ديانة شهداء نجران PDF

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m2004 - v v J1425 - HaQvWvgv_Ga ?vTvl9vMv_G ?c_avJv_G - ?vcvf9vlvAvG:G mav_vgv_Ga >GO6G B9c_avJ
:q_C*G
ccGOG_G a=C OcgT ?W89f .O .C
?c=Qg_G ?t_l*G - ^9cQ_G - OagT u_*G ?gl9G - daFRc=_G NcQ9A_G v ?pT_p_G gGQaAtO .m1993 m9f ?cOagT_G
.^9cQ_G - OagT u_*G ?gl9G - >GO6G ?c_t - NcQ9A_G mTr v P9ATC .9cF9acQ= - m9KGFlQ= ?caFRc=_G ?cMcQ9A_G ?cglG_G a]f -
:dl_g_G L9AFDG
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- jO;c*G h=9T_G HQr_G v ?caFRc=_G ?cQaaG}lDG HGaFg= >9At v gGQaAtO_G ?_9TQ QWF - 1
B9TGQO_Ga hcRaA_Ga QWF__ BGOQp*G ,1b ,BG|jA_Ga BGQaaA_G v ?TGQO ,jQGK_G caFG
.)vJ1415 ^9cQ_G(
HQr_G qZAFl yE m395 ?FT PFl 9c_9acE zf ?cF9lQG_G BGaRj_G H89AF_ ?c_c_JA ?TGQO - 2
.jO;c*G UO9T_G
BGQaaA_G v ?TGQO ,jQGK_G caFG/jO;c*G h=9T_G HQr_G v ?caFRc=_G ?cQaaG}lDG - 3
.BG|jA_Ga
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:E9J=FG - 9cF9D
65 - 55 caFG ARG_G ,QW9g_G O_G*G ,QaZg_G ?_Gl .IOcOG ?cCQ .jQGaZ_G BGP ?tQgl
.)m1995(
caFG OOg_G ,IQGO_G ?_Gl ,?cl;TDG ?cMcQ9A_G B9cGaQ__ IOcOG IAGQr .sWlO {l_T*G KAp
.vJ1417 mQJl
412 dl9f {= d=aQaFG >Qj_G v ?cF9lQG_G u_9l*G barTa M9GF v ?cFcO_G >JGP*G QDC
.vJ1418 caFG OOg_G ,QW9g_G O_G*G ,>GO6G ,OagT u_*G ?gl9G ?_Gl .m800 ?gl9G ,?cMcQ9A B9TGQO ?_Gl ,hrGa_Ga ?c]Qp_G {= ?caFRc=_G ?cQaaG}lDG v Y9arDG
.QWF__ ca=rl ,sWlO
?TGQO - jO;c*G Hl9D_G HQr_G bAJa h=GQ_G HQr_G PFl OFK_G yE scQa_G M9Apl mR_r_G
Sailing Ships of the Mediterranean Sea and Arabian Gulf, Vol 11 :v QaWFl ?c_c_JA
Navigation in the Red Sea, the Arabian Gulf and the Indian Ocean, Athens 2000.
QaO QlACl E9J=C v QWF .?cMcQ9A IQdF .?cOagT_G ?c=Qg_G ?t_l*G v ICQ*G clf I|Tl
IQJ9r_G ,?cMcQ9A_G B9TGQO_Ga EaJ=_G RtQl .QaZg_G }f jQ9]J_Ga dT9cT_G ICQ*G
.m2002
E9J=C Hl] QWF .?ca=QA ?cpT_p ?TGQO .NcQ9A_G P9ATC LPalF - dgl9G_G P9ATFG QcaaA
.m2002 Bcat_G ,Ha9gA_G U_Gl caO_ Q9D6Ga NcQ9A_G ?cglG_ ?cl_g_G IaOF_G
?c_aJ_G ,?cMcQ9A_G B9TGQO_Ga EaJ=_G RtQl B9c_aJ .baTa_G QaZg_G v ?a_T_Ga ICQ*G
.vJ1423 mQJl ,?cF9D_G ?_9TQ_G ,yaFG
UlW {f ?_Gl - ?caFRc=_G ?_aO_G v ?c_lg_Ga ?cl_g_G 9KA9l9KTEa ?crQW_G IQcOFG hrGa
.m2002 IQJ9r_G ,QWf hT9A_G OOg_G .XarF_Ga ?cO}_G B9TGQO_G RtQl
{=a 9KFc= q;AM:Ga q;A8:G ?TGQO - ?c|lJ_G {FGar_G aC UacAFGcQG {FGar
ac_ac - dF9D_G ARG_G - QWf E_9D_G O_G*G - QaZg_G ?_Gl - ?cl;TDG ?gcQW_G
.m2003
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11
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13
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58
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70
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72
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[M_*G
?c_aFG QO9Zl__ IOcOG IAGQr - HGQGF AGOKW ?F9cO
HaQWg_Ga ?Tl9M_G ?c_aJ_G 222 ?_9TQ_G
XlGaK_G
?=Qg*Ga ?c=Qg_G hGGQ*Ga QO9Z*G

?c=FGFG hGGQ*Ga QO9Z*G
11
[v M_*G
k
9JQTl H9t \F.= jO;c*G UO9T_G HQr_G Hl caFG h=Q_G v Hlc_G RclA
dA_G EGOJFG gPJ ;)HGQGF AGOKW ?J=Pl( 9JRQ=C Hl EGOJCa ,d*9g_G YGQZ__
H9t dA_Ga ,?cFcO_G ?c9fO_Ga ,?cO9ZAr:G K_9Z*Ga ,?T9cT_9= HcO_G 9Kcp b_AMG
.?cJcT*Ga ,?cOaKc_G {AF9cO_G {= YGQZ_G 9JQJ9d
k
j|lJ_G u_*G {= 9fGQZ H9t HGQGF v QGO jP_G YGQZ_G HC qaQg*Ga
w9JC {=a ,?l9f ?pZ= Hlc_G v ?cJcT*G ?F9cO_G RalQ {=a ,UGaF jP jOaKc_G
B9F9cO_G YGQZ_G GPJ Hf BDOJA dA_G B9TGQO_G B_J9GAa .?Z9M ?pZ= HGQGF
.Bra_G u_P v Hlc_G v IOaGal BF9t dA_G iQMFG
,HGQGF AGOKW ?c]r zf Rct~_G aJ EJ=_G GPJ Hl Uc8Q_G qOK_Ga
.?c_aFG QO9Z*G Hl ?Z_MAT*G B9cag*G Aa] v mKAF9cO Hl srJA_Ga
13
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9JQTl H9t \F.= jO;c*G UO9T_G HQr_G Hl caFG h=Q_G v Hlc_G RclA
v b_AMG EGOJFG gPJ ;)HGQGF AGOKW ?J=Pl( 9JRQ=C Hl EGOJCa ,d*9g_G YGQZ__
9JQJ9d H9t dA_Ga ,?cFcO_G ?c9fO_Ga ,?cO9ZAr:G K_9Z*Ga ,?T9cT_9= HcO_G 9J|TpA
.?cJcT*Ga ,?cOaKc_G {AF9cO_G {= YGQZ_G
k
jP jOaKc_G u_*G {= 9fGQZ H9t Hlc_G v QGO jP_G YGQZ_G HC qaQg*Ga
?pZ= HGQGF ?FcOl w9JC {=a ,?l9f ?pZ= Hlc_G v ?cJcT*G RalQ {=a ,UGaF
.?Z9M
,HGQGF AGOKW ?c]r zf Rct~_G aJ EJ=_G GPJ Hl Uc8Q_G qOK_Ga
GPJ Hf BDOJA dA_G B9TGQO_G 9KA_J9GA dA_G AGOKW_G hclG ?F9cO Hl srJA_Ga
BF9t dA_G iQMFG B9F9cO_G zf mcAgA_G AGQa BF9t dA_G >9=TFG ?pQgla ,YGQZ_G
k
,?cJcT*G {AF9cO_G Hl ct hl >FG yE 9=FG ?c=Qg_G IQcRG_G >aFG v IO89T
.?cOaKc_Ga
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9=9=TC ;gp BF9t cJa ,YGQZ_G GPJ yE BOC dA_G >9=TFG ^QgATF qaTa
BT=_ ?cO9ZArGa ?cT9cT QalC Hl 9JAGQa 9l ?ltFG AGQa H9t mC ??AJ= ?cFcO
k
.?crcrJ_G 9KpGOJC \= dajA GQ9AT gPMAA_ ;HcO_G MaTl
k
k
;)HacJcTl( iQ9ZF mKF.= HGQGF H9tT Hf O89T_G aJ GOJGa 9laKpl HE
bF=A jP_G dJcT*G >F9G_G aJ ;OJGa >F9G Hl BJQa HGQGF AGOKW ?c]r HF
ccaJA Gaf9aATG HcP_G HacJcT*G ?pr9TFG 9Kr_aC dA_G BGQ9gW_G hpQa ,?c]r_G
Hl IQZFa ,mKFl OKWATG Hl Q.D= PMFG yE IafO_Ga ,brp ?cJcT*G yE Q9dFFG
jP_G Hlc__ dW=J_G aRj_G IafO_G u_A ?GcAF Hl H9ta ,I9cJ_G Ocr zf mKFl dr=
14
GPJ 9K= m9r dA_G ?_lJ_G HEa .?cJcTl__ PrF*G >aD ?cJcT*G ?cFcO_G QO9Z*G \AT=_C
k
cgG jP_G QlFG ,?cT9cT_Ga ?cO9ZAr:G \pGOJC K]pA ?lQt*G ?tl zf 9rJ: PrF*G
{= ?cQ9GA_G ?r;g_G mKp v Hltc Ya]a*G mKp HE :Ha_arc {DOJ*G {DJ9=_G
scrO_G [Jp_G HEa )1(iQMC ?KG Hl UQp_Ga Hlc_Ga ;?KG Hl ?W=J_Ga ?aFRc=
BDOJ dA_G EGOJFG mKp zf Uc_ 9FOf9TA Ya]a*9= ?r;f 9K_ dA_G QO9Z*G ct_
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,QalI_ ?tQJ*G EfGa=_G mKp zf 9]cC Ht_a ,>TJp EJ=_G Ya]al I~p_G c;M
q
Hl ct v jQJ= jQ9GA b9WF v HacaFRc=_G Q9GA_G ulKFG Orp ;q_M_G v ?grGa_Ga
jP_G UO9T_G HQr_G v u_P H9ta .jOFK_G bcJ*Ga ,QlJFG QJ=_Ga ,bTaA*G QJ=_G
Hl ct hAlA \TpF Bra_G va .?caFRc=_G ?cQJ=__ ?=TF_9= d=JP_G QZg_G }AfG
9lKFat zf RtAQG jP_G jO9ZAr:G Q9JOR:G Hl cm 9f iaATl= Hlc_Ga ,?W=J_G
sQW_Ga 9crcQpE Hl ct yE ?cQ9GA_G h_T_G hcRaA_ HcQW9=l {cQ9GA HcRtQl
uQcQa= ?a9Ta c;M Hl - ?aFRc= BgGW Ora .)2(Enterpot Trade bZrFG
sGaTFG yE caZa_G zf ?cQJ=_G ?c*9g_G IQ9GA_G v Hc_jAW*G Q9GA_G - ?cQOFtTDG
.)3(Hlc_G w9JCa {cJcT*G X9=JFG IOf9Tl scQa Hf ;bZrFG sQW_G v IOcg=_G
HC B_a9J ?aFRc= HEz :carc jP_G yUac=taQ=z B9=9At gOtCA car_G GPJa
?t~W*G IOcrg_G mTG BJA UQp_G O] Hlc_G cJCa ,X9=JFG hl ?l9f ?K=G s_MA
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?F9cO_G ?c9lJ HC Hf ;]p GPJ )4(y?l9g_G ?cQ9GA_G K_9Z*G mTG BJAa ,9lKFc=
k
.)5(?caFRc=_G ?_aO__ ?cGQ9M_G ?T9cT_G qGOJC Hl 9pOJ BF9t ?cJcT*G
>=T= )HGQGF ?J=Pl( BDOJ cJ :OcOW M9J_@= \TpF MQac jP_G cGCT_Ga
k
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9cFcO 9fGQZ \Fat iOgAc : H9t QlFG HC aC ?dT9cT_G YGQZ_Ga ,?cO9ZAr:G K_9Z*G
k
?W=J_G hpO jP_G QW9=*G >=T_G dJ ?cQ9GA_G K_9Z*G cJ :iQMC B9l_t=a ?9AJ=
?c9lJ EcJ Hl HcO_G dJ EGOJI_ ?cQC=_G ?arF_G BF9t aC ?Hlc_G yE caMO__
Hl Hlc_G H9tT hclG H9t cJ aC ?mK_ m9rAF:Ga ,dFcO_G O9Ka]:G Hl {cJcT*G
?mJP9rFE >Ga GP_ ;{cJcTl GaF9t mKFl bldg_G ?c=_9j_G bAJ aC ,{cJcT*G
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caFG h=Q_G v Hlc_G H9tT ?F9cO Hl Ot.A_G mAJA ?_8TFG gPJ Hf ?=9GDGa
.crFG zf 9KApQgl aC ,UO9T_G HQr_G Hl
iQca .OcJaA_G HcO zf GaF9t >Qg_G HC zf {DJ9=_G Hl H9FDG spAG Ora
HcO ;ym;T_G \c_f mcJGQ=Ez HcO aJ OJGa HcO zf GaF9t >Qg_G HC )6(caFG EJ9=_G
m9FZFG GaO=fa ,sJ_G Hf Galfa ,scQa_G >Qg_G c] Ora .OcJaA_G HcO ;?cpcFJ_G
H= aQlfz ;>Qg_G IQcRG v m9FZFG IO9=f QW9F Oc zf H9acW_G mKc_E 9K==J dA_G
U9TFG mKAF9cO HCa ,mKAgc=a= HaOJal >Qg_G HC iQcp QM6G EJ9=_G 9lC .ydJ_
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LQM dA_G ?cl9T_G B9GK__ ?FQ9rl ?TGQO yE GO9FATG u_Pa ;OcJaA_G B9F9cO Hl dJ
BpQJ ?cl9T_G B9GK__Ga .)ccE( )cE( dJ Hacl9T_G 9JO=f dA_G ?K_6G H.= 9KFl
aJ OJGa \_E yE 9K_t BGO9=g_G cZCa mT:G hGQc Ht_a ,cZFG Hf \AOg=Ca ,mT:G
.)7()ccE( )cE( \_DG
GPJ {cO;c*G Ul9M_Ga h=GQ_G {FQr_G c;M ?cFlc_G )8(XarF_G BpWta
OcJaA_G ?F9cO 9K_Jl B_Ja ,?cFDa_G ?K_6G QtP XarF_G u_A Hl bpAMG EcJ ;g9GA:G
.)9()HlJQ_G( OJGa_G \_DG dlTA dA_G
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9K= BFAfG Ora .m;TDG c=r >Qg_G NcQ9A_ GOQpAl GQOZl cDlA XarF_Ga
,G. Rychmans RF9ltcQ QaTpa}_G mKTCQ zf ,XarF_G A9l_f Hl ?_l9tAl ?TQOl
jO H9pza ,Jaqueline Pierene yHc|= Hc_t9Gz XarF_G ?*9f ?MQC*G \APcl_Aa
jQ9tPA >ZF Hf IQ9=f Ry 534 XrF_Ga )10(mJ|ia Van des Braden yHcOGQ=
u_P >ZF Ora .\__G ?cFGOJa= OKWA dJa .\cp mJC9lTC BOQa [9MWC ?D;D \l9rC
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QPF= A9pa u_P H9ta .HlJQ_G )H H m M Q( )^QFGa A9lT_G >Q_( 9lcQtA XrF_G
>Qt 9=Ca ,m vJ A Q m A/i q a c( mJOcT \__G OrFC GPE mKTpFC zf gagar Or GaF9t
543 ?FT yE Oagc XrF_G GPJ NcQ9Aa .)Qpgc cc=JQWa ,H9TJ \cO_aa ,OgTC
.)11(m428 spGa*G \c|lJ
?cF9lJQ_G HE carA dA_G IQacT*G IQtp_G Beeston yHaATc=z EJ9=_G dpFca
16
QtFca .{cO;c*G Ul9M_Ga h=GQ_G {FQr_G {= 9l I~p_G v u_Pa ;?cOaKc IOcrf BF9t
ctW= \__G yE IQ9W<_ )HlJQ_G( ep_ B_lgATG ?cOaKc ,?D;D aC ,{WrF OaGa
I|Dt_G [aZF_G Hla .?cOaKc_G clG__ mKA:9lgATG v jar Qc9jA OGaca .K]Ga
OOf HCa ,?cOaKc [aZF_G gPJ H.= ca=r_G >gZ_G Hl \FC OGa ?cF9lJQ__
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OOf Hl 1/10 wGaJ dJa ,OcJaA_G [aZF= 9FQ9rl GOG cc_r ?cOaKc_G [aZF_G
.)12(?cF9lJQ_G XarF_9= ?paQg*G XarF_G
XrF_G v )OaKc_G >Q( K_aZl 9Kcp OQa dA_G XarF_G BQZJ Ora
)13(
Ja XrF_G ?lGQAa .9KTpF ?cFlR_G I~p_G yE H9=TFc 9lJa ;
Ja 1028 XrF_Ga
u c m( >agW_G ct u_l Q9TB qTac u_*G ^QFGa ,BGa9lT_G >Q uQ9=c_p( :1028
.)c9crFG uQ9=c_a )H > Y X c u
Ry 515
?cFcO B9J_aZl H9caJc \cp Hc|MFG HcQaT_G HC XrF_G GPJ v 9l mJCa

ct_ >_9i HlJQ_G(a ,)A9lT_G ?c9lJ BJA( )O vJ > Q( )OaKc_G >Q( dJa ,?cOaKc
mT9= 9KAAGQr Htlc dA_G )O mJ m >( )OalJ*G mT9=( )HlJQ_G mT9=( )Qapt >GPt
.OalJl aC OlJl
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dJa ,Ry 508a Ry 507 {WrF_G v 9]cC OcJaA_G B9J_aZl BOQa 9lt
^ Q A a H j m U a vJ c H vJ c Y( )A9lT_G v jP_G \__G( )^QFGa A9lT_G >Q(
)14(
RY XrF_Ga .?lJQ_G >_a= HlJQ_G yE \GaA_G \cp OQa RY 508 XrF_Ga
)H
.)15()m M Q( \AlJQa HlJQ_G QtP 9lKcp OQca Ry 508 XrF__ 9KTpF I~p_G 513
q
ct iO_ c9f BaZ= I;Z_G v g;fC 9Kc_E Q9W*G B9J_aZ*G B_lgATG Ora
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.)16({l_T*G G|MCa ,)q9FJFG( HcOJa*Ga ,iQ9ZF_G Hl mJ|ia ,OaKc_G Hl
..bTaA*G ^c=FG QJ=_G m_9f v O89T_G Q9cA_G aJ H9t OcJaA_G yE cc*Ga
OGa EcJ ;)QlOA( Palmyra ?raFl v IQadFla ,?J]Ga BF9t gPJ cDl cacla
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,Divine epithet dK_E >r_ caFG :{KGa zf 9lOMATl )HlJQ_G( \AGP mT:G
BTc_ BGQ9WDG gPJ 9Kcp OGaA dA_G [aZF_Ga .?K_6G yE ?Z9M IQ9WE dF9D_Ga
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clAJ*G QOZ*G dJ
Palmyra
QlOA v 9KA:9lgATGa .?cJcTl :a ,?cOaKc

.)17(?c|lJ_G ?cF9lJQ__
,Monothiest OcJaA_G H9t UO9T_G HQr_G c=r ?cF9lJQ__ Uc8Q_G mTG_G HE

}f Ora .A9pFJ_G aC ,?cpcFJ_G Hal_T*G \c_f s_ac 9l \Ft_a ;?cJcT*Ga ,?cOaKc_G :
QaKd c=r ?c=Qg_G IQcRG_G v A9pFJ u9FJ H.= IQtp_G u_A Hf y>G HaA_l9Jz
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.)18(IQtp_G gPJ mfOA 9pFB 9Kc_E 9FQWC dA_G ?cWrF_G {JG}_G HCa ,HaQr= m;TDG
v ?cJcT*G ?F9cO_G OaGa dZrA_ ?c=aFG_G XarF_G scQa zf 9FcWl GPEa
?cJcT*G ?F9cO_G OaGa yE IQ9WE jC 9Kcp OGaA : ?c8=T_G XarF_G H@p ;Hlc_G
dKp 9Kc_E O9FAT:G Htlc dA_G QO9Z*G 9lC ;)19(jO;c*G UO9T_G HQr_G c=r
dv vav vFRv vcv v=v v_G NQC*G B9v v=9v vAv vt 9v vKv vTCQ zv vfa ,?v vcv vav vFRv vcv v=v v_G ?v vcv v=OFG QO9v vZ*G
QaaG}lDG HC QtPc jP_G ,jO;c*G Ul9M_G HQr_G h_al Hl )20(Philostorgius
yE AGQpT cTQC Constantious II )373 - 360( ydF9D_G UacaF9aTFrz
yUa_cpacAz IQ9pT_G u_A UCQ zf H9ta .245 m9f v u_Pa ,j|lJ_G mt9J_G
IQcRG HatA 9l=Q dA_G Dibos Ua=cO IQcRG v .WF jOFJ aJa ,Theophilus
.IQalaT
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H9Fac_G Hl Q9GA_G Q9=t_ 9raT BF9t HOf v ?TcFt ?Dg=_G gPJ BTTC Ora
.?ldAFl B;JQ v HOf yE HaOZrc GaF9t Q9GA_G A:CJ HC GPJ bFgla ;H9laQ_Ga
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.?Z9M ?TcFt yE \cp BG9AJG GOJ mGJ_G Hl Bj_= HOf v ?c_9G mK_ BF9ta
mKgl Ga_lJ AGQpT_G HC QtPAp Philostorgius yUacGQaATa_cpz ?cGaQ 9lC
,IQtp_G c=r j|lJ_G u_*G HCa ,U89Ft_G A9F= v 9Kr9pFD ;cGalFG ^g=a ,9cGOJ
?TcFt H=c m_a .jQaaG}lDG c9*G Hl Uc_a ,[9M_G \=9TJ zf U89Ft_G bF=a
,HOf v IOJGaa ,Q9pd ?c|lJ_G ?lZ9g_G v IOJGa ;U89Ft E;D bF= c= IOJGa
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,yUavcvavF9vavTvFvrz QavaG}vlDG Hvl ;vt HCa ,dvrQvWv_G cvJ9vTv_G zvf ?vDv_9vDa
IQ9pT_G u_A ?GcAF H@p u_P_ ;dTacQFG >JP*G zf 9F9t yUacGQaATa_cpza
18
U89Ft_G hral HC 9lt ;dTacQFG >JP*G zf ?raF*G u_A yE ?cJcT*G caMO dJ

H9tT_G ?lOM Hl QDtC {caFRc=_G QGaR_G ?lOM_ ;BcF= 9KFC zf cOc E;D_G
.)21({c_J*G
bAJ 9K= |W=A_Ga ,?cJcT*G caMO= car_G HC Beeston yHaATc=z iQca
yE |Wca .cC9pA_G Hl |Dt \cp aC ,.aM 9lE ;jO;c*G h=GQ_G HQr_G qZAFl
9lJa .)?cW=J_G( RgG_G ?j_= dF9D_Ga ,?cF9Fac_G ?j__9= >aAtl 9lJOJC ;{aaaMl
[F_G 9lC ,Ea_9D_9= cTaA \cp dF9Fac_G [F_Ga .Ezanna \FRcf u_*G Hf H9DOJAc
Bp__ aJ {ZF_G HcPK= c:OAT:Ga .mcJQ_9= cTaAc \F@p RgG_G ?j_= >aAt*G
,?cF9Fac_9= sa9F_G m_9g_G ?=a9Ml \pOJa ,?cF9Fac_G ?j__9= >aAt*G [F_G yE g9=AF:G
k
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q
BcF= ;drQW_G cJ9T_G caa zfa ,HOfa ,Q9pd Hl ct v ?c|lJ_G RtGQ*G v Og=
v U89Ft_ QtP OGac ;p ;{c|lJ_G H9tT_G cGC Hl : ,{caFRc=_G Q9GA_G cGC Hl
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QOZ*G GPJ yE O9FAT:9=a ,)23(Seert yB|Tz \c_aJ aKp dF9D_G QOZ*G 9lC
sFAfG dFGQGF scQa Hf Ul9M_G HQr_G h_al v H9t Hlc_G yE ?cJcT*G caMO H@p
BQWAFG HGQGF v ?cJcT*G GarFAfG HcP_G c;M Hla .I|J__ \AQ9cR A9FDC v ?cJcT*G
.?cJcTl__ mt9J_G s9FAfG Hf AdW jqC QtPc m_a .{c|lJ_G Hl mKFG|G {= ?cJcT*G
?l9f ?pZ= {c|lJ_Ga ?Z9M ?pZ= {cFGQGF_G {= ?cJcT*G Q9WAFG Hf Y9=aF:Ga
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u_*G m9lC IQaMp Bpra dA_G Habsa y?T=Jz yE |Wc {c|lJ_G >9Ata
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B_MO ?cJcT*G HE carAz :)?cW=J( RgG_G ?j_= ?=aAtl q_C*G ?_aKGl ?rcDa OGaAa
\lTG j|lJ u_l Oc zf cAr jP_G Azqir y|tRCz bfOc [MW scQa Hf HGQGF yE
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u_*G mT: 9pcQJA mT:G GPJ Hatc 9l=Qa .Sarabhal Dankef - ?rcDa_G u_A v WO^ uKF UOu
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Ul9M_G HQr_G qZAFl Og= mtJ jP_G aJa ,Shurahbil Yanka y9tF9c cc=JQWz
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Hf H9t Hlc_G yE ?cJcT*G caMO HC zf ?cl;TDG ?c=Qg_G QO9Z*G hlGAa
QO9Z*G spAAa .)27()HGQGF= HcO_G u_P hral HE( :[F_9= QtPA EcJ HGQGF scQa
jP_G aJ yQl9A H= \__GO=fz aC Phemion yHaclcpz HC zf iQMC IQl ?cl;TDG
jP_G {FA_G IRGgl 9KFla ;9K= bAC dA_G BGRGg*G QtPAa .HGQGF yE ?cJcT*G cMOC
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Hf B_rFa BOlAfG ?cl;TDG QO9Z*G HC OGc QalFG gPJ v cl.A*Ga
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mcTrA yE IQ9WE jqC jaAJA : 9KFC ?cl;TDG QO9Z*G yE \Ga*G OrF_Ga
Hl GPJ )30(HGQGF yE ?cJcT*G \cp B_MO jP_G HlR_G OOJA : 9KFE EcJ Hl ,dFlR
;?cl;TDG IOcrg_Ga ,?cJcT*G IOcrg_G {= b_MA ?cGaQ_G OGF iQMC ?KG Hla ,?KG
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\AQGCa ,?cGaQ_G \c_E BQ9WC jP_G OcJaA_Ga .){AgtQ zZa ,QKaA( \FC yE IQ9WDG
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I;Z dJ B9gtQ_9= OgA dA_G I;Z_G HC 9lt .Ul9M_Ga h=GQ_G {FQr_G v 9ZaZM
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v H9=9J ?raFl v ?cJcTl ?F9cO OaGa mOf zf cOc 9ll ;\Ac9KF v >c_Z_G QKdc m_a
HQr_G v ,IQW9=l qTac u_*G OKf c=r ?cJcT*G Q9WAF: ?=TF_9=a )31(I~p_G u_A
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20
v BTT.A Or ?cJcT*G H@p : 9lC ,?cJcT*G Q9WAFG yE |Wc AdW_G u_P H9tC AGaTa
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?c_aJ zf s=aFl \AGP QlFGa .IQM.Al Hlc_G yE ?cJcT*G caMO yE |Wc jOaKc_G
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>aFG v BcF= U89Ft_G HC yE 9FcO_ IQ9WDG BQQtA Ora .?c=Qg_G IQcRG_G >aFG v
Q9WAFG HCa ,{c_J*G H9tT_G ?lOM_ Uc_a ,H9Fac_Ga ,{caFRc=_G Q9Gq A_G ?lOM_ IQcRG_G
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v ?cF9Fac_Ga ?cF9cQT_G QO9Z*G jaQAa ,uAp_Ga ,>KF__ X9=JFGa ,?FT9Tj_Ga
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hl cA9rAa ,)H U c s Q vJ O a( ?gc=_G sQJCa ,)a vJ Q a vJ c u( 9K_JC hclG
13000 zAr_G OOf H9ta ,)HGQgWC( yE u_*G \GaAa ,9K_KTa ,QlW HaZJ hclG
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zf )qTac( u_*G 9K= m9r ?c=QJ B;lJ aC ,c9Ar Hf EOJAA XarF_Ga
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A9F= Hl9FQ=a .>aFG_G yE qrTFG ?_JQ Hl 9ZaZM ?cpGQjG_G B9la_g*G 9KFl
OcOJA aJ ;?GQMAT*G ?cpGQjG_G B9la_g*G mJCa .j|lJ_G u_*G Bal Og= U89Ft_G
E;D QtP OQa 9lt ,?JQ=C 9J9F= U89Ft_G Hl OOf QtP Ora .U89Ft_G A9F= Ht9lC
v U89Ft E;Da ,EQ9J_G OcKW__ BZZM IOJGa 9KFl ;HGQGF v BcF= U89Ft
>gZ_G Hl \FC OGa dA_G Legmia cDl iQMC HOl QtP zf A9G Ora .Q9pd ?lZ9g_G
Agana bfOA ?FcOl v U89Ft BcF=a ,Q9pd HatA 9l=Q dA_G Atfar QtPa ,9KpcQgA
9J9F= 9F9r U89Ft Hl IOJGa HC clAJ*G Hla .?c_J9T ?FcOl dJa ,9F9r HatA 9l=Qa
Or Acts of Gregentius q_Cl HE .OFK_G U89Ft UTCl Thomas U9laA jQGaJ_G
\F9tl v ARG_G GPJ h]c HC O=: ;?_a9Jl jC HaO= 9KaarTa HGQGF Q9ZJ qZa
.IQcRG_G >aFG_ dW9GF_G M9cAGG Hf mcOrA j.= ?J=Pl__ OKlc m_a .dMcQ9A_G
aC ,HGQGF ?raFl LQ9M {cJcT*Ga ,{cFDa_G {c|lJ_G OaGa K]ac m_ u_Pta
.)68(9K_MGO
GaF9t HcP_G {cJcT*G mOrA 9KFC dJ Acts of Greg. v_G \caAJA 9l mJCa
.H9lcDG ?_9J] iOl {=c Iar_9= ?F9cO_G s9FAfG HCa ,?cJcT*G ?F9cO_9= OKg_G dDcOJ
u_l ,?JQ=C Hl ct 9JQOZC dA_G ?cZa_G aC QGPFDG v K]AA gPJ QdF_G ?KGaa
GPE \FC K]ac jP_G QlFG X9=JFG IQO9jl Og= ;Gregentius qrTFGa ,{c|lJ_G
WO^ uKF UOu
33
?F9cO_G Ga_=ra False ?p8GR 9KF.= BpZa dA_G mKAF9cO H9tT_G hclG u~c m_
aJa Acts of Greg v QMB c9Dl u9FJa .mKr9FfC >Q]A qaT mKF@p ;?cJcT*G
,mKgFrF HC ca9JF HC Og= :\cp carca .?JQ=C dW=J_G u_l__ Gregen qrTFG MG~rG
,mK_ArF HCa ,?cJcT*G mT9= mJO] mOrAF HC hcaATF 9JOg= ;|lgA_9= Ga_=rc m_ GP@p
HcO_G ^Qp HaOcQc {cJcT*G bAJ \FC zf K]Ga H9JQ= GPJa )69(mKJ=PF aC
.Iar_9= HcO_G ^Qp ca9J jP_G aJ gOJa jOaKc_G u_*G Uc_a ,Iar_9=
>aFG v dJcT*G OaGa_G BlOr Acts of Gregentius HC ?Z;M_Ga
OaGa Hf BlZ_G Hl miQ_G zfa .^l9i ctW= dW9GF_G \_lJ c=r IQcRG_G
b9WF Hf EOJAc harl zf h_aF 9FF@p ,IQcRG_G >aFG v {cJcTl {FaGal
v Hc_ajWl 9F9t 9lKFC QQrc q_C*G HC OGF EcJ ;Gregentius qrTFGa dW9GF_G
ct v GaOc=C Or GaF9t HcP_G IQcRG_G >aFG v {cJcT*G HcO_G c9GQ mcdFA IO9fE
k
k
yE QW9=l |i ctW= 9Jcl_Aa 9]Qf u9FJ H@p \c_f A9F=a .OaKc_G ?aTGa= ?FcOl
9lcp Kc]aA HaO= Ht_a ,IQcRG_G >aFG HOl v {cJcTl HcO c9GQ_ s=9T OaGa
dW=J_G XcG_G hl GaA9G HcP_G X9=JFG Hl aC {c|lJ {FaGal GaF9t GPE
.)70(jR9j_G
jqC 9lOrc m_ EQ9J_G O9KWATG baaMla ,{c|lJ_G >9At H@p 9FdJ: 9lta
m_ Acts of Greg v_G u_Pta .IQcRG_G >aFG v OaKc_Ga ,{cFDa_G Hf ?Z9M B9la_gl
k
hl mKAr;f mq D Hla ;9]g= mK]g= hl mKA9p;M aC ,mKFf B9la_gl jqC mOrA
Hf B9la_gl eJ;F HC hcaATF IQW9=*G |i BGQ9WDG c;M Hl Ht_a .{cJcT*G
v ?c=Qg_G IQcRG_G >aFG v OGa Or \FC qaQg*G Hla .OaKc_Ga {cFDa_G OGGaA
UcT.A_ Ga=Q9JA UQp_G Hl ?f9lGa ,{caFRc=_G Hl ?f9lG UO9T_G HQr_G h_al
k
qrGal PMAG {cJcT*Ga OaKc_G Hl ;t H@p s_aF*G GPJ Hla .?cT9cT IQacT
k
mK_9lf hla ,{caFRc=_G hl GaOJAG {JcT*G {FaGa*G HCa ,9]g= mK]g=_ ?Tt9gl
UQp_G hl GaOJAG {FDa_Ga ,OaKc_G ;{c|lJ_G {FaGa*G HC OGF {J v ,X9=JFG
34
q
v_Ga EQ9J_G O9KWATG ?rcDa Hl ct ?TGQO v eJ;*G Hla .q_9JAa L9lOFG HcatA_
c=r Hl AGOg_G Hl YaF jC cGTc m_a .q_M_G v Gar= {cFDa_G H@p Acts of Greg
Og= UGaF aP jOaKc_G u_*G 9K=At dA_G ?_9TQ_Ga .{cFDa_G O] {c|lJ_Ga OaKc_G
u_*G hl u_Pta ,UQp_G IO9r_G hl ?cOa ?r;f zf ep9J \FC K]aA ,HGQGF ?J=Pl
baaMla Acts of Greg Hl ct iO_ OQa 9l yE O9FAT:9=a ,I|J_G v dFDa_G d=Qg_G
k
GOJGa H9t ,{caFRc=_G aOf aJa ,Kawad O9cr UQ9p_G u_*G H@p ,EQ9J_G O9KWATG
v ?J=P*G >rf UGaF aP 9lK_TQC dA_G {A_9TQ_G iOJE Gal_TA HcP_G Hl
.)71(HGQGF
dJa ,Q9F_G scQa Hf cAr_G Acts of Greg v OQa Orp ;HGQGF ?J=P* ?=TF_9=a
H:
4 G F E{ La}_G IQaT v mcQt_G HBQr_G v OQa 9l hl ?rpAl
)72(
}:
7 TSRQPO:
6 NMLK:
5 JI
9JPpF dA_G ?J=P*G yE EGOJFG HagGQca b=Q_G u_P Ha]pQc {r_g*G ^g= HC a_a
,HGQGF ?J=P* ?cMcQ9A_G EGOJFG mKc_f Ba_AMG u8_aC HC aO=ca .)73(QZF PMa=F
.?cAGQaA_G [aZF_Ga
;?c=Qg_G IQcRG_G >aFG v >cPgA_G v Q9F_G mGOMAT: [9M Oct.A u9FJa
dW*G dJa ,IQcRG_G >aFG v ?lcOr_G ?cFcO_G Q89gW_G ^g= yE IQ9WE BOGa EcJ
IO89T IO9f cGR9l s~Jc ?_MF YRG zf dW*G H@p gPJ 9Fl9cC v bAJa .Q9F_G zf
Hl ?W=J_G v UcOr_G I9cJ Hl ?K=9Wl ?_Dl.= UcOr_G |T EOJAa .Hlc_G v
h]a ;IQcRG_G >aFG v {cJcT*G caTQ Azkir |tRC HE EcJ Acts of Azkir v_G
.)74(AaT \Tlc HC HaO Hl >aQK_G Y9aATGa ,IOral Q9F zf
qFg= B_R_R dA_G EGOJFG NcQ9A v mTG caC )75(HGQGF ?FcOl B_lJ Ora
mT9= BpQf Ora ,UO9T_G HQr_G Hl caFG h=Q_G v ?c=Qg_G IQcRG_G >aFG aC ,Hlc_G
k
k
mTG epJ 9lta .9TcOra GOcKW EQ9J_G 9Klt9J K=ZCa .?c=Qg_G AGOKW_G ?FcOl
cDl ?cF9Fac_G QO9Z*G Hl ct v ,?cTOr= Ht_a ,epJ Orp ;?c=Qg_G QO9Z*G v HGQGF
WO^ uKF UOu
35
.{c|lJ_G >9At cDl ?cF9cQT_G QO9Z*G va ,Vita v_Ga EQ9J_G O9KWATG baaMl
^g= v BOGa Ora .>Qg__ ?=TF_9= ?TOrl 9KpZa= 9J|D.A HGQGF_ H9t Ora
9l=Qa ,H9AraFl jO;c*G h=9T_G HQr_G v HGQGF iQ9ZF 9Kc_E QG9J dA_G sa9F*G
.)76(m9W_G O;= v iQMFGa ,?pat_G v 9lJGOJE ;HGQGF mTG clJA QDtC
Lever
9Z_G dJa ;OfQ*G aC ,OfQ_G dFgA Yiddish ?cOaKc_G ?j__G v HGQGFa

.)77(?gpGQ bFgl=
Ora .iQ9ZF mKF.= 9JCGOKW QKAWGa ,9K8GOKW Hl 9KAQKW HGQGF BPMC Or_
v Hl hclG HC BOtC dA_Ga ,HGQGF AGOKW Hf B=At dA_G QO9Z*G 9F]QgATG
uQA {= mJ|M jP_G jOaKc_G u_*G OcOKA m9lC mKFcO zf mKA9=Da ,iQ9ZF ?FcO*G
.mKJGaQC [;M zf dJcT*G HcO_G GaQ9AM9p ;mKJGaQC [;Ma mKFcO
k
gPJ v cZp_G car_Ga ?iQ9ZF ;gp GaOKWATG HcP_G hclG H9t cJ Ht_a
F E{ La}_G IQaT v mcQt_G HBQr_G v ?c]r_G gPJ Hf OQa 9l aJ ?c]r_G
RQPO :
6 N M L K :
5 J I H :
4 G
.)78(} :
8 ]\[ZYXWVU :
7 TS
qQgAF_ B9c6G |TpA v mJQKWCa HcQTp*G mOrC AGQB ^QgATF qaTa
B9c7_ g|TpA CO= jP_G j}a_G HcQTp*G UCQ zf dA.ca .?cl;TDG QdF_G ?KGa
q;AM:G GPJ |TpA_a ?ymJ Hla OaOMFG >9JZC v m_g_G cJC q_AMGz :\_ar=
>GWc m_a ,OcCc m_a ,iQMFG zf 9KFl IOJGa c]pc m_ ?p_AMl B9cGaQ h=T OQaC
.B9cGaQ_G Hl ?cGaQ j.= OQa 9l
Hl >9At cJC GaF9t mKFC :- \Ff \__G d]Q - >_9a d=C H= xg_ caFG ?cGaQ_Ga
\__G HE :\_ar U9F_G zf ^Qpc HC OGQCa ,\AMC zf hra mKt_l HCa ,UaG*G 9c9r=
BJ~r9p ;car_G GPK= ca=r_G Ga]pQ U9F_G HCa ,BGaMFG M9tF cJC y9gAa \F9J=T
zf \At_ll cJC ^Qgc mD ,OaOMFG mK_PMc HC mQG_G v \AtcQWa ,u_*G BMC
.Q9F_G v \= qPrc ^pQ Hla ,\tQA QrC Hlp ,OaOMFG
36
cAArG ,Hlc_G YGQPl= U9F mJz :)>_9a d=C H= xf( Hf :?cF9D_G ?cGaQ_Ga
zf 9JaFlCl QKdp ?cF9D Ga_AArG mD ,9JQ9pt zf 9JaFlCl QKdp ;9JQ9pta 9JaFlCl
k
QOjp ;^g== mK]g= QOjc : HC ;scDGala GOKf ^g= zf mK]g= PMC mD ,9JQ9pt
k
k
k
mD GQ9F HaOraAz :mK_ c9r {FlC*G Hl ;GQ HE mD .GPMC mJaPM.p ;Q9pt_G mK=
Q9F_G mJArG Hla ,HaKAWA jP_G u_Pp mtFcO zf mtg=9A Hlp 9Kc_f 9FFa]QgA
k
mD ,mJOcO9FZ 9KFalJrc Ga_gGp ,9Kc_f Ga]Qf mD GQ9F GaGG.p :c9r .\Fl mAJ~T9p
:a ,d]lG g9lC 9c :9JQGJ v cpa 9K_ c9rp ,BZtF 9KF.t RaGf mKFl Bcr=
.ymKDcOJa mJ.=F mtc_f \__G [r ,drp9FA
k
v GOaOMC GaPMC cc8GQTE dF= Hl U9F mJz :)U9=f H=G( Hf :?D_9D_G ?cGaQ_G
k
k
,9Kc_f Ga]Qgp A9TFa :9GQ OaOMFG u_P zf Gal9rC mD ,GQ9F \cp GaOraC mD ,^QFG
.y\=9JZCa c9cFGO \FC GalfRa
HapPrc GaF9t HGQGF= ^QFG v sarW BF9tz :\_ar OJ9Gl Hf :?g=GQ_G ?cGaQ_G
.yU9F_G 9Kcp
dF= Hl OaOMFG >9JZC HC HalfRcz :u9J]_G Hf :?Tl9M_G ?cGaQ_Ga
k
k
Gal9r.p ,HG|F_G 9Kcp GaOraC mD ,GOaOMC mK_ GaOMp ,A9TFa :9GQ GaPMC cc8GQTE
.yQ9F_G v mtpPrF aC ,HaQptA :Ga_9rp 9Kc_f {FlC*G
zZ \__G caTQ c9rz :c9r >cKZ Hf :j}a_G 9JOQaC dA_G ?TO9T_G ?cGaQ_Ga
Or :c9rp u_*G QJ9T_G bA.p ;QJ9T \_ H9ta ,u_l mt_=r Hlcp H9tz :m_Ta \c_f \__G
k
k
\l_gc 9l;i \c_E hpOp :c9r ,QJT_G \l_fC 9l;i w hpO9p ;xGC 9FOa ,dFT B}t
:>JGQ u_*G {=a ,QJ9T_G {= H9ta ,QJ9T_G yE q_AMc m;j_G H9tp :c9r QJT_G
m;j_G H9tp ,\l;t= >Gf.p \l;t Hl hlTp ;\c_E Ogr >JGQ_9= Qq l GPE m;j_G H9tp
,\l;t hlTc >JGQ_G OFf Ogr \_JC bAC GPEa ?uT=J 9l :c9ra ,\=Q] QJ9T_G bAC GPE
:>JGQ_G \_ c9rp ,>JGQ_G yE u_P 9tWp ?uT=J 9l :Ga_9ra ,ga=Q] \_JC yE hGQ GPEa
:cr ?uT=J 9l :u_JC c9r GPEa ,xJC dFT=J :cr ?uT=J 9l QJ9T_G u_ c9r GPE
WO^ uKF UOu
37
BT=J scQa_G v ?lcdf ?=GO GPEa ,scQa v Qq l PE u_Pt aJ 9lFc=p ,QJ9T_G dFT=J
QlC mC \__G OFf b]QC QJ9T_G QlC m_fC H6G :m;j_G c9rp ,HaRaGc mKfOA : U9F_G
k
QlC Hl uc_E >JC >JGQ_G QlC H9t HE mK__G :c9rp :c9r GQGJ PM.p :c9r ,>JGQ_G
,U9F_G R9Gp 9K_Arp 9J9lQp :c9r .U9F_G Qlca \_Arcp GPJ jQGJ= dlQC dF@p QJ9T_G
Bc_A=G GPEa ,dFl |M uFE :m;j__ >JGQ_G c9r m;j_G g9AC 9l_p :c9r .>JGQ_G u_P k_=p
u_l__ H9ta ;AGaOFG Q89Ta [Q=FGa \ltFG }c m;j_G H9ta :c9r ,dFf }MA ;p
k
;AGaOFG Q89Ta [Q=FGa \ltFG }c 9l;i 9FJ9J HE :\_ ccrp ,dlgp :c9r Uc_G
9cGOK_G gPKp ;dFACQ=C HE m;i 9c :c9rp ;g9AC mD :c9r .9cGOJ \_ Ga|MA :c9ra \= GaA.p
HC \__G BafO BFlB GP@p ;dpWc \__G Ht_a ,ucpWc >c=a= 9FC 9l :c9rp .u_ 9K_t
,Ogrc H9t 9lt u_*G yE blfFG Ogrp .g9pWp ;\__G 9fOp ;blfFG Hl5p :c9r ,ucpWc
>Q u_a :c9r ,d=Q :c9rp ?u9pW Hlp :c9r ,z= :c9r ?blfC HtA m_C :u_*G \_ c9rp
.GPJ ul_f Hl zf dF_OA_ :c9rp ,>GPg_9= gPM.p :c9r .\__G u=Qa d=Q mgF :c9r ?j|i
,>JGQ_G PM.p ;>JGQ_G zf cOp ;>GPg_9= gPMCa ,m;j_G 9fOp ,m;j_G zf \_Oq p :c9r
H9t jP_G cGQ_G u_Pta ,{rW Q9WF*9= \rW ^pQ 9l_p .\FcO Hf YaGQ_G \Fl >_aa
.Blc m_p QJ=_G v \rGQi@= QlCa ,Blc m_p ;c=G_G Hl \89r_@= QlC Orp bAp_G 9lC .blfC
;mKT= dlQc mD ,m;j_G >Q mT9= :carc H.= u_Pa ,cArc qct u_*G m;j_G cOa
B9la ,m;j_G ZOZ v mKT_G hrap ;mKT_9= g9lQ mD ;m;j_G >_Za ,U9F_G hlGp
;9Kcp U9F_G Har_c GaPMCa ,HG|F_G mQ].p ;m;j_G >Q= 9FlB :U9F_G c9rp .m;j_G
.yQ9F_G BlJAr9p ,sJ_G zf uF@p d]lC g9lC 9c :9K_ c9rp d=Z 9Kgl ICQlG BA9Gp
k
{FlCl 9lar OaOMFG >9JZC H9tz :UFC H= hc=Q_G Hf :?g=9T_G ?cGaQ_G
k
mKc_f ^Qgp ,mKc_E cTQC H9DaFG IO=f Hl GQ9=G HEa ,I~p_G v U9F_G Ga_RAfG
k
k
Q9F_G v caMO_G {= mJ|M mD ,GQ9F \cp OraCa ,GOaOMC OVMp Ga=.p ;\FcO v caMO_G
Hl Q9F_G v Gar_C HcP_G {FlC*G \__G bGq Fp ;Q9F_G v Gar_.p ,mKFcO Hf YaGQ_Ga
.)79(Q9F_G mKTlA HC c=r mKJGaQC ^=r H.= ;scQJ_G
38
QalFG ^g= m_gF HC 9Fc_f j}a_G |TpA Hl >GgA_G B9l;f aJlF dt_a
qQgc caFG :{J9GAG HBQr_G |TpA v HaQTp*G \GAG Orp .HcQTp*G g9GAG Hf
Q9=ta )m_Ta \c_f \__G zZ caTQ_G( Hf jaQ 9l aJa ,QaD.*9= |TpA_G mT9=
Hl QDtC crg_G zf gO9lAfG H9t aJa ,jCQ_9= |TpA_G aJa :dF9D_G 9lC .?=9JZ_G
>9At_G cJC AGQB Hl \c_f cMOC 9l= QaD.*9= |TpA_G hTAG Ora .IGaQ_G zf gO9lAfG
>gt cDl ;ccGFDGa IGQaA_G Hf 9JaPMC AGQB mK_ BF9ta ,m;TDG v Ga_MO HcP_G
.)80(HcQG H=Ga ,m;T H= \__GO=fa ,jOaKc_G Q9=JFG
k
Hf \8GQB Hl G|Dt PMC jP_G )sJTG H= OlJl( |TpA_G >At Hl QKWC Hla
BG|TpA_G gPJ HC zf .Q9=JFG >gta ,\cFl H= >Ja Hf ?cFGQZF_Ga ,?cOaKc_G
jP_G QaKW*G g|TpA v j}a_G scQa Hf :E 9KFl AdW 9Fc_E cZc m_a ,Bf9]
k
?cFi qQ9gl IQ8GO \FE :{rQWAT*G OJC \Ff carc jP_Ga ,GO_Gl {D;D v hrc
.)81(QaD.*9= |TpA_9=
Hl ?c_c8GQTDG [Zr_G Hl IPaM.l Q9=M.= dA.c H9t \F.= j}a_G R9Alca
v OrF_G UQ9lc m_a ,dJ 9lt B9cGaQ_G OQac \F.= mKAG 9lt ;cZFG ?cOaKc hGGQl
GPE j}a_G H9ta ,OFT_G zf [QJ_Ga B9cGaQ_G zf ccagA_Ga ,9JOQaC dA_G B9cGaQ_G
OGA dA_G ,?lM]_G {FA_G IOgl= j}a_G >At BK=W Ora .OFT_G OrF= mAJG OrAFG
.?TF9GAl ?_At 9KFl cgGc EcJ= ;ccDlA aC ,HlO HaO 9Kcp 9KF9tl OGa*G hclG
;9Kcp g9afC jP_G jCQ_G yE OagA :a ,?g89]_G IO9*G epJ yE OagA j}a_G ?lcra
LQ9Ma ,EGOJFG LQ9M qrc H9t EcJ ;B9la_gl Hl mOr 9lcp \cCQ bgc m_ \FF
k
H9cJFG ^g= va .\AGaQ zf IOKg_G ct 9clGQ K]Ga xrf OaQ= v 9KTpF ?cGaQ_G
.?_argl |i B9cGaQ OQac
HBQr_G |TpA Hl ct_ ?=TF_9= )j}a_G( B9=9At zf s=aFc car_G GPJa
k
HcaOA_G v \=a_TCa ,9DOJl \pZa= \Ap9rD BTtf ?cMcQ9A_G \A9=9At HF ;NcQ9A_Ga
WO^ uKF UOu
39
BQWC HC s=T {AarF zf \cp OlAfG jP_Ga ,EcOJ_G cJC HKFl yE OFATG dMcQ9A_G
.)82(OFT_G zf [QJ_Ga ,?cGaQ_G zf ccagA_G :9lJa ,9lKc_E
k
Hf carFl IQaT_G gPJ yE ?=TF_9= 9ZaZMa QaD.*9= |TpA_G HC aO=ca
Ul9M_G HQr_G Hl |MFG E_D_G {= 9l X9f jP_G )jQWMlR_G( HC iQFp ;)j}a_G(
dJa yaFG ?cGaQ_G :B9cGaQ E;D Q9AMG jQGK_G UO9T_G HQr_G Hl caFG E_D_Ga
\__G zZ d=F_G( Hf jaQ :c9r \Ft_a ,u_P QtPc HC HaO Hl )>cKZ( yE ?=aTF*G
.N_E ...QJ9T ua_*G ^g=_ H9tz :c9r \FC )m_Ta \c_f
?cGaQ :?D_9D_Ga .\AMC zf hra jP_G u_*G Hfz :)xf( ?cGaQ :?cF9D_G ?cGaQ_Ga
k
cDl 9]cC aJa .N_E ...bTcf HcO zf H9t Hll cGQ HGQGF yE hra( :carA
.)83(9KFc= c]9pc m_a ,B9cGaQ_G OrFc m_ )j}a_G(
zf OlAfG jP_G )dT}a_G( aJa ,jQGK_G UO9T_G HQr_G Hl m_9f yE crAFFa
k
)>cKZ( ?cGaQ :yaFG ,9KFl 9D;D Q9AMGa .)j}a_G( 9JOQaC dA_G 9KTpF B9cGaQ_G
\FC xf Hf I|MFGa ,\AMC zf hra jP_G u_*G ?cF9D_Ga ,QJ9T_Ga u_*G Hf dJa
k
,?cGaQ jqC OrAFc m_ 9]cC aJa .OaOMFG >9JZC Hf \_.Tc HGQGF qrTC yE cTQC
.)84(iQMFG zf IOJGa c]pc m_a
Hl9D_G HQr_G Hl NQCla QTpl aJa )85()|Dt H=G( 9KTpF B9cGaQ_G OQaCa
QpJ_G dJa ,OcO9MC 9KglGa OaOMC ?l_t QTp EcJ ;m9f |TpA= CO= \Ft_a ,jQGK_G
Q9pt_G Hl mar mKFEz :)OaOMFG >9JZC cAr( |TpA v ?l9f ?pZ= c9ra .^QFG v
mK_ GaQpJ Ga]pQ 9lFcJa ,mKFcO uQA zf cGa Rf \__9= {FlC*G Hl ?f9lG Ga}GC
k
.yQ9F_G v qPr \FcO Hf YaGQ_G ^pQ Hla .Q9F_G \cp GaGGCa ,GOaOMC ^QFG v
Hl ,?Zr_G gPJ cZC v |TpA_G cJC q_AMG Oraz :\_ar |TpA_G GPJ qOQC mD
:c9r }G F E{ y9gA \_ar v )iOT_G Hf b9=TC( car OQaC mD .?ymJ
d=C H=G gGaQ .Hlc_9= Oq Ma ,m9W_9= Oq Ma ,sGQg_9= Oq M :?D;D )OcO9MFG( OaOMFG BF9tz
.m;j_Ga QJ9T_Ga u_*G ?cGaQ dJa .>cKZ ?cGaQ yaFG {AcGaQ OQaC mD .ymA9J
40
9K_JC cMO )HGQGF( dJ O;=_Ga )UGaF aP( aJ u_*G HEz :c9rc :?cF9D_G ?cGaQ_G
k
HFc m_a ,9p_C HcQWf IOJGa IGOi v mKFl cArp ;OaOMFG v mKrQJa ?cFGQZF_G
k
,gAGQa GaOQaa ,9TQ9p >JP ,)H9=_gD aP UaO( \_ c9rc OJGa cGQ iaT mKFl
k
Hl 9WcG \gl cTQCa ,?W=J_G u_l dW9GF_G yE >Atp .maQ_G u_l QZcr yE >JPp
.yOaKc_G Hl Hlc_G GaPrFAT9p ,?W=J_G iQ9ZF
|TpA_Ga ,g|TpA v dF;rg_G |TpA_G {= LRl )|Dt H=G( HC iQF GPtJa
k
BA9G dA_G ?cGaQ_G Q9AMG Ora .HcQTp*G Hl s=T Hl {= GO89T H9t jP_G QaD.*9=
Hf ?_aGOA*G ?cMcQ9A_G ?cGaQ_G mD .)m_Ta \c_f \__G zZ \__G caTQ( H9T_ zf
\F@p ,?Zr_G gPJ cZC v |TpA_G cJC q;AMG yE \AQ9WE Hl miQ_G zfa .Ya]a*G
jqC OrAFc m_ mq D Hla ,iQMC zf ?cGaQ jC cc]pA yE cclc aC ,c]pc \F.= crc m_
.?cGaQ
|TpA= CO= )88()vJ1270( jQGK_G QWf E_9D_G HQr_G A9l_f Hl )dTa_FG(a
q;AM9= c9ra .bFgla A9F= 9lJaJFa ^QFG v sW_G aJ Oq M_Gaz ,OaOMFG ?l_t
.yB9cGaQ UlM 9KFl ^QgATG Ora ,OaOMFG >9JZC ?Zr v Q9=MFG
?cF9D_G ?cGaQ_Ga .QJ9T_Ga bAp_G ?Zr aJa >gZl EcOJ :yaFG ?cGaQ_G
hra jP_G dTaG*G u_*G ?D_9D_G ?cGaQ_Ga .HGQGF qrTCa \KGa \__G mQt )xf( ?cGaQ
bTcf HcO zf H9t Hll cGQ HGQGF yE hraz :?g=GQ_G ?cGaQ_Ga .\AF=G aC \AMC zf
k
?cGaQ dJa 9l8GO clKA ?cGaQ ,)86(?Tl9M_G ?cGaQ_G .ygOaFG= UGaF aP \c_E Q9Tp
.mclA dF= Hl ?8l sQJ
)87(
sQJl= QaKW*G )OFJ H= aQlf(
k
h]al v Gap_AMG ?Zr_G v Q9=MFG q;AM: GQdFz \FC )dTa_FG( QtPca
iQr( Hlc_G YGQPl= \FE :ccra ?W=J_G ^Q.= :ccra ,HGQGF v \FE :ccrp OaOMFG
>9JZC v Gap_AMG u_Pta .Hlc_9= O_= \FF ;HGQGF= \Fat v9Fc : GPJa ,)Hlc_G
Hl mKFC 9KFla ,X9=JC mKFC :9KFl ;cGarC IQWf zf OcRc 9l mKcp ccrp ,OaOMFG
KZC HC )dTa_FG( iQca .cc8GQTE dF= Hl mKFC )?lQtf( Hf jaQa .b=F_G
WO^ uKF UOu
41
Ora yHtll B9cGaQ_G hclG {= hlG_G HCa )>cKZ( Hf jaQ 9l aJ gOFf B9cGaQ_G
.)88(\_ cl9W HBQr_Ga ,hrGa jaQ 9l hclG cg_ )HcO_G m9Zf( c9r
.IQaT_G |TpA_ IOf9r 9Jag]aa )j}a_G( B9cGaQ HaQTp*G c=r Or_
Or \FC OGF .{DOJ*G HcQTp*G Hl aJa ,g|TpA v )>ar OcT( yE cZF 9lOFfa
\Ff EOJAA jP_G QW9=*G Ya]a*G HEz :carc PE ?r=9T_G B9cGaQ_G ct Hl [_MA
,m;TDG zf {r=9T_G {FlC*G Hl ?8p HC aJa ;OaOMFG >9JZC EO9J aJ IQaT_G
uQA zf mJaOGQC ..I9ja mK_ AGOf.= Ga_A=G - HcOJa*G iQ9ZF_G Hl mKFE :ccr
k
\cp GaOraCa ,^QFG v 9rW I9ja_G mK_ sWp .Ga=.p mKFcO Hf OGOAQ:Ga ,mKAOcrf
k
.)89(y9rQJ GaA9lp ;{FlC*G ?f9lG \cp Ga=ta ,Q9F_G
|TpA= Gal9r HcP_G ?f9lG_G Hl Uc_ aJa )jalJ_G Bar9c( HC >cQj_G Hla
?cGaQ c=ra ,m;j_Ga QJ9T_Ga u_*G Hf )sJTE H=G( ?cGaQ ^pQc gGQF HBQr_G
k
.)90(y{FlCl OaOMFG >9JZCa ,GQp9t H9t u_*G HEz :c9r jP_G jPl~_G
\__G zZ - \__G caTQ( H9T_ Hf BcaQ dA_G )>cKZ( ?cGaQ HC dFgc GPJa
,QJ9T_Ga ,u_*G ?cGaQ 9KTpF dJ 9KFF ;)sJTE H=G( ?cGaQ :E dJ 9l )- m_Ta \c_f
.m;j_Ga
HaO B9c_c8GQTDG ca=r v ?cl;TDG QO9Z*G ?cr=a ,)j}a_G( qGQTE HE
k
9ZaZMa ,{c=Qj_G {DJ9=_G Hl A9G O9rAF:G GPJa .O9rAFG h]al H9t [cJlA
v ?_GT*G mC ?cMcQ9A_G B9cGaQ_G v OQa 9l AGaT HGQGF AGOKW ?c]r [Mc 9lcp
k
BGP_9=a ,Hlc_G yE ?cFGQZF_G caMO ?c]r OaQa OFf 9r=9T 9Kc_E Q9W*G NcQ9A_G >At
.La}_G IQaT |TpA v OQa 9l aC ,HGQGF
B9cGaQ_G )91(A. Moberg EJ9=_G aJa {c|lJ_G >9At srJl [M Ora
>9At zf 9JO9lAfG iOla ,{c|lJ_G >9At= 9KAr;f cd v [9M OrF= ?cl;TDG
.HGQGF AGOKW Hf EOJA dA_G QO9Z*G dr9= cDl 9K_Dl {c|lJ_G
Stripped
sJATA : gQdF v ?cl;TDG B9cGaQ_G 9KAOQaC dA_G ccZ9pA_Ga
42
mOrCa .>F9G_G GPJ v c]p 9K_ QtPc m_r IQG bAJ aC ,c]p jqC - out Credits
)sJTG H=G( ?cGaQ dJ ;Hlc__ caFG dW=J_G c;AJ:Ga ,Hlc_G ?J=Pl Hf B9cGaQ_G
k
9r=9aA 9Kcp OGF s89rJ ?l9f ?pZ= jaAJAa )j}a_G(a )m9WJ H=G( 9KdpJ dA_G
:dA6G aJF_G zf dJa .{c|lJ_G >9At B9caAJl hl
k
aC ,)Haclcp( aJ >cQi [MW scQa Hf HGQGF yE B_MO ?cJcT*G ::aC

.)Ql9A H= \__GO=f( scQa Hf
k
\_JC Hl ?falGl hl sFAfG jP_Ga )UGaF GP( H9t {c|lJ_G ua_l QMB :9cF9D
\FCa ,A9gFZ \AlZ9f u_*G GPJ HCa ,)qTac( mTG \TpF_ PMAGa ,jOaKc_G HcO_G
9lOFfa ,?cOaKc_G s9FAfG yE HGQGF H9tT 9fOa ,HGQGF ?=Q9J* XcG UCQ zf >JP
,mKrQJa .mcdg_G HBQr_G v La}_G IQaT yE ccJc mD ,OaOMFG mK_ QpJ Ga]pQ
k
k
H= \__GO=f( mKFc= Hl 9p_C HcQWf wGaJ 9=cQrA cAra ,mK= cDla ,qcT_9= mKJ=Pa
k
;GQ HEz :carA ?D_9D ?cGaQa .yNcQ9A_G u_P c=r cAr \FE" :carA ?cGaQ 9FJa .)Ql9A
H= Q=9G( aC )H9cJ( H9t \lTG HEz :carA iQMC ?cGaQa - yH9=_9D aP UGaO \lTG
Og= HCa ,)UGaF jP( O] \AOf9Tl >_aa ,daFRc=_G QaaG}lDG yE >QJ )Oc9p
?cZaA \gl B_TQC cGQ_G HCa ,QW9=l ctW= cMOA_9= QaaG}l<_ KlTc m_ ?p9T*G
k
aJa ,B9cQB Ariat IO9cr BJA 9WcG RKG jP_G ?W=J_G u_l yE QaaG}lDG Hl
blQa ,GalRJ HcP_G {c|lJ_G >Q9Jc_ Hlc_G yE XcG_G hl >JPa .mQWFG ?JQ=C
k
.y9lt9J u_P Og= K=ZC B9cQB HCa ,QJ=_G v \F9ZJ QKd zf aJa ,\TpF UGaF aP
k
,?lKl BTc_ 9KFt_ ,IOtCl GQalC mOrA dA_G IQaKW*G )d=_t_G H=G( ?cGaQa
,jOaKc_G HcO_G yE IafO__ U9lJ= HGQGF yE mOrA 9lOFf UGaF GP HEz :carA
k
\lTG H9ta HGQGF Hl >QJ ;GQ HEa ,OaKc_G O] ?cJcT*G IQaD H9t >=T_Ga
,maOr__ OGOgATG zf u_*G H9ta :IOf9T*G >_aa ,?W=J_G u_l yE \GaA )UGaO(
k
QaaG}lDG \c_E cTQC bAJ 98cW cgpc HC haATc m_ Ht_a ;{cJcT*G IOf9Tla
k
X9=JFG ?lcRJ v KGF UGaF GP HEa ,crF__ ?=a_a*G HpT_G Hl GOOf daFRc=_G
WO^ uKF UOu
43
k
k
Hl {FDG IO9cr= cTQC GOcOG 9WcG HEa ,mJO89r mTG QtPc m_ HcP_G HcQZAF*G
B9cQBa A9gFZ u_l K=ZC ?JQ=Ca ,QJ=_G v \TpF= br_C UGaF GP HEa ,{c|lJ_G
QcOrA_G ^g= Bcr_ ?c=Qg_G B9cGaQ_G gPJ HC A. Moberg q~gca .)92(u_P Og= QKd
HC yE |Wc AdW jqC B9cGaQ_G u_A v Qc m_ \TpF aJ \FCa ,{DJ9=_G ^g= Hl
v dJcT*Ga ,jOaKc_G u_*G EcJ Hl ;?_rATl ?cMcQ9A ?lcr 9K_ ?c=Qg_G B9cGaQ_G
u_*G ?lcRJa ,{c|lJ_G O] >aQJ_Ga ,HpT_Ga ,?W=J_G u_la ,QaaG}lDGa ,HGQGF
.Hlc_G c;AJGa ,\Aala ,jOaKc_G
>9At Hl IPaM.l ?arFa Acta v_G Hl IPaM.l BQtP dA_G b9rF_G ct HE
: \FE :car_G Htlc GP_ Guidi ?g=a v QJ=_G v jOaKc_G u_*G Bal dJa ,{c|lJ_G
k
Hf ;]p ,9Kc_E Q9W*G B9cGaQ_G Hl 9J|i v OQa 9lf crATl aC ,OcOG AdW OGac
k
.Q9pd Hl :O= {c|lJ_G ?lZ9f A9gFZ B_gG ?cMcQ9A B9rQ9pl OaGa
k
GaPMC {l_T*G {MQC*G HEz :A. Moberg carc Guidi QaTpa}_G Hf ;rFa
QO9Z*G Hl m;TDG c=r 9l I~p v ?caFRc=_G ?_aO_G Hfa ,?cJcT*G Hf mKA9la_gl
>aFG v ?cJcT*G caMO B9cGaQ zf s=aFc GPJa ,?cF9Fac_G QO9Z*Ga ,?cF9cQT_G
IGaQ_G BOlC Or ?cF9Fac_Ga ,?cF9cQT_G ?cTFt_G B9cGaQ_G HCa ,?c=Qg_G IQcRG_G
cOATca .H9Fg_G s_al c9cM_Ga ,|a9TF9= LaRl*G mKpZa Hl Kl;l= {l_T*G
k
9FpT daFRc=_G QaaG}lDG yE cTQC dW=J_G u_*G HC )d=_t_G( ?cGaQ Hl u_P zf
k
\gl Q]JC \AOf9Tl 9=_9a u_*G yE >JP jP_G dFGQGF_G HEz :carA OaFG_G crF_
HCa ,{J9pT_G OaKc_G \==T H9t Q9lO_G HC u_P Hl mKpc_ Q9F_G \ArQJC jP_G ccGFDG
k
k
yE >9At_G cTQC gQaO= u_*G HCa ,?J=P*G zf 9ga9r 9F9JQ= mOMATG UOr*G >9At_G
.yQaaG}lDG
clAJ*G Hl HC \_ aO=ca .?c=Qf ?cGaQ_G gPJ BF9t GPE 9lcp A. Moberg uWca
;)Ql9A H= \__GO=f( Bal IQaaTC QMB cDla .?cFcO IQaaTC Hl BPMC 9KFC
g}MC )\__GO=f( cAr OGQC 9lOFf HGQGF u_l H@p IQaaTFG u_A yE O9FAT:9=a
44
9lOFf Ht_a ,QJ=_G v \clQ aC ,c=G_G zfC Hl \clQ= \_Ar hcaATc : \F.= )\__GO=f(
k
Hl GOG ?=cQr ?Zr_G gPJa .\_Ar hcaATc )\__GO=f( \__9= qG~f:9= u_*G saFc
.AGOKW_G >OC v ?paQg*G iQMFG [Zr_G hl s9pA:G aC ,>GPGF:G
dJa ,HBQr_G v IOQGa_G IQaT_G aKp {l_T*G iO_ gQdF v mK*G AdW_G 9lC
HGQGF h89ra yE IQ9WE 9Kcpa ,?crcrJ dJa OaOMFG >9JZC yE |WA dA_G
k
k
?c=Qg_G ?l_t_G HCa .9daJ_l 9F9JQ= ctWA HC Htlc ?_9J_G gPJ va .9KDGOJCa
9KMcQ9Aa B9l_t_G cZ.= dFAgA dA_G ?TGQO_G QdF ?KGa Hl )OaOMC(
k
k
qct qWAtC HC Oq aC dFFC q~fC 9FCa ,;caa 9rOFM dFgAa ,IOOJl ?l_t dJ
HC EOJ_G Ya]ala .d]9*G Bra_G v bAJ {Tq Jl bFgl uGQOE v B_lgATG
GarpAc m_ mKFt_a ,?l_t_G ca=r zf B9cGaQ_G ct v GarpAG {cl;TDG HcQTp*G
.HGQGF AGOKW yE IQ9WDG zf df9lG ctW=a
Etymology
Hf ?cGaQ_G 9Kcp )j}a_G( 9JOQaC dA_G B9cGaQ_G A. Moberg ^QgATca

HEa ,cc8GQTE dF= Hl mKFE :carA dA_G ?cGaQ_Ga )\AMC zf hra jP_G u_*G( UaG*G
.Q9F_9= GarQJ HcP_G mJa ,\_9GQa Danial )cccFGO( d=F_G aJ >cPgA_9= OaZr*G
,R9All EJ= v caal ctW= cGCT_G GPJ Xr9F jP_G ,O. Loth EJ9=_G yE |Wca
k
AGOv Kv Wv _G cv Gv T |v D.v A 9v Jv ]av l )j}v av _G( 9v JOQaC iQv MC B9v cGaQ v \v cCQa
.B9cGaQ_G u_A zf Georg )LQaG( UcOr__ Martyrology
.{l_T*G iO_ ?paQgl BF9t HGQGF AGOKW ?Zr HC yE [_MF 9FJ Hla
{cFGQGF_G Hl brp HGQGF AGOKW ?c]r GapQf Or {l_T*G H.= O. Loth OrAgca
GPJ Hf mKA9la_gl ct GaPMC {l_T*G HCa .)Qlf( OKf v sGQg_G yE GapF HcP_G
Orp BdpJ Or ?c]r_G gPJ BF9t HEa ,?cF9cQT_G aC ,?cF9Fac_G B9cGaQ_G Hl EO9J_G
AGOKW ?c]r aJ 9FJ OaZr*Ga ,?cl;TDG B9cGaQ_G v ,{c|lJ_G >9At v BdpJ
.)93(HGQGF
Orp ,)OaOMFG( ?l_t OcOJA_9= K]a 9lt HBQr_G HE :car_9= mKc_f OQF HJFa
WO^ uKF UOu
45
k
k
k
,\cp b_M : 9rcrO 9pZa mKpZa Ora .AGOKW_G h]a 9]cC OOJl ctW= K]a
H:
4 G F E{ )HaFlCl( mKF.= H9cOFG dr9= {=a mKFc= Rcla
.}:
7 TSRQPO:
6 NMLK:
5 JI
m_g_G cJC spAGa .mcQt_G HBQr_G mKc_E Q9WC HcP_G HaFlC*G mJ Hl MQWF HC 9Fc_fa
sOZ v caMO_G H9lcDG v cZFGa .scOZA_G g9Fgl H9lcDG HC zf {caj__G Hl
iOC Orp \F9T_= sOq Z 9lt >_r_9= scOZA_G OrAfG GP@p ,9Kc_f \__G \FlA8G dA_G ?F9lFG
! ~ } | {{ :cGa Rf \__G c9ra .)94(HlCl aJa ?F9lFG
-,+*)('&%$#"
.?F9lC H9lcDGz :)m_Ta mKc_f \__G zZ( c9r )U9=f H=G( EcOJ va }.
c8T Ora .y\_ ?F9lC : H* H9lcE :z :QMB EcOJ va .y\_ ?F9lC : H* HcO :a
mK_GalC zf U9F_G \FlA8G Hlz :c9rp ;HlC*G Hf ym_Ta \c_f \__G zZ caTQ_Gz
.)95(}J I H G F E D{ :y9gA \_ar va .mKTpFCa
dA_G B9TGQO_G mKc_E BQ9WC HcP_G A9pFJ_G mJ OaOMFG IQaT v HaFlC*Ga
k
A9lT_G >Q= GaFlB HcP_G )96(9pFB 9Kc_E 9FQWC dA_Ga ?c8=T_G XarF_G zf B_lf
Q9cA_G HC yE B9TGQO_G BQ9WC Ora .HaOJa*G mKc_f s_aC HcP_Ga )HlJQ_G( ^QFGa
bFgl= ?cF9lJQ_G aJ ;IQcRG_G >aFG v Ul9M_Ga h=GQ_G {FQr_G v IO9=g__ Uc8Q_G
k
k
k
IOcrf jC 9pcFJ Hatc OcOJA_G \Ga zfa \F@p ;9cFGQZF :a 9cOaKc Htc m_ Hl HC
.)m;T_G \c_f mcJGQ=E(
,OaKc_G Hl HtA m_a ,m9FZFG O=gA m_ >Qg_G Hl ?f9lG q9FJFG aC A9pFJ_Ga
HcO zf GaF9t mKFE :Ga_9ra ,\AO=f Om JGa \_E OaGa= BOrAfG 9lFEa ;iQ9ZF_G :a
k
.98cW mK=Q= GatQWc m_a )mcJGQ=E(
q
yE ca9=_G Hf cclc jC ,iQMFG H9cOFG Hf qFJAc jP_G m_T*G qcFJ_Ga
aJ :ccra ,mcJGQ=E ?_l zf mGQJ_G Bc=_G ?_=r c=rATc jP_G aJ :ccra ,sJ_G
46
Rf \_ar v )IOc=f a=C( c9ra .AdW v aA_c m_p \__G QlC v m_TC Hl :ccra ,[_M*G
.)97(ymcJGQ=E HcO zf H9t Hlz :c9r }Q P O N M{ :cGa
k
.\c_E c9l GPE 9pFJA AdW_G yE H;p qFJA c9rca .cc*G ?j__G v ?cpFJ_G bFgla
?cpcFJ_G clf yE cGQ_G qFJAa - c89*G ccr 9lFEa ,?l9rAT:G qFJ_G HE :ccra
?_l ?cpcFJ_Ga .m;TDG qcFJ_G HcO_Ga .)98(m9FZFG cRAfG c9rca HAAMG :c9rca
Hf \_ aOg_ :qcFJ :\_ ccra ,y?cpcFJ_G \__G yE H9cOFG >JCz EcOJ_G va .m;TDG
.)99(uQW_G
dAFDG wGaJ v BQtP ?cpcFJ_G HC OGc mcQt_G HBQr_G B9cB ^QgATc jP_Ga
,?8=9Z :a ,?cFGQZF :a ,?cOaKc BTc_ 9KFCa ,mcar_G HcO_G 9KFC K]aA ?cB IQWf
:m;T<_ ?pOGQl 9KFCa ,?cFDa :a ?cTaGl :a
.)100(}Q P O N{ - 1
.)101(}I H G F E D C B A @{ - 2
.)102(}X W V U T S R{ - 3
H G F E D C B A @ ? >{ - 4
.)103(}J I
.)104(}3 2 1 0 / . - ,{ - 5
k j i h g f e d c b a{ - 6
.)105(}l
.)106(}? > = < ; : 9 8 7{ - 7
.)107(}n m l k j i h g f e d{ - 8
.)108(}( ' & % $ # " !{ - 9
.)109(}+ * ) ( ' & % $ # "{ - 10
.)110(}` _ ^ ] \{ - 11
.)111(}+ * ) ( ' & % $ #{ - 12
WO^ uKF UOu
47
9lt iQ9ZF_G Hl GaFlB HcP_G mKFC dFgc : GaFlB HcP_G yE HBQr_G v IQ9WDGa
,{ :car_G u_P zf ha9r_G car_9= Oq Q mcQt_G HBQr_G HF .)>ar OcT( iO_ OQa
5 4 3 2 1 0 / . ,)112(}A @ ? > = < ; : 9 8 7 6

HaO=a ,Ma]a= sQpA_ ;^g= hl 9K]g= BGOrAg*Ga B9F9cO_G hclG h]A ?c6Ga
.{tQW*G UaG*Ga iQ9ZF_Ga ,OaKc_Ga {FlC*G {= ,U=_
A9pFJ_G H.= c9r Hl zf Oq Q GPJa ,m_T*G qcFJ_G aJ HlC*G HC 9FJ]a Ora
k
zf {rWF*G zf s_aC Ora .>Qgl dF9cQT \_ZC ep__G HF GQdF u_Pa ;?8=9Z_G mJ
)m_Ta \c_f \__G zZ d=F_G( zf ?tl cJC s_aC 9lt .9Kc_f {GQ9M_G mKlar IO9=f
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A9pFJ_G HCa ,A9pFJ_G Hl H9t EQ9J_G HC zf IOctC IQ9WE 9Kcp )?=gt( ?l_ta
H9pQf( m9r Ora .9KFaldgca )?lQt*G ?tl( v ?=gt_G yE )HaQaRc jC( HaGJc GaF9t
jaAJA QO9Z*G HC QtPca ,HGQGF v BcF= dA_G )132(?TcFt_G Hf ?TGQO= )OcKW
HcP_G {MQC*G scQa Hf ,HGQGF v ?cJcT*G IO9=g_G Ht9lF ?=TF_9= ?=Q9]Al IO9pE
m_ mKFC 9lt ,U89Ft__ dTOFK_G ctW_9= ?pQgl zf GaFatc m_a ,{cJcTl GaFatc m_
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?=gt aJa The Martyrium AGOKW_G H9tl aJ ?cF=FG u_A v 9FlKc jP_Ga
?cT9TFG Kl;*G 9lC .HJ__ H9tla ,?TcFta ,QcO \F.= mKp jP_Ga ,IQaKW*G HGQGF
52
H9ta .?=r \_a h=Ql Square Domical Martyrium \F.= qZa Ora Martyrium u_P_
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)HGQGF( HC qaQg*Ga .{ltJ*Ga ,I9]r_Ga ,B;c=F_G A9TF__ ?ct_*G BGRcKGA_G cDl
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bgpFG( 9K= {ltJ*G QKWC Hla .m;TDG c=r 9l I~p v >Qg_G {ltJl__ GOgrl BF9t
dJcT*G dFcO_G A9F=__ dTOFK_G ctW_G iaT HtA m_ ?=r_Ga .)dlJQG_G bgpFG H=G
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9cF=l AGOKW_G A9F= Htc m_a .AGOKW__ RlQt dF9laQ_G jQaaG}lDG mclZA_G Hl PaM.*G
?=r_G A9F=_a .HGQGF \= BQKAWG jP_G O_G_G Hl Ht_a ,IQ9GJ_G aC ,>WM_G Hl
\rap h]aA jP_G ctcK_G aKp >cgtA_Ga hc=~_G 9lC .O_G_G Hl ?gar ?8lD;D BlOMATG
K_aZl ]\Fl PMC[ \Fl .WF jP_G aJ xpT_G ctcK_G Hatc HC Htl*G Hla ,?=r_G
ctW_G ?KG ;{AKG Hl >T9Fl aJa Martyrium AGOKW_G A9F=_ RcclAt )?=gt(
?TOFK_G v dFgc aJa ,)>GQJl( yE IQ9WE BOGa 9lt .HJ__ H9t*G ?KGa ,dTOFK_G
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zf s=aFA ?FcR_G u_A HC ^~pF HC dgc=a_G Hla .uccGRa*Ga ?cFlc_G HO9g*Ga ,L9=cO_Ga
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yE Q9WC 9lt .BGalFG zf mKFRJ GaTQ9l EcJ ;AGOKW_G Ocf 9K= OZrc 9l=Q dA_G
PE )HJ_G( Ya]al QalFG u_A v 9l mJCa .HGQGF AGOKW qQW_ zAA ccAGQA ?p9]E
HacJcT*G \c_E HJ EcJa ;m;TDG c=r 9l I~p v ?clJC ?JQ]FG QDtC H9t*G HE
u_Aa ,EQ9J_G dF= Hl GaF9t \c_E GaGJ HcP_G u8_aC HC QtPca .?raF*G cJC Hl >Qg_G
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?f9lG ct HCa ,?tl v ?=gt_G yE GaGJc m_a ,mQJ_G QaKW_9= GalAKc m_ ?f9lG_G
qZa Ora ,.G_l \cp |GAT*Ga q89M_G OGa u9FJa .)HGQGF( yE GaGJ mgDM_G
Htlca .?c]9*G OaKg_G v HalQG*G \c_E .G_c HlB .G_lt \AlQJ uKAFA : H9tl \F.=
k
:cA9TAF 9FJa ]cc=T_G A9F=C[ cc=T_G jQ=9g_ Hospice 9rOFp mOMATG Or Hatc HC
c;M L9GJ__ IO9pQ_Ga ,AGOKW_G Ocf c;M BlOr dA_G u_A cDl B9=Ga BlOr cJ
?mTa*G
>TFc dA_G ?f9lG_G dJa ,EQ9J_G dF= Oc v H9t H9t*G )?FGOT( ?lOM HE
.)135(EQ9J_G AGOKW_G NcW aC Uc8Q 9Kc_E
9KFC 9FOGa_ )HGQGF( ?=gt qZa v )OcKW H9pQf( \= A9G 9l 9FQ9r GPEa
k
A9F=_G EcJ Hl ::aC dJa ,)?lQt*G ?tl( v )?pQW*G ?=gt_G( |=t OJ yE \=WA
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QcQJ_9= 9KAaTt :9D_9D ,HJ__ 9F9tl 9JP9MAG :9cF9D - >GQJ*G - >cgtA_G :dTOFK_G
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{=a ,9KFc= gPJ \=W_G \GaCa .?FGOT_G :9Tl9M ,IO9pQ_G aC ,?p9c]_G :9g=GQ ,L9=cO_Ga
?=gt( QGQi zf AGOKW_G KcQ] Gal9rC )EQ9J_G dF=( Hl A9pFJ_G HC dFgA ?=gt_G
Bar9ca( .IOf b9rF v 9JaO_r Ht_a ,cZFG s=a IQaZ BTc_a )?lQt*G ?tl
9J9F= ?gc= 9KFE c9rcz :carc IQ9Ap )HGQGF( ?=gt Hf I|Jl BGQ9WE OQac )jalJ_G
bFgl= ?gc= BF9t a_p )136(y9Jaldfa ?=gt_G A9F= zf dDQ9J_G ?F9cO_G HGO*G O=f aF=
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aC ,Bc]r ?G9J >_9a aC ,HlC q89M 9JA9G GPE H9t .O_G ?8lD_D Hl mOC Hl ?=r
\TpF )m9WJ( 9lC .)137(HGQGF ?=gt 9KFalTc mJOFf 9KAldg_ H9ta .OpQC Op~Tl
9JQtP dA_G dJa ,9KFaldgc HGQGF= ?=gt )>gt H= EQ9J_G( dF=_ H9t :carcp
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54
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Hl bAJ - 9KFCa ,?lQt*G ?tl v ?=gt_G {=a ,9KFc= \=W_G Iar zf BOtC ?TcFt 9KFC
IQcRG_G >aFG v ?paQgl U89Ft_G HCa ,U89Ft_G ctW Hf IOcg= - A9F=_G EcJ
zf s_aC mT:G GPJa ,)H U c s( ?c8=T_G ?j__9=a ,?gc= mTG 9Kc_f s_aCa ,?c=Qg_G
?=gt( dlT jP_G A9F=_G H9t a_p ;)Uc_r_G( BclTa )?JQ=C( 9J9F= dA_G ?TcFt_G
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58
guP
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scrJA ,?c_J9G_G dp >Qg_G H9lcE/jQcGF_G \__GO=f H= mcJGQ=E sJTE a=C .9JOg= 9la 12[ ,m1962 IQJ9r_G >caM_G HcO_G dlKp
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\_E 9J9Fgla Theosa OGOgAa IQDt 9J9Fgla Polys caFG Hcgarl Hl ?=tQl
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WO^ uKF UOu
59
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Bcat_G ,mW9J H9lDf HcO_G M;Z :?lGQA ,jO;cl_G UO9T_G HQr_G b_E
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dA_G ?TGQO_G dp IOaGal_G XarF_G dJ EJ=_G dp 9Kc_E Q9Wl_G XarF_G
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Ryckmans 513
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.Ry 508 XrF__
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.45 - 44 [ ,)m1988 H9lf( ,mW9J H9lDf HcO_G M;Z :?lGQA
A.F.L. Beeston, The Religions. pp. 268 - 18.
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Orientalis, 5) 1911, cha 73, 330 - 1.
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.504 [ ,1L
- 30
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A. Moberg, The Book of The Himyarites Lii.
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.35
.35 [ ,s=9T_G hGQl_G - 38
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.54 - 53 [ drcQpFG drQW_G c9lW_G ,qaF9WFcQt XApa_c9Mcl jQac - 44

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La lettera di Simeone vescovo di Beth - Arsam sopra imartiri
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Nello seduta del 24 April 1881. Atti Accademia deilincei scienre
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Irfan Shahid. The Martyrs, p. 169.
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A. Moberg, The book of the Himyarites p. lxii.
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k
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E. Carpentiev, Acta San ctoum, October, 1866 pp. 721 - 759.
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.379 [ - 349 [ ,s=9T_G hGQl_G - 56
A. Moberg, the Book of the Himyarites p. 1xvii.
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64
Moberg, the Book of the Himyarites p. Liv.
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A. Moberg, the Book of the Himyarites p. Lii.
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Irfan Shahid, Byzantium. p. 30.
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The Acts of Gregentius.
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The life of St Gregentius, Homerite Bishop, viz vremennir, 14
(1907).
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Law of St Gregentius ed, by H. fr. Boissonade in Anecodote
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- 74
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Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium vol 2 p. 1434.
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?g=al ,HBQr_G cca.A Hf H9c=_G hl9G )31 B( QcQG H= QpgG a=C ,jQ=a_G - 79
.136 - 127 [ ,30L ,m1968 QZl ,3b d=_J_G d=9=_G dapZ_G
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BaQc= ,Hcc;l__ m_g_G QGO ,HaMQCl_Ga d=Qg_G NcQ9A_G ,bpaZl Qt9W - 82
.262 - 252 [ ,1L ,1983
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Hacfa ccRFA_G s89rJ Hf q9Wt_G )vJ538 - 467( dt_9l_G dlRQGaM_G
- 237 [ ,4L ,BaQc= - d=Qg_G >9At_G QGO ,cca.A_G gaGa dp cca9rFG
.239
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66
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dF9gl_G MaQ )vJ1278 B( OalJl OcT_G HcO_G >9KW ,jOGOj=_G dTa_FG - 86
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.113 - 112 [
m574 - 554 IQcJ_G u_l ,?cOFt_G OFJa dlM__G QPFl_G H= OFJ H= aQlf - 87
k
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.268 [ ,5L ,HGO_=_G mGgl - jalJ_G Bar9c - 90
A. Moberg, The Book of the Himyarites. p. xliii.
- 91
A. Moberg, The Book of the Himyarites, p. xlv.
- 92
A. Moberg, The Book of... pxiv.
- 93
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.59 - 56 [ ,9L ,s=9T_G hGQl_G - 98
:QdFG ?cpcFJ_G Hf QDtC ccZ9pA_
Uri Rubin, Hanifiyya and ka'ba: an Enquiry into the Arabian,
pre-Islamic Background of Din Ibrahim. In: The Arabs and
Arabia on the Eve of Islam vol 3 p. 267 ff.
k
:9]cC
Hamilton A.R. Gibb, Pre-Islamic Monotheism in Arabia, in: The

Arabs and Arabia on the Eve of Islam, vol 3, p. 295 ff.
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Hamilton A.R. Gibb, pre-Islamic.. p. 271 Beeston, Judaism,
pp. 277 - 278.
- 99
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.67 ?cB ,HGQlf cB IQaT ,mcQt_G HBQr_G - 101
.95 ?cB ,HGQlf cB IQaT ,mcQt_G HBQr_G - 102
.125 ?cB ,A9TF_G IQaT ,mcQt_G HBQr_G - 103
.79 ?cB ,m9gFFG IQaT ,mcQt_G HBQr_G - 104
.161 ?cB ,m9gFFG IQaT ,mcQt_G HBQr_G - 105
.105 ?cB ,UFac IQaT ,mcQt_G HBQr_G - 106
.120 ?cB ,cJF_G IQaT ,mcQt_G HBQr_G - 107
.123 ?cB ,cJF_G IQaT ,mcQt_G HBQr_G - 108
.30 ?cB ,maQ_G IQaT ,mcQt_G HBQr_G - 109
.31 ?cB ,HJ_G IQaT ,mcQt_G HBQr_G - 110
.5 ?cB ,?Fc=_G IQaT ,mcQt_G HBQr_G - 111
.17 ?cB ,HJ_G IQaT ,mcQt_G HBQr_G - 112
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.454[ ,6L ,m1977 BaQc=
68
Arthur Jeffery, the Foreign Vocabulary of the Quran (Baroda,
1938) pp. 112 - 115.
- 114
J.A. Montgomery, Ascetic Strains in Early Judaism. J.B.L. vol

21 (1932) p. 183.
- 115
Hamilton Gibb, Pre-Islamic.. pp. 297 - 298.
- 116
.56 - 33 B9c6G ,mGF_G IQaT ,mcQt_G HBQr_G - 117

.78 - 1 Hl B9c6G ,HlJQ_G IQaT ,mcQt_G HBQr_G - 118
Hamilton Gibb, Pre-Islamic.. pp. 298 - 303.
- 119
.454 [ ,6L ,>Qg_G NcQ9A dp cZpl_G ,d_f OGaG - 120

Arthur Jeffery, the Foreign, pp112 - 115.
BaQc= ,c;K_G ?=Atl ,qGQWDGa \c=FA_G )B vJ246 - m957( ,jOagTl_G - 121

.122[ ,1981
.81[ ,1L ,)NcQ9A HaO=( BaQc= ,U_OFFG QGO ,>JP_G LaQl ,jOagTl_G - 122
.64[ ,9L ,H9c=_G hlGl ,dTQ=a_G - 123
\c_f \__G b_Z - d=F_G IQcT ,)vJ213 B( u_l_GO=f OlJl a=C ,m9WJ H=G
,1L ,^9cQ_G - O9WQDGa IafO_Ga A9ApDGa ?cl_g_G EaJ=_G IQGOE - m_Ta

.12[ ,2L ,jQ=a_G NcQ9A ,jQ=a_G ,35-30[
- 124
Beeston, The Religion.. p. 267.
.73 ?cB ,IO89l_G IQaT ,mcQt_G HBQr_G - 125

A. Moberg, The Book of the Himyarites p. Liii.
- 129
.356 [ EQ9J_G O9KWATG baaMl - 130

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Philip Hitti, History of Arabs, Tenth edition, 1990. p. 62.
- 131
Irfan Shahid Byzantium, p. 70.
- 132
Irfan Shahid Byzantium, p. 89.
- 133
Irfan Shahid Byzantium, pp. 70 - 72.
- 134
Irfan Shahid Byzantium, pp. 72 - 74.
- 135
Irfan Shahid, Byzantiun, pp. 72 - 74.
- 136
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.45 - 44[ ,NcQ9A HaO= - IQJ9r_G ,QWF_Ga ?f9=a__
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Philip Hitt, History of the Arabs p. 22. 9]cC QdFG
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- 144
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.QcDt H=G QcTpA
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- ?c_J9G_G dp >Qg_G H9lcE ,>A9t_G jQcGF_G \__GO=f H= mcJGQ=E sJTE a=C .m1962 IQJ9r_G ,>caM_G HcO_G dlKp scrJA
?clar_G QGO_G ,m9FZFG >9At ,d=_t_G >89T_G OlJl H= m9WJ QPFl_G a=C .)NcQ9A HaO= - IQJ9r_G( QWF_Ga ?f9=a__
MaQ )vJ1278 B( OalJl OcT_G HcO_G >O9KW ,jOGOj=_G dTa_FG -
BaQc=( Qtp_G QGO ,dF9Dl_G h=T_Ga ,mcdg_G HBQr_G QcTpA dp dF9gl_G

.)m1983
?=Atl QGO .HGO_=_G MaAp )vJ279 B( Q=9G H= bcJc H=OlJC .jQP;=_G .)NcQ9A HaO= BaQc=( c;K_G
,2b ,Hcc;l__ m_g_G QGO ,m;TDG c=r >Qg_G NcQ9A dp cZpl_G ,d_f OGaG .)m1977 BaQc=(
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.m1964
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H9TJE scrJA H9F=_ ?=Atl - Q9arFG QcM dp Q9agl_G âQ_G - jQclJ_G - 11

1975. BaQc= ,U9=f
dlRQGaM_G Qlf H= OlJl H= Qlf H= OlJl mT9r_G \__G Q9G ,jQWMlR_G - 12
dp cca9rFG Hacfa ccRFA_G s89rJ Hf q9Wt_G - )538-467( dt_9l_G
.)NcQ9A HaO= BaQc=( d=Qg_G >9At_G QGO - cca.A_G gaGa
.)NcQ9A HaO= - IOG( saQW_G QGO HBQr_G c;d dp ,>ar OcT - 13
BaQc= ,Hcc;l__ m_g_G QGO ,HaMQCl_Ga d=Qg_G NcQ9A_G .bpaZl Qt9W - 14
.m1983
UO9T_G HQr_G A9l_f Hl( HTJ H= c]p_G d_f a=C NcW_G ,dTQ=a_G - 15
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.m1974 IQJ9r_G ,m;TDG

IQcRG_G NcQ9A B9TGQO :dp - A9pFJ_Ga ?cpcFJ_G - Q9AMl d_f OlJl - 18
.)vJ1404( ^9cQ_G - OagT u_l_G ?gl9G h=9al - ?c=Qg_G
mrQ B9aaaMl_G ?falGl - ?c=Qg_G ?MTF_G ,EQ9J_G O9KWATG baaMl - 19
.9FcT - HcQD9t ?TcOr_G ?=Atl - 535 ,469 ,334 ,428
- qGQWDGa \c=FA_G )346 B( HTJ_G H= d_f H= HTJ_G a=C jOagTl_G - 20
.m1981 BaQc= ,c;K_G ?=Atl
.vJ1238 QZl ,s:a= ?g=a - QJaG_G HO9gla >JP_G LaQl __
72
?lGQA ,HGQcEa ?aFRc= OaOJ b_f >Qg_G ,9ActTpc_ arc=9Ap QaAtcp 9FcF - 21
.m1985 Bcat_G ,mW9J H9lDf HcO_G M;Z
B9TGQO_G RtQl QWFa scrJA ,QclJ ua_l dp H9GcA_G >9At ,\cFl H= >Ja - 22
.?cFlc_G ?c=Qg_G ?cQaKlG_G - vJ1347 - ?cFlc_G E9J=FGa
HaO= - BaQc=( ?c=Qg_G EGQA_G A9cJE QGO ,HGO_=_G mGgl ,jalJ_G Bar9c - 23
.)NcQ9A
baTa_G QaZg_G dp drcQpDG c9lW_G ,qaF9Dc=at XApa_c9Mcl jQac - 24
HQr_G qZAFl b_E UO9T_G HQr_G Hl ?c=Qg_G IQcRG_9= \Ar;fa IQt=l_G
.m1988 H9lf ,mW9J H9lDf HcO_G M;Z ?lGQA - h=9T_G
:?c=FGFG hGGQ*Ga QO9Z*G

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