilot operated relief valve has a larger flow capacity than a direct
operated relief valve of the same frame size.
Tasarm gerei, bir pilot valfi ayn ereve boyutu dorudan kumandal tahliye
valfi daha byk ak kapasitesi vardr iletilmektedir.
a) True
b) False
2. A pilot operated relief valve utilizes a small orifice in the main body for the purpose
of creating a pressure differential across the spool when the pilot poppet is open.
Pilot iletilen tahliye valfi pilot bebek akken biriktirme arasnda bir basn
fark oluturmak amacyla ana gvdesinde kk bir delik kullanr.
a) True
b) False
3. The first stage of a pilot operated relief valve is actually a small direct acting
relief valve.
lk pilotla iletilen tahlive vanas aslnda kk manual bir ekilde eyleme
geen bir tahliye vanasdr.
a) True
b) False

57

NOTES

58

Pressure Sequence
A sequence valve is a normally closed pressure control valve that insures that one
operation will occur before another, based on pressure. Sra vana bir operasyon
baka, basnca gre nce meydana gelecek sigortalanr normalde kapal basn
kontrol vanas.In our clamp and drill system we want the clamp cylinder to extend
completely before the drill cylinder extends. Mengene ve matkap sistemimizde kelepe
silindir matkap silindir uzanr nce tamamen geniletmek istiyoruz.To accomplish this we
place a sequence valve just before the drill cylinder. Bunu yapmak iin sadece
matkap silindir nce sra bir kapak yerletiriyoruz. We set the cylinder to 500 psi.
500 psi silindir kurduk.This will insure that the drill will not extend before we have reached
500 psi on the clamp cylinder. Bu matkap mengene silindir 500 psi ulatk nce
uzatmak olmayacan temin edecektir.

Quiz
1. A sequence valve is a flow control
valve.
Sra vana ak kontrol vanas.
a) True
b) False
2. A sequence valve is normally
open.
Sra vana normalde ak.
a) True
b) False
3. The pressure downstream of a sequence valve is limited to the sequence
settings.
Basnc sra vanann aa ak sras vana ayarlar ile snrldr.
a) True
b) False

valves

Pressure Reducing
A pressure reducing valve is a normally open pressure control valve used to limit
pressure in one or more legs of a hydraulic circuit. Bir basn drc vanalar
normalde ak basn kontrol valfi hidrolik bir devre, bir veya daha fazla
bacaklarda basn snrlamak iin kullanlr. Reduced pressure results in a reduced
force being generated. Basnc azaltlm bir kuvvet oluturulmu olur. A pressure
reducing valve is the only pressure control valve that is normally open. Bir basn
drc vanalar normalde ak olan tek basn kontrol vanas. A normally open
pressure control valve has primary and secondary passages connected. Normalde ak
basn kontrol valfi birincil ve ikincil pasajlar baland. Pressure at the bottom of
the spool is sensed from the pilot line which is connected to the secondary port.
Makara altndaki basn ikincil balant noktasna bal
o l a n p i l o t s a t r n d a n a l g l a n r . Remember, a pressure reducing valve is
normally open. Unutmayn, bir basn drc vanalar normalde ak.

59

NOTES

60

The illustrated clamp circuit requires that clamp cylinder B apply a lesser force than clamp
cylinder A. Resimli kelepe devre kelepe silindir B silindir A. kelepe daha az bir
kuvvet uygulamak gerekir A pressure reducing valve placed just before the clamp
cylinder B will allow flow to go to the cylinder until pressure reaches the setting of the
valve. Basn azaltma valfi sadece kelepe silindir daha nce yerletirilmi B ak
basn valfi ayar ulaana kadar silindir gitmek iin izin verir.

At this point, the valve begins to close off, limiting any further buildup of pressure. Bu
noktada, vanay kapatn, basn daha fazla snrlandrlmasna balar.As fluid
bleeds to the tank through the valve drain passage, pressure will begin to decay off and
the valve will again open. Valf tahliye geitle tankna sv kanamalar olarak, basn
ve vana tekrar alr kapal rmeye balayacak. The result is a reduced modulated
pressure equal to the setting of the valve. Sonu azaltlm modle edilmi bir basn
valfi ayarna eittir
Quiz
1. A pressure reducing valve is the only normally open pressure control valve.
Bir basn drc vanalar sadece normalde ak basn kontrol vanas.
a) True
b) False
2. Pressure reducing valves are used to limit maximum system
pressure.
Basn azaltma valfleri, maksimum sistem basnc snrlamak
iin kullanlr.
a) True
b) False
3. Unlike other pressure control valves, the pressure reducing valve senses its pilot
from the secondary port of the valve.
Dier basn kontrol valfleri aksine, basn drc vanalar, vana ikincil
balant noktasndan pilot hissediyor.
a) True
b) False

61

NOTES
A High-Low pump system provides a high volume flow at low pressure and low volume
flow at high pressure. Yksek-Dk pompa sistemi yksek basn en dk
basn ve dk debi, yksek hacimli bir ak salar. These circuits are used to
extend and retract the loads at low pressure and high flow, followed by high pressure,
low volume flow to do work. Bu devreler ve dk basn ve yksek debi, yksek
basn tarafndan izlenen, dk ses ak ykleri ii uzatmak geri ekmek iin
kullanlr. Inasmuch as the power required is the product of pressure and flow, a HighLow system allows components and input motors to be kept small which increases
operating efficiency by sizing the system to load requirements. G gerekli basn ve
ak rndr mademki Yksek-Dk sistem bileenleri ve giri motorlar yk
gereksinimleri yeniden boyutlandrma iletim sistemi verimlilii artran kk
tutulmasn salar.
(Hydraulic hp = pressure x flow rate 1714)
Consider a High-Low pump circuit that incorporates an 18 gpm pump which unloads at
1000 psi and a 10 gpm pump which relieves at 3000 psi. What is the maximum
theoretical input fluid hp required? 1000 psi kaldrr 18 PIT pompas ve 3000 psi
rahatlatr 10 PIT bir pompa ieren Yksek-Dk pompa bir devre dnn.
Maksimum teorik olarak ne kadar giren akkan gerekir?
A.
B.
C.
D.

8.5 hp
17.5 hp
12.5 hp
20 hp

Solution (zmler)
Just prior to unloading, the system will supply 28 gpm (18 gpm + 10 gpm) at 1000 psi.
Sadece boaltma nce, sistem 1000 psi 28 PIT (18 sn + 10 galon / dakika) tedarik
edecek.Based on our theoretical input horsepower formula, the required hp=16.3.
Teorik giri bizim beygir gc dayal forml, gerekli hp=16,3 ve. With the 18 gpm
pump unloading we supply only 10 gpm at 3000 psi. 18 PIT pompa boaltma ile 3000
psi sadece 10 sn salyoruz. Again, using our formula, we calculate 17.5 hp
required. Yine, bizim forml kullanarak, 17.5 hp sonucunu hesaplyoruz.
Answer: 17.5 hp (theoretical)

62

Unloading
An unloading valve is a remotely piloted, normally closed pressure control valve that
directs flow to the tank when pressure at that location reaches a predetermined level.
Boaltma valfi bu konumda basnc belli bir seviyeye ulatnda tankna akn
ynlendiren uzaktan kumandal, normalde kapal basn kontrol vanas. A good
example of an unloading valve application would be a High-Low system. Boaltma
vanas bir uygulama iyi bir rnek Yksek-Dk bir sistem olurdu. A High-Low
system may consist of two pumps; one high volume pump, the other a low volume pump.
Yksek-Dk bir sistem iki pompa ierebilir; bir yksek hacimli, dier dk
hacimli bir pompa. The system is designed to give a rapid approach or return on the
work cylinder. Sistemin almas silindir hzl bir yaklam ya da bir dn vermek
iin tasarlanmtr.The total volume of both pumps is delivered to the work cylinder until
the load is contacted. Her iki pompann toplam hacim yk temasa kadar i silindir
teslim edilir.

At this point the system pressure increases, causing the unloading valve to open. Bu
noktada sistem artar, amak iin boaltma valfini basnc neden. The flow from the
large volume pump is directed back to the tank at a minimal pressure. Byk hacimli
pompa ak tank iin geriye ok az bir basn yneliktir. The small volume pump
continues to deliver flow for the higher pressure requirement of the work cycle. Kk
hacimli pompa alma dneminin yksek basn ihtiyac ak salamaya devam
ediyor.
Both pumps join again for rapid return of the cylinder. H e r i k i p o m p a t e k r a r
s i l i n d i r i n H z l d n i i n F a c e b o o k ' a k a t l . This application
allows less input horsepower for speed and force requirements. Bu uygulama hz ve
g gereksinimleri iin daha az girdi beygir gc salar.
Quiz
1. When an unloading valve opens, it directs flow directly back to the
tank.
Boaltma vanas aldnda, akm dorudan tanka geri
ynlendirir.
a) True

b) False
2. Since the unloading valve is remotely piloted, it can allow flow to return to the tank
at minimal pressure.
Boaltma vanas uzaktan kumandal olduu iin, debi, minimum basn
tank dnmek iin izin verebilirsiniz.
a) True
b) False
3. Flow dictates when an unloading valve will
open.
Ak, boaltma vanasnn ne zaman
alacan belirler
a) True
b) False

63

NOTES
Counterbalance valves my prevent a loaded cylinder from falling. Vanalar denge
benim dmesini dolu bir silindir nlemek. Pilot check valve circuits also hold
loaded cylinders in place. Pilot ek valf devreleri de dolu silindir tutun.Both types of
circuits have unique applications. Devreler her iki tr benzersiz uygulamalar var.
Counterbalance valves hay be leak-free. Denge vana sznts-cretsiz hay.For
example, manufactures commonly give the leakage rates across a counterbalance
spool in drops per minute. rnein, sanayi mallar genellikle dakikada damla damla
denkletirme bir makara zerinden kaak oranlarn verir.If a cylinder must be
locked in place with a valve that allows no leakage across the spool, the valve must be
designed to do so. Eer bir silindir bir yerde kitli olucaksa sznt yapmayacak
ekilde dizayn edilmi olmas gerekir.
Counterbalance valves my also incorporate external piloting for smoother, non
hunting performance. Benim de daha dzgn iin harici pilot dahil denge valfleri,
olmayan av performans. When the manufacturer utilizes both internal and external
pilots you have the vest of both worlds. retici hem i hem de d pilotlar yaptnda
her iki dnyaya ait can yelekleriniz olmu oluyor. The internal pilot lowers the load
with counter pressure, while the external pilot drops all back pressure when performing
work. pilot basnc kar basn ile drrken, d pilot tm arka basnc i
gerekleirken eski haline getiriyor.

64

Counterbalance
A counterbalance valve is a normally closed pressure valve used with cylinders to counter
a weight or potentially overrunning load. Denge valfi normalde kapal bir basn valf
silindir ile kilo veya potansiyel olarak tamasn yk bir kar kullanlr. In this
circuit, without a counterbalance valve the load would fall uncontrolled or overrun, and
pump flow would not be able to keep up. Denge valfi olmadan bu devrede, yk
kontrolsz veya tamas decek ve pompa akn takip etmek mmkn olmaz.To
avoid the uncontrolled operation, we place a counterbalance valve just after the cylinder.
Kontrolsz operasyonu nlemek iin, silindir denge sonra bir kapak
yerletiriyoruz.
The pressure setting of the counterbalance valve is set slightly above the loadinduced pressure of 1100 psi. Denge valfi basn ayar 1100 psi yk kaynakl
basnl hafif zerinde yer alyor. This counters the load. Bu sayalar, yk. As we
extend the cylinder, pressure must slightly rise to drive the load down. Silindir tutun,
basnl hafif yk drmek iin ykselmesi gerekir.

Quiz
1. A counterbalance valve is a normally open flow control
valve
Denge valfi normalde ak ak kontrol vanasdr.
a) True
b) False
2. A counterbalance valve is used to control a cylinder with a negative
or running load to move at a controlled rate.
Denge valfi negatif veya alan kontroll bir hzda hareket
ettirmek iin bir yk olan bir silindir kontrol etmek iin
kullanlr.
a) True
b) False
3. The counterbalance valve should be set at a pressure slightly higher
than the load-induced pressure caused by the weight on the cylinder.
Denge valfi basn yk kaynakl basn silindir arl
nedeniyle biraz daha yksek olacaktr.
a) True

b) False

65

NOTES
A brake circuit utilizing a brake control valve is necessary on a rotary actuator
where speed control and stopping capacity are required. Fren devresi fren kontrol
valfi kullanlarak hz kontrol ve durdurma kapasitesi gerekli olduu dner
aktatr gerekli.
This is also a remote piloted counterbalance valve. Bu da uzaktan kumandal denge
bir kapak olduunu. Brake valve usually implies that it is used with a motor circuit.
Fren valf genellikle motorlu bir devre ile kullanlr anlamna gelir.

66

B r ak e
A brake valve is a normally closed pressure control valve with both direct and remote
pilot connected simultaneously for its operation. Fren valfi dorudan ve uzak her iki
pilot ile normalde kapal basn kontrol vanas ayn anda almas iin bal.This
valve is frequently used with hydraulic motors for dynamic braking. Bu kapak sk
dinamik frenleme iin hidrolik motorlar ile kullanlr.
Because any downstream resistance will add to the load on the hydraulic motor, we
pilot remotely, using working pressure to keep the valve open during running.
Herhangi bir aa akm direnci hidrolik motor zerindeki yk katacak nk,
biz uzaktan vana ama almas srasnda tutmak iin alma basnc
kullanarak pilot.This eliminates back pressure on the motor. Bu motora geri basn
ortadan kaldrr.

When we de-energize the directional valve, remote pilot pressure is lost, allowing the
valve to close. Biz de enerji ynl valf, uzaktan pilot basn valfi kapatmak iin
izin kaybolur. The inertia of the load will now drive the valve open via the internal pilot,
giving us dynamic braking. Ykn atalet imdi kapak i pilot ile, bizi dinamik
frenleme veren src alacaktr.
Quiz
1. The brake valve uses a remote pilot to maintain a constant back pressure on the
motor.
Fren valfi uzaktan bir pilot motor zerinde srekli bir basn korumak iin
kullanr.
a) True
b) False
2. The brake valve has two pilots for the purpose of allowing the installer
more plumbing options.
Fren valfi ykleyici fazla tesisat seenekleri izin vermek amacyla
iki pilot var.
a) True
b) False

3. When the directional control valve is centered, the brake valve allows a controlled
amount of back pressure to build in the line between the motor and the brake valve
to achieve dynamic braking.
Yn kontrol valfi ortalanm, fren valfi hat oluturmak iin geri basnc
motor ve fren vanas arasnda kontroll bir miktar dinamik frenleme elde
etmek iin izin verir.
a) True
b) False

67

NOTES

68

Summary
Brake valve: The brake valve serves two purposes. Fren vanas iki amaca hizmet eder.
It prevents a load from over speeding the motor, and when the directional control valve is
centered, it brings the motor to a stop at a controlled rate of speed.Motor hz zerinde
bir yk engeller ve yn kontrol valfi ortalanm, hz kontroll bir hzda durmak iin
motor getiriyor.
Unloading valve: When the system pressure reaches the unloading valve setting, the
valve opens diverting flow from the larger pump back to the tank at minimum pressure.
Sistem basn boaltma vanas ayarn ulatnda, vana minimum basn tank
iin daha byk pompa aktarma ak tekrar alr.
Pressure relief valve: This valve limits the maximum system pressure. Bu vana
maksimum sistem basnc snrlar.
Sequence valve: If properly adjusted, the sequence valve assures that the cylinder will
fully extend before the motor starts. Dzgn ayarlanm ise, sra kapak silindir motor
balamadan nce tamamen geniletmek salar.
Counterbalance valve: Counterbalance valves are used to aid a cylinder in lowering a
load at a controlled rate. Kar denge valfleri kontrol edilen bir oranda bir yk
drc bir silindir yardm iin kullanlr.
Pressure reducing valve: The reducing valve will limit the pressure to the motor,
thus limiting the output torque of the motor. Azaltc valf motor basnc, bylece
motor k tork snrlama limit olacak.

69

NOTES
Directional control valves y also be of the poppet design. Yn kontrol valfleri da
tasarm.bebek olmas y They have seating elements in the form of balls, poppets or
plates. T o p l a r , d e s t e k l e r i v e y a p l a k a l a r e k l i n d e o t u r m a
e l e m a n l a r v a r . The advantage of the poppet design are zero leakage and no
sticking under high pressure. Angelus bu tasarmn avantaj, sfr kaak ve yksek
basn altnda skm.

70

DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVE

Overview
The directional control valve is the component that starts, stops, and changes the
direction of the fluid flowing through a hydraulic system. Yn kontrol valfi balatr,
durdurur, hidrolik bir sistem zerinden akan akkann yn deitirmesi
bileenidir.In addition to this, the directional control valve actually designates the type of
hydraulic system design, either open or closed. Buna ek olarak, yn kontrol valfi
aslnda hidrolik sistem tasarm tr, ak ya da kapal atar. The exercises in this
section will give you a hands-on opportunity to see how these valves actually operate
and the importance that they play in proper system function. Bu blmdeki altrmalar,
uygulamal bu vanalar aslnda ve uygun bir sistem oynadklar nemi iletmek
nasl ilediini grmek iin bir frsat verecektir.
Directional control valves are used to start, stop, and change the direction of flow in a
hydraulic circuit. Yn kontrol valfleri balatmak, durdurmak ve bir hidrolik
devrede ak ynn deitirmek iin kullanlr.Although they may be designed as
rotary or poppet style, the spool type directional control is the most common. Dner
ya angelus tarz olarak tasarlanm olsa da, spool tip yn kontrol en yaygn
olandr.This design consists of a body with internal passages that are connected or
sealed by a sliding spool along the lands of the valve. Bu tasarm ya da boru
topraklar boyunca kayan bir makara ile balanm mhrl i blmler ile
gvdesi.Directional spool valves are sealed along the clearance between the moving
spool, land and the housing. Yn valfleri makara hareketli makara, arazi ve konut
arasndaki boluk boyunca mhrl.The degree of sealing depends on the
clearance, the viscosity of the fluid, and the pressure. S z d r m a z l k
d e r e c e s i , b o l u k , s v a k k a n l , b y k l k t r . Because of
this slight leakage, spool type directional valves can not alone hydraulically lock the
actuator. Bu hafif bir sznt, makara tipi nedeniyle yn kontrol valfleri deil yalnz
hidrolik tahrik nitesi kilit.

Directional control valves are primarily designated by their number of possible positions,
port connections or ways, and how they are actuated or energized. Yn kontrol valfleri
ncelikle Olas pozisyonlarn says, liman balantlar ve yollar tarafndan
belirlenen ve nasl tahrik olduunu ya da enerji. For example, the number of porting
connections are designated as ways or possible flow paths. rnein, tama, balant
says veya olas yollar ak yollar olarak belirlenmi. A four-way valve would have

four ports: P, T, A, and B. A three-position valve is indicated by three connected boxes.

Drt yollu vana drt balant noktas vardr: P, T, A, ve B) -pozisyon vana bal kutu
ile gsterilir.There are many ways of actuating or shifting the valve. V e y a v a l f i
a l t r m a d e i e n b i r o k y o l u v a r d r . They are: push button, hand
lever, foot pedal, mechanical, hydraulic pilot, air pilot, solenoid, and spring. Bunlar: bas,
kol, ayak pedal, mekanik, hidrolik dme el pilot, hava pilot solenoid ve bahar.

71

NOTES

72

Directional control valves may also be designated as normally opened or normally

closed. Yn kontrol valfleri normalde ak veya normalde kapal olarak belirlenmi
olabilir.These designations would accompany two-position valves such as the following:
spring offset, solenoid operated, two-way valve normally closed; spring offset, solenoid
operated, two-way valve normally open; spring offset, solenoid operated, three-way valve
normally closed; spring offset, solenoid operated three-way valve normally open. Bu
belirtme elik eder ki konumlu valfler olarak aadaki: bahar ofset, solenoid
kumandal, iki yollu vana normalde kapal; bahar ofset, solenoid kumandal, iki
yollu vana normalde ak; bahar ofset, solenoid iletilen, yollu vana normalde
kapal; bahar ofset, solenoid iletilen yollu vana normalde ak.

The spool type directional control valves in industrial applications are sub-plate or
manifold mounted. Endstriyel uygulamalarda spool tip yn kontrol valfleri-plaka
alt veya manifold monte edilir. The porting pattern is industry standard and designed
by valve size. Tama desen ve kapak boyutuna gre tasarlanm endstri
standard. Directional control valve sizing is according to flow capacity which is critical
to the proper function of

the valve. Yn kontrol vanas boyutlandrma kapak dzgn almas iin kritik
olan kapasite akna gre. Flow capacity of a valve is determined by the port sizes
and the pressure drop across the valve. Bir vanann ak kapasitesi port boyutlar
belirlenir ve kapak arasnda basn d. This mounting pattern and size is
designed as a D02 nominal flow 5 gpm, D03 nominal flow 10 gpm, D05 nominal flow
20 gpm, D05H nominal flow 25 gpm, D07 nominal flow 30 gpm, D08 nominal flow 60
gpm, D10 nominal flow 100 gpm. Bu montaj desen ve boyutta tasarlanm gibi bir
D02 nominal ak 5 galon / dakika, nominal ak D03 10 PIT, D05 nominal ak 20
PIT, PIT D05H nominal ak 25, D07 nominal akm 30 sn, D08 nominal ak 60
PIT, D10 nominal akm 100 galon / dakika.

73

NOTES
Single and double solenoid control valves are available with DC solenoids or AC 50/60
Hz 120 volt solenoids. Tek ve ift solenoid kontrol vanalar, solenoid DC veya AC
50 / 60 Hz 120 volt solenoid ile kullanlabilir.
Most solenoid actuated valves are equipped with manual overrides, allowing the spool to
be shifted by hand. En solenoid kumandal valfler manuel geersiz ile, makara el
kaymasyla imkan salamaktadr.This is accomplished by depressing the pin located
in the end of the push pin tube located at each end of the valve. Bu pn push pn tp
valfi her iki ucunda yer alan sonunda yer alan i karartc tarafndan
gerekletirilir.
Piloted operated directional control valves must have a provision to drain the pilot oil at
the opposite end of the spool in order for the valve spool to shift. Pilot kumandal yn
kontrol valfleri valf makara iin makara ters sonunda pilot ya kaydrmaya
boaltmak iin bir hkm olmas gerekir. Blocking the drain or Y port of an
externally drained valve will prevent the spool from shifting. Gn engelleme ya da
dardan drene bir vana balant noktas hareketli makara nleyecektir.Y

74

Direct Acting
A direct acting directional control valve may be either manual or solenoid actuated.
Dorudan hareket yn kontrol valfi manuel veya solenoid
k u m a n d a l d a o l a b i l i r . Direct acting indicates that some method of force is
applied directly to the spool, causing the spool to shift. Dorudan etki eden kuvvetin
baz yntem dorudan biriktirme, biriktirme kaymasna neden uygulandn
belirtir.In our illustration, energizing the solenoid or coil creates an electromagnetic force
which wants to pull the armature into the magnetic field. Bizim izimde, bobin veya
bobin enerji veren manyetik alana armatr ekmek istiyor elektromanyetik bir g
oluturur. As this occurs, the connected push pin moves the spool in the same direction
while compressing the return spring. Bu durumda, bal itme pn dn yay
sktrrken ayn ynde makara tar.As the spool valve shifts, port P opens to port A,
and port B opens to port T or tank. Spool valf vardiya olarak, noktas, P noktas Bir
doru alr ve port B port T veya tank iin alr.This allows the cylinder to extend. Bu
silindir geniletmek iin izin verir. When the coil is de-energized, the return springs
move the spool back to its center position. Bobini de enerjisiz olduunda, dn
yaylar makara merkezi konumuna geri tayn.

Pilot Operated
For control of systems requiring high flows, usually over 35 gpm, pilot operated
directional control valves must be used due to the higher force required to shift the spool.
Sistemleri yksek akar gerektiren kontrol iin, genellikle 35 PIT, pilot kumandal
yn kontrol valfleri yksek g biriktirme vardiya iin gerekli nedeniyle
kullanlmaldr. The top valve, called the pilot valve, is used to hydraulically shift the
bottom valve, or the main valve. st vana, pilot vana denilen, hidrolik alt kapak veya
ana vana kaydrmak iin kullanlr. To accomplish this, oil is directed from either an
internal or an external source to the pilot valve. Bunu yapmak iin, ya ya da i ya da
pilot vanas iin harici bir kaynaktan ynlendirilmi. When we energize the pilot valve, oil
is directed to one side of the main spool. P i l o t p o m p a e n e r j i , p e t r o l a n a
m a k a r a b i r t a r a f a y n l e n d i r i l i r . This will shift the spool, opening our
pressure port to the work port and directing return fluid back to the tank. Bu biriktirme,
alma noktas iin basn sayesinde port ama ve geri tanka geri sv ynetmenlik
kayacak.It is often required to externally pilot or send fluid to the pilot valve from an
external source. Genellikle dardan pilot iin gereklidir veya bir d kaynaktan
pilot valf sv gndermek.

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NOTES
All spool type directional control valves have some leakage by the spool.
Tm spool trndeki kontrol vanalarnn baz szntlar vardr. This
slight leakage my cause a cylinder to extend under pressure or drift down under
load. Bu hafif sznt silindirin dk bir basnta kalmasna neden olup
ykn altna kaymasna neden olur . The application may required the use of
a pilot operated check valve in conjunction with a float center. Bu Uygulama,
vanann boluk blgesiyle birlemesini kontrol etmek iin, pilot
kullanmn gerektirebilir.