DNA - Added slides

Bases and Nucleosides/tides

Use these to draw out the various bases. You need
to know the exact structure of all the bases and how
their differences affect their H-bonding patterns

Figure 24.5: Purine Derivatives

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Nucleosides

How does a Nucleoside differ from a Nucleotide?

A ribose+adenine nucleoside = adenosine. What are the others called
(Dont forget Uracil +ribose!)?
What would their names be if the sugar was deoxyribose?
dUMP is called deoxyuridylate or deoxyuridine monophosphate. What are
the other monophosphates called? Triphosphates?

Figure 24.6: Keto-Enol Tautomerism of Uracil

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Figure 24.7: Tautomerization of Guanine

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Figure 24.8: The UV Absorption Spectra of

Nucleotides

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Education Ltd.

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ATP Magic molecule?

Adenosine: A Nucleoside with

Physiological Activity
Adenosine functions as an autacoid, or local
hormone, and neuromodulator.
Circulating in the bloodstream, it influences blood
vessel dilation, smooth muscle contraction,
neurotransmitter release, and fat metabolism.
Adenosine is also a sleep regulator. Adenosine rises
during wakefulness, promoting eventual sleepiness.
Caffeine promotes wakefulness by blocking the
binding of adenosine to its neuronal receptors.
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Education Ltd.

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Figure 24.23: Unusual Bases in RNA

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Figure 24.10: Ribonucleosides

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Figure 24.11: Ribonucleotides

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Figure 24.12: cAMP and cGMP

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Figure 24.13: Formation of ADP and ATP

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Figure 24.17: The Watson-Crick Base Pairs

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DNA Replication

Centrifugation

Pic from :
http://stevegallik.org/sites/all/images/centrifugation_1.jpg

Step 1- Unwinding
Double strand unwinds and
unzips
break the H-bonds
between nitrogenous
bases
at origin of replication
requires enzymes
helicase

Replication forks

Site where new strands

are built
two forks at each origin

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Step 2 - Priming
How do you start making the
new DNA strand?
use an RNA primer (< 10
nucleotides)
RNA polymerase
(primase) joins
matching RNA
nucleotides to DNA
template strands
primer grows 5 to 3

helicase

RNA
primer

primase

replication fork
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Step 3 DNA Strand Formation

Free DNA nucleotides bind
to complementary bases
on the template (old)
strand
H-bonding of bases
add one at a time

DNA polymerase
Joins each new DNA
nucleotide to the
previous one
starts on primer

joins sugar to
phosphate
can only add to the 3
end
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Strand Formation
Problem: replication occurs on both template strands
strands are antiparallel, but DNA can only grow in one direction
grows 5 to 3

Solution:
One strand replicated continuously (grows 5 to 3)
Leading strand
Other strand replicated as a series of short fragments
Lagging strand
Discontinuous formation (each piece grows 5 to 3)
Numerous RNA primers & DNA fragments (Okazaki
fragments)
DNA polymerase removes the RNA primers
DNA ligase joins the short DNA fragments together

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Strand Formation
on both templates

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Example of Chromatin Structure and expression relationship

Example of Chromatin Structure and expression relationship

The previous slide shows the transition of chromatin
structure from Heterochromatin to Euchromatin
allowing transcription of these genes
Heterochromatin =
Euchromatin =
Transcription =
Gene Expression =

DNA Replication - Animations

DNA replication
DNA replication 2
DNA polymerase / Replication of a
Chromosome

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DNA Repair
Occasionally a few bases inserted incorrectly during replication
DNA polymerase can repair the mistakes
Proof-reading function make sure incorrect base not
inserted (checks template)
If wrong base:
exonuclease (part of DNA polymerase)
removes wrong base
inserts correct base
prevents mutations

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