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Inorganic Chemistry 3
Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department
Intro
alkali metal cations are extremely difcult to reduce
metal
Davy (British) electrolyzed KOH(l) to extract the
rst of the alkali metals.
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Group Trends
All of the alkali metals :
- shiny, silver-colored metals.
- high electrical and thermal conductivities.
But, they are also very atypical :
Ex: the alkali metals are very soft, and they become softer
as one progresses down the group :
Thus, Li can be cut with a knife, whereas
K can be squashed like soft butter.
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Low m.p
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No!
reactive with
water
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white smoke
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Ion Hydration
All ions are hydrated when dissolved in water.
However, this is not always true in the solid phase.
Hydration in the crystalline solid balance of lattice energy (U) and
Hhydration of ions
U = electrostatic attraction between the cations and anions:
ion c.d U .
U favors the loss of an ions hydration sphere on crystallization to give the
small (U ) anhydrous ion.
But Hhydration depends on the attraction between the ion and the
surrounding polar water molecules.
A major factor contributing to the strength of the ion-dipole attraction is the
charge density of the ions.
In this ionic tug-of-war, we nd that high charge density usually favors
retention
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Kimia of all or part of the hydration sphere in the
Chemistry Department
solid phase, while salts of low-charge ions tend to be anhydrous.
Ion Hydration
Low charge densities (compared to other metals).
majority of solid alkali metal salts are anhydrous !
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Flame Colors
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Fact,
why ?
Solubility 2.
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soluble, G0 < 0
Where, G0=H0 - TS0
Solubility
1. H (the lattice energy and the enthalpy of hydration of the cation and anion)
2. S
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soluble, G0 < 0
Where, G0=H0 - TS0
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Amazing...
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Lithium
density (gcm-3):
Lithium = 0.53
Al = 67,5
Iron = 7.874 gcm3
Iridium = 22.65
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E = -3.05
Uses of Lithium
-
Aerospace alloy
Density of alloy LA 141
(14%Li,1%Al, 85%Mg)=1.35 g/cm3 (=1/2 Aldensity )
Mobil
density (gcm-3):
Lithium = 0.53
Al = 67,5
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Iron = 7.874
Chemistry Department
Iridium = 22.65
Lithium batteries
As anode material:
Eo >>>
Low density (1/20 of Pb)
mass saving.
very low mass per unit of
stored energy compact highvoltage cells.
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Lithium-ion Batteries
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Sodium
Uses Of Sodium
1.
2.
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Potassium
K in the environment is a bit
radioactive (0.012% isotop K-40
radioactive).
human body radiation
K-40 / Ar-40 is one way of dating
rocks
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yellow
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OXIDES
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HYDROXIDES
The solid hydroxide are white, translucent solids that absorb
moisture from the air until they dissolve in the excess water-a process
known as deliquescence.
Alkali metal hydroxides are all extremely hazardous because the
hydroxides ion reacts with skin protein to destroy the skin surface.
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SODIUM CHLORIDE
Seawater is NaCl 3% solution, table salts by using the
Suns energy to evaporate seawater
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Potassium chloride
KCl is recovered from ancient
dried lake deposits,
the deposits also contain NaCl,
KMgCl3.6H2O; MgSO4.H2O; and
many other salts.
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differences in solubility
adding the mixture of crystals to saturated brine
electrostatic process
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potassium chloride is
used as fertilizer.
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Sodium Carbonate
In North America, sodium carbonate is
obtained
from
the
mineral
trona,
Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O
(sodiumsesquicarbonate). Sesqui means
one and one-half, and it is the number
of sodium ions per carbonate unit in the
mineral.
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Heating
sodium
hydrogen
carbonate
causes
it
to
decompose back to
sodium carbonate:
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Ammonia Reaction
The alkali metals themselves have the
unusual property of dissolving in liquid
ammonia to yield solutions that are
deep blue when dilute
When concentrated by evaporation, the solutions
have a bronze color and behave like a liquid
metal. presence of a transition metal catalyst,
the solutions decompose to yield the amide salt,
NaNH2, and hydrogen gas:
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Ammonium Ion as
Pseudo-Alkali-Metal Ion
A polyatomic ion whose behavior in many ways mimics that
of an ion of an element or of a group of elements.
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Biological Aspect
The alkali metal ions
-balance the negative charge
associated with many of the
protein units in the body.
-help to maintain the osmotic
pressure within cells, preventing
them from collapsing.
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Element
Reaction
flowcharts
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