StudyGuideExam3

TEAMWORKMAKESTHEDREAMWORK(yes)

wouldibefineifijustread
thisandlookatsomequizlet?
*Thisreviewsheetcoversthematerialthatyoushouldknowfromthetextbook.Youare
responsibleforeverythingcoveredinlecture.
yougotthis!!!!

Chapter5
1.
Whatisconsciousness?Howdoesconsciousnessrelatetoawarenessandarousal?What
istherelationshipbetweenthetwoconcepts?
Consciousnessapersonssubjectiveexperienceoftheworldandthemind.
Anindividual'sawarenessofexternaleventsandinternalsensationsunderaconditionof
arousal.Awarenessincludesawarenessoftheselfandthoughtsaboutonesexperience.
Arousalisthephysiologicalstateofbeingengagedwiththeenvironment.Arousalrefersto
thewayawarenessisregulated.

2.
Whatismetacognition?Howisitrelatedtoconsciousness?
Thinkingaboutthinking,animportantaspectofawareness.

3.
Whatistheoryofmind?Howisitrelatedtoconsciousness?
Individualsunderstandingthattheyandothersthink,feel,perceive,andhaveprivate
experiences.Theoryofmindisessentialforsocialcapacities(suchasfeeling
empathy/sympathy).Intext,relatestheoryofmindtoautism.Thosewithautismlack
welldevelopedtheoryofmindwhichiswhytheyfacesocialdifficulties.

4.
Whatisthedifferencebetweenhigherlevelandlowerlevelconsciousness?
Higherlevelconsciousnessinvolvescontrolledprocessing,inwhichindividualsactively
focustheireffortsonattainingagoalthemostalertstateofconsciousness.Lowerlevel
consciousnessincludesautomaticprocessingthatrequireslittleattention,aswellas
daydreaming.

5.
Whatisthedifferencebetweencontrolledandautomaticprocesses?

Incontrolledprocesses,individualsactivelyfocustheireffortstowardagoal.Automatic
processesrequirelittleattentionanddonotinterferewithongoingactivities.

6.
Whyishigherlevelconsciousassociatedwithcontrolledprocessesandlowerlevel
consciousnessassociatedwithautomaticprocesses?
Becausecontrolledprocessesinvolveexecutivefunctions(higherordercomplexcognitive
processeslikethinking,planning,andproblemsolving).Automaticprocessesarealmost
reflexiveinnatureanddonotrequireanactiveeffortofattention.

7.
Howisexecutivefunctioninvolvedinthecontrolledprocessesofhigherlevel
consciousness?
Executivefunctionissomeonescapacitytoharnesstheirconsciousnessandfocuson
specificthoughtswhileignoringothers.Thisiscalledcognitivecontrolmaintaining
attentionbyreducinginterferingthoughtsandbeingcognitivelyflexible.

8.
Whatisanalteredstateofconsciousness?
Amentalstatethatisnoticeablydifferentfromnormalawareness,rangingfromlosing
onessenseofselfconsciousnesstohallucinating.

9.
Whatisastateofsubconsciousawareness?Howisincubationanexampleof
subconsciousawareness?
Thegreatdealofbrainactivitythatoccurswithoutthatactivityimpingingonawareness.
Incubationreferstothesubconsciousprocessingthatleadstoasolutiontoaproblemafter
abreakfromconsciousthoughtabouttheproblem.Showsthatyourbraincankeep
workingonasolutionsubconsciouslyafteryoustopactivelythinkingaboutit.

10.

Whatismeantbyunconsciousthought?
Unconsciousthought,accordingtoFreud,isareservoirofunacceptablewishes,feelings,
andthoughtsthatarebeyondconsciousawareness.

11.

Whatissleep?
Goodquestion.
Sameaf.
Anaturalstateofrestforthebodyandmindthatinvolvesthereversiblelossof
consciousness.

12.

Whatisacircadianrhythm?Howcanacircadianrhythmbecomedesynchronized?
Dailybehavioralorphysiologicalcyclesthatinvolvethesleep/wakecycle,body
temperature,bloodpressure,andbloodsugarlevel.Reliesheavilyonthesuprachiasmatic
nucleus(SCN),whichisasmallbrainstructurethatusesinputfromtheretinato
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synchronizeitsownrhythmwiththedailycycleoflightanddark.Canbecome
desynchronizedbythingslikejetlag,changingworkshifts,andinsomnia.

13.

Whatarefourmajortheoriesforwhyweneedtosleep?Whatroledoesmemory
consolidationplayinsleep?
1)Animalsneedtoprotectthemselvesatnighthelpsprotectthemfrombecominganother
animalspreyandavoidinjuryduetolowvisibility.
2)Itisawaytoconserveenergyandcalories,especiallywhenfoodandwaterarescarce.It
isalsoeasierformostanimalstofindfoodandwaterwhenitislightoutsidesotheenergy
theyareexpendingisbetterused.
3)Itrestores,replenishes,andrebuildsthebrainandbody,whichadayswakingactivities
canwearout.Studiesshowthatsleepdeprivationcausesaweakeningoftheimmune
systemandthatdeepsleepcanincreasecelloutput.
4)Itcanaffectbrainplasticity,whichisthebrainscapacitytochangeinresponseto
experience.Somestudiesshowthatsleepenhancessynapticconnections.

Memoryconsolidationhappensduringsleepbecausethecerebralcortexisfreetoconduct
activitiesthatstrengthenmemoryassociations.

14.

Whateffectscanchronicsleepdeprivationhave?
Itcanreduceourabilitytomakehealthychoices,andcancauseagitation,abnormalmotor
movements,hallucinations,andconfusion.

15.

Whatarethetwokindsofbrainwavesthatoccurduringwakefulconsciousness?
Betawaves:indicativeofconcentrationandalertness,highfrequency
Alphawaves:moreregularwavesthatoccurinstatesofrelaxationordrowsiness.

16.

WhatarethefourstagesofnonREMsleep?
Stageoneischaracterizedbydrowsysleepandislightsleeplastingupto10minsincluding
lowfrequency/amplitudethetawaves.
Stagetwoischaracterizedbyadecreaseinmuscleactivityandalackofawarenessof
environmentlastingupto20minsincludesthetawavesinterspersedwithsleepspindles
(briefhighfrequencywaves).
Stage3and4(deepsleep)arecharacterizedbydeltawavesandprogressivelymoremuscle
relaxation.

17.

Whatisstage5/REMsleep?

Anparadoxial/activestageofsleepduringwhichdreamingoccurswhichischaracterized
byrapideyemovements.Lastsabout10minsinfirstsleepcycleofthenightanduptoan
hourinthelast.

18.

Whatisthenormalcyclethroughthesefivestagesofsleep?Howdoesthiscyclechange
acrossthenight?HowdoestheamountoftimethatwespendinbothREMsleepanddeep/delta
sleepchangeacrossthenight?
12343252ect.Overthecourseofthenightyouspendlessandlesstimeinstages3
&4andmoretimeinREMsleep.60%inlightsleep,20%indeep/deltasleep,and20%in
REMsleepinatypicalnight.

19.

Whatisinsomniaandhowcanitbehelped?
Insomniaischaracterizedbyaninabilitytosleep,whetheritbeaproblemfallingasleep,
wakinginthenight,orwakingtooearly.Itcanbehelpedwithmedicationandby
practicinggoodsleephabits.

20.

WhatisFreudstheoryofdreaming?Whatroledoesmanifestandlatentcontentplayinthis
theory?
Freudbelievedthatdreamsaresymbolicofourunconsciouswishes.Manifestcontentisthe
surfacecontentofadream,containingdreamsymbolsthatdisguisethedreamstrue
meaning.Latentcontentisthedreamshiddencontentitssubconsciousandtruemeaning.

21.

Whatisthecognitivetheoryofdreaming?
Atheoryproposingthatdreamingcanbeunderstoodbyapplyingthesamecognitive
conceptsusedtostudythewakingmind.

22.

Whatistheactivationsynthesistheoryofdreaming?
Atheoryproposingthatdreamingoccurswhenthecerebralcortexsynthesizesneural
signalsgeneratedfromactivityinthelowerpartofthebrainandthatdreamsresultfrom
thebrainsattemptstofindlogicinrandombrainactivitythatoccursduringsleep.

23.

Whatisapsychoactivedrug?
Drugsthatactonthenervoussystemtoaltertheconsciousness,modifyperception,and
changemood.

24.

Whatisdrugtolerance?Howisitrelatedtodrugabuseandaddiction?
Theneedtotakeanincreasingamountofadrugtoexperiencethesameeffects,increased
consumptioncanleadtoworsephysicalandpsychologicaldependencywhichareboth
facetsofaddiction.
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25.

Whatisthedifferencebetweenphysicaldependencyonadrugandpsychological
dependency?Howdoeseachoftheserelatetoaddiction?
Physicaldependencyischaracterizedbythephysiologicalneedforadrug,whichcauses
unpleasantwithdrawalsymptomssuchasphysicalpain,andacravingforthedrugwhenit
isdiscontinued.Psychologicaldependenceischaracterizedbythestrongdesiretorepeat
theuseofthedrugforemotionalreasons,suchasafeelingofwellbeingandareductionof
stress.Bothareindicatorsofaddiction.

26.

Whatisdrugwithdrawal?Howisitrelatedtotoleranceanddependency?
Feelingsofphysicalorpsychologicaldiscomfort/uneasethatenforcedependencyandare
generallymoresevereastoleranceincreases.

27.

Whatarethethreemajortypesofpsychoactivedrugs?
Stimulants,depressants,andhallucinogens.

Chapter15
1.
Howisabnormalbehaviordefined?
Behaviorthatisdeviant(doesnotconformtoacceptedsocialstandards),maladaptive
(interfereswithapersonsabilitytofunctioneffectivelyintheworld),orpersonally
distressfuloverarelativelylongperiodoftime(engaginginbehaviorthepersonfinds
troubling).

2.
Whatarethefourmajorapproachestopsychologicaldisorders?
1)BIOLOGICALattributespsychologicaldisorderstoorganic,internalcauseslikethe
brainandgenetics.Treatedwithmedicine.
2)PSYCHOLOGICALemphasizesthecontributionsofexperiences,thoughts,emotions,
andpersonalitycharacteristics.Treatedwiththerap)y,emphasisonchildhoodexperience
andreward/punishment.
3)SOCIOCULTURALemphasizesthesocialcontextsinwhichapersonlives,including
theindividualsculture.Treatedwithemphasisoncultural/environment.
4)BIOPSYCHOLOGICALencompassesalloftheotherapproaches,butdoesnot
necessarilyviewoneasmoreimportantthantheothers.

3.
Whatisthediathesisstressmodel(vulnerabilitystresshypothesis)ofpsychological
disorders?
Atheorysuggestingthatpreexistingconditions(suchasgeneticcharacteristics,
personalitydispositions,orexperiencesmayputapersonatriskofdevelopinga
psychologicaldisorder.
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4.
WhatisDSM5?
ThefiftheditionoftheDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisordersthemajor
classificationofpsychologicaldisordersintheUnitedStates.

1.
Whatisananxietydisorder?
Adisabling(uncontrollableanddisruptive)psychologicaldisordersthatfeaturemotor
tension,hyperactivity,andapprehensiveexpectationsandthoughts.

2.
Foreachofthefourfollowinganxietydisorders:
GeneralizedAnxietyDisorder,Panic
Disorder,SpecificPhobia,andSocialAnxietyDisorder
a.

Whatisthenatureoftheanxiety?
GADAnxietydisordermarkedbypersistentanxietyforatleast6months,andinwhich
theindividualisunabletospecifythereasonsfortheanxiety.
PDmarkedbytheindividualexperiencingrecurrent,suddenonsetsofintenseterror,
oftenwithoutwarningandwithnospecificcause.
SPAnxietydisorderinwhichtheindividualexperiencesanirrational,overwhelming,
persistentfearofaparticularobjectorsituation.
SADAnxietydisorderinwhichtheindividualhasanintensefearofbeinghumiliatedor
embarrassedinsocialsituations.
b.

Whatmajorfactorscontributetothedevelopmentofthedisorder
GADGeneticpredispositions,deficiencyintheneurotransmitterGABA,respiratory
systemabnormalities,harshorimpossibleselfstandards,overlystrict/criticalparents,
automaticnegativethoughtsduetostress,andahistoryofuncontrollabletraumasor
stressorssuchasabusiveparents.
PDGenesthatdirecttheactionofneurotransmitterssuchasnorepinephrine,GABA,and
serotonin,anelevationofthebrainchemicallactate,problemswithhormoneregulation,
learningprocesses,elevatedlevelsofCO2,andgender(womenaremorelikelytohaveit).
SPExtremeresponsetolearnedfearassociations,experiences,memories.
SADGenes,neuralcircuitrydealingwiththethalamus,amygdala,andcerebralcortex,
serotonin,vulnerabilities,andoverprotectiveorrejectingparents.

7.
Whatisobsessivecompulsivedisorder?Whatisanobsession?Whatisacompulsion?
HowdoobsessionsandcompulsionsinteractinOCD?
Obsessivecompulsive disorder is a psychological disorder in which the individual has
anxietyprovoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive,
ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some futuresituation.Obsessionsarerecurrent
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thoughts, andcompulsionsarerecurrentbehaviors.IndividualswithOCDdwellonnormal
doubtsandrepeattheirbehavioralroutinessometimeshundredsoftimesaday.

8.
WhatarethemajorfactorscontributingtothedevelopmentofOCD?Whatistheroleof
avoidancelearninginOCD?
Genetics,lowlevelsofserotoninanddopamine,highlevelsofglutamate,thebrainengaging
inhighlevelsofmonitoringbehavior.Thishighlevelofbrainactivationmaycontributeto
individualswithOCDhavingthefeelingthatsomethingisnotrightperhapstoomuchinfo
isbeingsentfromthefrontalcortex/basalgangliatothethalamusandthiscausesthe
obsessive/compulsivethoughts.AvoidancelearningplaysanimportantroleinOCD
becausepeoplewithOCDareoftentryingtoavoidanegativeoutcome,andaslongasthey
continuepracticingtheOCDbehaviortheywillneverrealizethatthelackoftheoutcomeis
notcorrelatedtotheirOCDbehavior.

9.
Whatisposttraumaticstressdisorder?Whatarethemajorsymptomsofthisdisorder?
WhatmajorfactorscontributetothedevelopmentofPTSD?
PTSDisadisorderthatresultsfromatraumaticexperienced.Themajorsymptomsare
hauntingmemories,nightmares,socialwithdrawal,jumpyanxiety,numbnessoffeeling,
andinsomnia.

10.

Whatisadepressivedisorder?
Anunrelentinglackofpleasureinlife

11.

Whatarethetwomajorsymptomsofmajordepressivedisorder?Whatarethesecondary
symptomsofdepressivedisorders?
1)

significantdepressiveepisodes
2)

reducedinterestorpleasureinactivitiesthatwereonceenjoyable
3)

(Secondary?)
1)Weightloss/gain
2)troublesleeping/toomuch
3)fatigue
4)feelingworthlessorguilty
5)lackofconcentration
6)thoughtsofdeath
7)nohistoryofmanic(euphoricmood)episodes(Thatwouldmakethisbipolar)

12.

Whataretheimportantbiologicalfactorsinvolvedinmajordepression?
lackofserotoninmatchedwithstresslowactivityprefrontalcortexdoesn'trespondto
rewardsinenvironments,brainisstructuredsoyoudontseeopportunitiesforpleasure
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13.

Whataretheimportantcognitivefactorsinvolvedindepression?Inparticular,whatisthe
influenceofdepressionof:learnedhelplessness,automaticnegativethoughts,rumination,
pessimisticattributions?
Theimportantcognitivefactorsinvolvedindepressionarelearnedhelplessnessnegative
experiencesnegativefeelingsnegativeassumedattributions(causes).
Learnedhelplessness:whenpeoplecannotcontrolnegativecircumstances,theymayfeel
helplessandstoptryingtochangetheirsituation.depressioncreatesnegativethoughtsthat
canresultinillogicalselfdefeatingbeliefs.Thiscanthenmagnifynegativeexperiencescan
endurehelplessnesswayquickerthanintheaverageindividual.
Automaticnegativethoughts:automaticnegativethoughts(aresultofdepression)can
createillogicalselfdefeatingbeliefsthatshapetheexperiencesofindividualswhoare
depressed,magnifynegativeexperiences.
Negativefeelings:DepressioncannotonlyaffectwhatyouthinkbutHOWyouthink.
Depressedpeoplemayruminateonnegativeexperiencesandnegativefeelings.
Negativeassumedattributions(pessimistic):Attributionsarepeople'sattemptstoexplain
whatcausedsomethingtohappendepressedindividualsoftenblamethemselvesfor
negativeexperiencesandexpectthemtorecurinthefuture
internal:itsmyfault
stable:thissituationisalwaysgoingtobethisway
global:appliestoeverything

14.

Whatisbipolardisorders?WhatisbipolarIdisorderandbipolarIIdisorder?
Bipolardisorders:extrememoodswingsthatincludeoneormoreepisodesofmania,an
overexcited,unrealisticallyoptimisticstate
BipolarI:BipolarIissomeonewhohasextrememanicepisodesduringwhichtheymay
experiencehallucinations
BipolarII:BipolarIIissomeonewithamilderversioninwhichtheyexperienceless
extremelevelsofeuphoria

15.

Whatarethemajorfactorsthatcontributetothedevelopmentofbipolardisorder?
Geneticsarestrong.Differencesinbrainactivity.Highlevelsnorepinephrine,lowlevelsof
serotonin.

16.

Whatisdisruptivemooddysregulationdisorder?Whyisitacontroversialdiagnosis?
Depressive disorder in children who show persistent irritability and recurrent episodes of
outofcontrol behavior. Its not clear whetherkidswithmoodswingshavethisdisorderor
aresimplykidswithmoodswings.

17.

Whatisadissociativedisorder?HowaredissociativedisordersrelatedtoPTSD?
A dissociative disorder is a
sudden loss of memory or change in identity due to the
dissociation (separation) of the individuals memories and thoughts. Dissociative disorders
are related to PTSD because both are thought to be rooted in extremely traumatic life
events

18.

Whatisdissociativeamnesia?
Extremememorylossthatiscausedbyextensivepsychologicalstress(1newidentity)

19.

Whatisdissociativeidentitydisorder?Whyisitacontroversialdiagnosis?Whatfactors
contributetothedevelopmentofthisdisorder?
Dissociative identity disorder is when
two or more distinctive personalities or selves, each
with its own memories, behaviors and relationships (straight up Greek and Roman god
shit) (2 identities). DID peaks in societies where the media shows cases like this (so like a
movie about someone with multiple personalities)becauseofthistheyquestionhowrealit
is. They think it may be a "social construction" people use to explain things in their life.
The factors that contribute to this disorder are extraordinarily severe sexual or physical
abuseduringearlychildhood

20.

Whatisapsychosis?Whatisschizophrenia?Whyisschizophreniaconsideredapsychotic
disorder?
Psychosis:
termmeaningwhenaperson'sperceptionsandthoughtsarefundamentally
removedfromreality.
Schizophrenia:aseverepsychologicaldisorderhighlydisorderedthoughtprocesses
individualssufferingfromschizophreniamaybereferredtoaspsychoticbecausetheyare
sofarremovedfromreality.Itisconsideredapsychoticdisorderbecausetheaffected
individualsarementallyremovedfromreality

21.

Whatisthedifferencebetweenapositiveandanegativesymptomofschizophrenia?
apositivesymptomisadistortionorexcessofanormalfunction
anegativesymptomisalossofformalfunction

22.

Whataresomeofthepositivesymptomsofschizophrenia?
1)Hallucinations(thingsseen/heardwithoutstimuli)
2)delusions(false,unusualandsometimesmagicalbeliefs)
3)Thoughtdisorders(bizarrethoughtprocesses,sometimestheydon'tmakesense)
4)Referentialthinking(givingmeaningtomeaninglessevents)
5)Movementdisorders
6)Catatonia(nomovey)
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23.

Whataresomeofthenegativesymptomsofschizophrenia?
1)flataffect(littleornoemotion)
2)socialwithdrawal
3)behavioraldeficits

24.

Whatarethethreemajorbiologicalfactorscontributingtothedevelopmentof
schizophrenia?
1)Genes
2)Structuralbrainabnormalities
*enlargedventricles
3)Neurotransmitterregulation
*Highdopaminelevels

25.

Whatroledoesstressplayinschizophrenia?
highstresslevelsmaybelinkedtoschizophreniabothmayhavesamebiologicallink
stresscanactasthetrigger.
26.

Whatroledosocioculturalfactorsplayinschizophrenia?
earlyinterventioncanbeanimportantfactoralsononindustrializednationshavebetter
outcomesthanindustrializedbecauseofthestrongandacceptingfamilyvalues

27.

Whatisapersonalitydisorder?
chronic,maladaptivecognitivebehavioralpatternsthatarethoroughlyintegratedintoan
individual'spersonality

28.

Whatarethefollowingpersonalitydisorders:antisocial,borderline,andnarcissistic?
Antisocial:
manipulative,deceitfulandamoral.Peoplewiththisdisorderlackempathyfor
others,areegocentric,andarewillingtouseothersfortheirownpersonalgain.(regular
femmefatale)
Borderline:
emotionallyvolatileandunstablesenseofself.Theseindividualsareproneto
moodswings,excessiveselfcriticism,extremejudgmentsofothersandarepreoccupied
withbeingabandoned.
Narcissistic:
selfaggrandizingyetoverlydependentontheexhalationsofothers.People
withthisdisorderviewthemselvesasentitledandbetterthatothers.Theyshowdeficitsin
empathyandinunderstandingthefeelingsofothers

29.

Whatfactorsincreasethelikelihoodthatsomeonewillcommitsuicide?
1)Geneticfactorsareatplayparticularlylowserotoninlevelsandlowserotoninlinked
genes
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2)psychologicaldisorders(depressionandanxiety)oradramaticevent
3)socioculturalfactorsarebasicallyinsocietieswheresuicideislookeddownon,itsless
likely

Chapter16
1.
Whatisclinicalpsychology?Whatispsychotherapy?Whatissbiologicaltherapy?
Clinical:theareaofpsychologythatintegratesscienceandtheorytopreventandtreat
psychologicaldisorders.Psychotherapy:Anonmedicalprocessthathelpsindividualswith
psychologicaldisordersrecognizeandovercometheirproblems.Biologicaltherapies:
Treatmentsthatreduceoreliminatethesymptomsofpsychologicaldisordersbyaltering
aspectsofbodyfunctioning.

2.
Whoisabletoprescribepsychoactivemedications?Whataretheargumentsforand
againstlettingclinicalpsychologistsprescribemedication?
Psychiatrists.Support:wouldmaketreatmentmoreeffective,usuallypsychologistsfirst
reactionistherapyinfavorofstrongdrugssowouldreduceprescriptions,whennot
needed.Against:Drugsaresopowerfulandaffectsomuchthattheextratrainingmustbe
required,mayalsohavephysicalillnessesthatpsychologistscannottreat.

3.
Whatistheconceptofempiricallysupportedtreatment?
Anapproachtotreatingpsychologicaldisordersthatadvocatesmakingtreatmentdecisions
basedonthebodyofresearchthathasshownwhichtypeoftherapyworksbest.

4.
Howeffectivehadpsychotherapybeenfoundtobeoverall?Hasanyoneformoftherapy
beenfoundtobemoreeffectivethanothers?

Psychotherapyisveryeffective.Noonetherapyismoreeffective.

5.
Whataretheargumentsforandagainstdevelopingspecifictreatmentsforspecific
disorders?
For: People for it just think it would be more precise and in turn more
effective.
Against: people against say that this is making therapy overly medical by
trying to match techniques to diseases like medications. Might be taking
away flexibility that is vital for improvement.

6.
Intermsofpsychotherapy,whatisthetherapeuticalliance?Whatroledocharacteristics
ofthetherapistplayindetermininghoweffectivepsychotherapyis?Whatroledoestheclient
play?
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Therapeuticalliance:relationshipbetweentherapistandclient.Therapistparticipates
actively,providesgenuinesupport,monitorsqualityofrelationshipwithclient.Client
participatesactively,drawsonpersonalstrengths,abilities,skills,andmotivation,develops
confidenceandtrustintherapist,becomesmorehopefulandlessalienated.

7.
Whatdoesitmeantoclassifypsychotherapiesintermsofinsightversussymptomsand
skilldevelopment?
Sometreatmentsfocusongaininginsightintothedeepercausesofaproblemothersfocus
onthepersonsimmediatesymptomsandonhelpingthepersondevelopspecificskillsto
managethosesymptoms.

8.
Whatdoesitmeantoclassifypsychotherapiesintermsofbeingdirectiveversus
nondirective?
Sometreatmentscallforthetherapisttobeoutspokeningivingadvice,encourageanactive
roleintheclientslifeothersprompttheclienttodrivetheinteraction,withthetherapist
takingalessactiveroleintreatment.

9.
Whatarethefourmajorapproachestopsychotherapy?
psychodynamic,humanistic,behavioral,cognitive.

10.

Whatarethepsychodynamictherapies?
Treatmentsthatstresstheimportanceoftheunconsciousmind,extensiveinterpretationby
thetherapist,andtheroleofearlychildhoodexperiencesinthedevelopmentoftheclients
problems.

11.

Whatispsychoanalysis?Howdoespsychoanalysismakeuseofbothdreamanalysisand
transference?
PsychoanalysisisFreudstherapeutictechniqueforanalyzinganindividualsunconscious
thoughts.Psychoanalystsbelievethatdreamscontaininformationaboutunconscious
thoughts,wishes,conflicts.Transferenceisaclientsrelatingtothepsychoanalystinways
thatreproduceorreliveimportantrelationshipsintheclientslife.

12.

Whatarethehumanistictherapies?
Treatmentsuniqueintheiremphasisonpeoplesselfhealingcapacities,thatencourage
clientstounderstandthemselvesandtogrowpersonally.Emphasizeconsciousthought,
presentexperiences,andselffulfillment.

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13.

Whatisclientcenteredtherapy?Whatisthetechniqueofactivelisteningandreflective
speech?Withinthisformoftherapy,whatroleisplayedbyeachofthefollowing:unconditional
positiveregard,empathy,andgenuineness?
Aformofhumanistictherapy,developedbyRogers,inwhichthetherapistprovidesa
warm,supportiveatmospheretoimprovetheclientsselfconceptandtoencouragethe
clienttogaininsightintoproblems.Reflectivespeech:therapistmirrorstheclientsown
feelingsbacktotheclient.Unconditionalpositiveregard:therapistconstantlyrecognizes
theinherentvalueoftheclient.Empathy:strivestoputhimselfintheclientsshoes,tofeel
theemotionstheclientfeels.Genuineness:Thetherapistisarealpersoninhisrelationship
withtheclient,sharingfeelingsandnothidingbehindafacade.

14.

Whatarethebehaviortherapies?
Treatmentsbasedonthebehavioralandsocialcognitivetheoriesoflearning,thatuse
principlesoflearningtoreduceoreliminatemaladaptivebehavior.

15.

Howisclassicalconditioningusedinbehaviortherapy?Whatissystematicdesensitization
andhowisitaformofclassicalconditioning?
Classicalconditioninghasbeenusedintreatingphobias.Systematicdesensitizationisa
methodofbehaviortherapythattreatsanxietybyteachingtheclienttoassociatedeep
relaxationwithincreasinglyintenseanxietyproducingsituations.

16.

Howisoperantconditioningusedinbehaviortherapy?Whatisappliedbehavioranalysisand
howisitaformofoperantconditioning?
Justasmaladaptivebehaviorsarelearned,theycanbeunlearned.Therapyinvolvesa
carefulanalysisofthepersonsenvironmenttoseewhatneedsmodification.Applied
behavioranalysisinvolvesestablishingpositivereinforcementconnectionsbetween
behaviorsandrewardssoindividualsengageinappropriatebehaviorandextinguish
inappropriatebehavior.

17.

Whatarethecognitivetherapies?Whatistheconceptofcognitiverestructuringandhowisit
usedincognitivetherapy?Whatiseachofthefollowingcommoncognitiveerrors:ignoring
contraryevidence,overgeneralizing,negativemagnification,andabsolutistthinking?
Cognitivetherapiesteachpeoplenew,moreadaptivewaysofthinkingbasedonthe
assumptionthatourthoughtsintervenebetweeneventsandouremotionalreactions.
Selfblamingandovergeneralizedexplanationsofbadeventsareoftenpartofdepression
cycle.Contraryevidenceisignoredaspityorflatteryandisnttakenseriously.

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18.

Whatiscognitivebehaviortherapy?Whatroledoeseachofthefollowingtechniquesplayin
cognitivebehaviortherapy:selfinstructionalmethods,reinforcingselfstatements,and
selfefficacy?
Cognitivebehaviortherapycombinescognitivetherapy(changingselfdefeatingthinking)
withbehaviortherapy(changesbehavior).
Selfinstructionalmethodsashomework,clientspracticebehaviorsthatcountertheir
problemspeoplewithdepressionkeeplogofdailysituationsandattempttoengagein
activitiesthatmakethemfeelgood.PeoplewithOCDdoanenjoyable,alternativebehavior
thatshiftstheirattentionfromgivingintotheircompulsiveurges.
Theseactivitieshelpreinforceselfstatementsandselfefficacy.

19.

Whatistheconceptofintegrativetherapy?
useofacombooftechniquesfromdifferenttherapiesbasedonthetherapist'sjudgmentof
whichparticularmethodswillprovidethegreatestbenefitfortheclient

20.

Whatisdialecticalbehaviortherapy?
usedtotreatborderlinepersonalitydisordertakesimportantinchildhoodmemories
employsavarietyoftechniquesincludinghomework,cognitiveinterventions,intensive
individualtherapy,andgroupsessionswithotherswithdisorder

21.

Whatisdrugtherapy?
Drugtherapyisthemostwidelyusedbiomedicaltreatments.Itinvolvestheuseofadrugs
intreatingpsychologicaldisordersitinvolvesantipsychoticdrugs,antianxietydrugs,
antidepressants,andmoodstabilizingmedications.

22.

Whatisanantianxietymedication?Whydotheyneedtobeusedwithgreatcaution?
Antianxietymedicationdepressescentralnervoussystemactivity(shouldnotbeusedwith
alcohol),controllinganxietyandagitation.Theymaybeusedwithgreatcautionbecause
theyreducethesymptomswithoutresolvingtheunderlyingproblems.
Medicationistypicallybenzodiazepinesandcanbeextremelyaddictive,mustclosely
monitorpatient.

23.

Whatisanantidepressant?Whatisthemostcommonlyprescribedformofantidepressant?
Anantidepressantworksbyincreasingavailabilityofcertainneurotransmittersthat
elevatearousalandmoodwhicharetypicallyscarcewhenoneexperiencesdepressionor
anxiety.Themostcommonlyprescribeddrugs(includingProzac,Zoloft,andPaxil)block
normalreuptakeofexcessserotoninfromsynapses.TheyarecalledSSRIs(selective
serotoninreuptakeinhibitors)ratherthanantidepressants.

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24.

Forwhatdisordersareantidepressantsprescribed?
Antidepressantsareusedtotreatdepression,anxietydisorders,OCD,andPTSD.
(Considercheckingthelastthree)(Wouldntantidepressantsonlyincreaseserotoninand
ordopaminelevelswhichpeoplewithOCD,oranxietyalreadyhaveenoughof)

25.

Forwhatdisorderislithiumprescribed?
Lithiumisamoodstabilizingmedication,andisusedtotreatbipolardisorder.

26.

Whatareantipsychoticdrugs?Forwhatdisordersaretheyprescribed?Whatarethemajor
risksofthisdisorder?
Antipsychoticdrugsareusedtotreatschizophreniaandotherformsofseverethought
disorder.Theyreducepatientsoverreactionstoirrelevantstimuli.Majorrisks(side
effects)includetardivedyskinesia(involuntarymovementoffacialmuscles)andincrease
riskofobesityanddiabetes.

27.

Whatiselectroconvulsiveshocktherapyandwhenisitused?
Electroconvulsiveshocktherapyiswhenabriefelectriccurrentissentthroughthebrainof
ananesthetizedpatient.Itisusedtotreatseveredepressionintreatmentresistant
patientswhohavenotrespondedtodrugtherapy.

28.

Whatisgrouptherapy?Whenandwhyisitused?
Grouptherapyistherapyconductedwithagroupofindividualsseekinghelp.Itisusedto
savetherapiststimeandclientsmoney,enablesotherstoseeotherssharingproblems,
offersasociallaboratorytoexploresocialbehavior/developsocialskills,andprovides
feedbackasclientstrynewwaysoflearning.

29.

Whatarefamilytherapyandcouplestherapy?Whenandwhyisthisapproachused?
Familytherapyistherapythattreatstheentirefamilyitisusedtomakefamilymembers
understandhowtheiractionsaffectotherfamilymembers.TheemphasisisNOTchanging
theindividualsbutchangingtheirrelationshipsandinteractions.

30.

Whatisthedifferencebetweenaselfhelpgroupandatherapygroup?

Aselfhelpgroupistypicallyledbyitself(notherapistinvolved)whileatherapygroupis
leadbyatherapist.

Maytheforcebewithyoutomorrow.GoodLuckall.

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