AMERICAN N ATIONAL STANDARD

ANSI/ISA-71 .04-201 3
Environmental Conditions for
Process Measurement and Control Systems:
Airborne Contaminants
Approved 1 6 August 201 3
ANSI/ISA-71 .04-201 3
Environmental Conditions for Process Measurement and Control Systems: Airborne Contaminants
ISBN: 978-0-876640-41 -8
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 3 ANSI/ISA-71 .04-201 3

Preface
This preface, as well as all footnotes, is included for informational purposes and is not part of ANSI/ISA-
71 .04-201 3.
This standard has been prepared as part of the service of ISA toward a goal of uniformity in the field of
instrumentation. To be of real value, this document should not be static, but should be subject to periodic
review. Toward this end, the Society welcomes all comments and criticisms and asks that they be
addressed to the Secretary, Standards and Practices Board, ISA, 67 Alexander Drive, P.O. Box 1 2277,
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, Telephone (91 9) 549-841 1 , e-mail: standards@isa.org.
The ISA Standards and Practices Department is aware of the growing need for attention to the metric
system of units in general and the International System of Units (SI) in particular, in the preparation of
instrumentation standards. The Department is further aware of the benefits to USA users of ISA
standards of incorporating suitable references to the SI (and the metric system) in their business and
professional dealings with other countries. Toward this end, this Department will endeavor to introduce
SI-acceptable metric units in all new and revised standards, recommended practices, and technical
reports to the greatest extent possible. Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The
Modern Metric System, published by the American Society for Testing and Materials as IEEE/ASTM SI 1 0,
and future revisions, will be the reference guide for definitions, symbols, abbreviations, and conversion
factors.
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ADDITIONALLY, THE USE OF THIS DOCUMENT MAY INVOLVE HAZARDOUS MATERIALS,

OPERATIONS, OR EQUIPMENT. THE DOCUMENT CANNOT ANTICIPATE ALL POSSIBLE
APPLICATIONS OR ADDRESS ALL POSSIBLE SAFETY ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH USE IN
HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS. THE USER OF THIS DOCUMENT MUST EXERCISE SOUND
PROFESSIONAL JUDGMENT CONCERNING ITS USE AND APPLICABILITY UN DER THE USER’S
PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES. THE USER MUST ALSO CONSIDER THE APPLICABILITY OF
ANY GOVERNMENTAL REGULATORY LIMITATIONS AND ESTABLISHED SAFETY AND HEALTH
PRACTICES BEFORE IMPLEMENTING THIS DOCUMENT.
THE USER OF THIS DOCUMENT SHOULD BE AWARE THAT THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE IMPACTED
BY ELECTRONIC SECURITY ISSUES. THE COMMITTEE HAS NOT YET ADDRESSED THE
POTENTIAL ISSUES IN THIS VERSION.
The following people served as voting members of ISA71 in developing this standard:
NAME AFFILIATION
C. Muller, Chair Purafil, Inc.
J. Gilsinn, Managing Director Kenexis Consulting
D. Brown Bechtel Corporation
D. Childers Engineered Air Systems Inc.
R. Cowles International Paper Co.
J. Huza Full Circle Protection
A. Kazi Dell Inc.
P. Singh IBM
B. Stanley AAF International
G. White Hewlett Packard
This standard was approved for revision by the ISA Standards and Practices Board
on 3 July 201 3.
NAME AFFILIATION
E. Cosman, Vice President The Dow Chemical Company
D. Bartusiak ExxonMobil Chemical Co.
P. Brett Honeywell Inc.
J. Campbell Consultant
M. Coppler Det Norske Veritas Certification Inc.
B. Dumortier Schneider Electric
D. Dunn Aramco Services Co.
J. Federlein Federlein & Assoc. Inc.
J. Gilsinn Kenexis Consulting
E. Icayan Atkins
J. Jamison Spectra Energy Ltd.
K. P. Lindner Endress + Hauser Process Solutions AG
V. Maggioli Feltronics Corp.
T. McAvinew Instrumentation and Control Engineering, LLC
V. Mezzano Fluor Corporation
C. Monchinski Automated Control Concepts Inc.
R. Reimer Rockwell Automation
S. Russell Valero Energy Corp.
N. Sands DuPont
H. Sasajima Azbil Corp.
T. Schnaare Rosemount Inc.
J. Tatera Tatera & Associates Inc.
I. Verhappen Industrial Automation Networks Inc.

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 5 ANSI/ISA-71 .04-201 3

W. Weidman WCW Consulting

J. Weiss Applied Control Solutions LLC
M. Wilkins Yokogawa IA Global Marketing (USMK)
D. Zetterberg Chevron Energy Technology Co.

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Contents
Foreword ....................................................................................................................................................... 9
1 Purpose .............................................................................................................................................. 1 1
2 Scope ................................................................................................................................................. 1 1
3 Definitions ........................................................................................................................................... 1 2
4 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1 2
5 Airborne contaminants — liquids ........................................................................................................ 1 3
6 Airborne contaminants — solids ......................................................................................................... 1 4
7 Airborne contaminants — gases ........................................................................................................ 1 6
8 Biological influences ........................................................................................................................... 1 7

Annexes
Annex A — Measuring deliquescent relative humidity of dust .................................................................... 1 9
Annex B — Corrosive contaminants ........................................................................................................... 21
Annex C — Copper and silver reactivity samples ....................................................................................... 25

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Foreword

This foreword is not part of this standard. It is merely informative and does not contain requirements
necessary for conformance to the standard.
The last version of ISA-71 .04 was published in 1 985, using the ANSI and ISA periodic maintenance
procedures. Based upon these procedures, the entire standard was publicly reviewed and published in its
entirety.
This 201 3 edition of the standard has several new features and includes updates due to the changes
required for electronic equipment based on RoHS* or “lead - free” regulations that were originally passed
into law in the European Union [EU 2003] * but have now been passed into law in many other countries.
The committee welcomes suggestions for improving the standard.
Major changes in this 201 3 version include:
 Added discussion of deliquescent relative humidity of dust as a measure of the corrosivity of dust
 Included silver reactivity as a metric for determining overall environmental classifications
 Provided definition of standard coupons to be used for reactivity monitoring
 Allowed for alternate passive and real-time methods of reactivity monitoring
 Moved discussion of corrosive contaminants to Annex B
 Added a bibliography
This document is one of several standards covering various environmental conditions affecting electronic
equipment, including process measurement and control systems, data communications and IT hardware,
and office electronics. In developing this standard, the committee goals included:
1 . To provide a practical standard that can be applied with a minimum of research and technical
effort by the user
2. To provide a concise method of stating environmental classifications for convenient
communications between users of the standard
3. To cover real-world ranges of each classified parameter
This standard is limited to airborne contaminants and biological influences only, covering contamination
influences that affect electronic equipment.

*
European Union (EU) directive 2002/95/EC on the Restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and
electronic equipment.” Official Journal L 037, 1 3/02/2003 P. 001 9 – 0023.
See http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2003:037:001 9:0023:EN:PDF

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1 Purpose
The purpose of this standard is to classify airborne contaminants and biological influences that may affect
electronic hardware, such as process measurement and control instruments, information technology (IT),
telecommunications, networking and data center equipment, and electronic office equipment.
The classification system provides users and manufacturers of electronic hardware with a means of
specifying the type and concentration of airborne contaminants to which a specified piece of electronic
hardware may be exposed.
This document is one of a series of standards on environmental conditions .
2 Scope
This standard covers airborne contaminants and biological influences that affect industrial process
measurement and control equipment, electronic office equipment, and data center and network
equipment. Specific examples of electronic office equipment include: laptop computers, desktop
computers, workstations, servers, data storage hardware, terminals, displays, laser and inkjet printers,
copiers, and fax machines. Examples of data center equipment include: servers, switches, routers,
displays, keyboards, data storage hardware, power distribution equipment, and climate control equipment
such as heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC). † Some examples of networking equipment
include telecommunications hardware, switches, and routers.
This standard establishes airborne contaminant classes for fixed (non-mobile) installations during normal
operation (non-emergency conditions) or during transportation and storage.
The classes of conditions stated in this standard are suitable for electronic equipment in office, data
center, networking, and process control environments. Activities addressed by this standard in these
environments include design, manufacturing, sales, installation, test, use, and maintenance. These
classes may also be used as a guide when establishing requirements for environmental control of
buildings or other protective housings for industrial process measurement and control systems.
These classifications pertain only to the environment external to the equipment that may affect the
equipment externally or internally.
The effects of environmental conditions on the safety, comfort, and performance of operating and
maintenance personnel are not considered in this standard.
This standard covers airborne contaminants and biological influences that affect electronic equipment.
Specifications for other environmental conditions, including nuclear radiation and hazardous atmospheres,
are beyond the scope of this standard.
CAUTION — AIRBORNE OR BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS NOT LISTED IN THIS DOCUMENT
COULD CAUSE EQUIPMENT DAMAGE. CAUTION SHOULD BE USED WHEN A COMBINATION OF
FACTORS APPROACH OR SURPASS CLASS "X." OBTAINING THE GUIDANCE OF A CHEMICAL
SPECIALIST IS SUGGESTED WHEN THIS CONDITION OCCURS.

† HVAC equipment used in IT/data communications applications are commonly referred to as computer room air conditioning
(CRAC) units and/or computer room air handling (CRAH) units.

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ANSI/ISA-71 .04-201 3 12

3 Defi n i ti o n s

The following definitions are included to clarify their use in this standard and may not correspond to the
use of the words in other texts.
corrosion deterioration of a substance (usually a metal) because of a reaction with its environment
:

contaminant that which contaminates to make impure or corrupt by contact or mixing

:

deliquescent becoming liquid (especially certain salts) by absorbing moisture from the air
:

electrochemical corrosion corrosion of metal caused by current flowing through an electrolyte between
:

anode and cathode areas

erosion deterioration by the abrasive action of fluids, usually accelerated by the presence of solid
:

particles in suspension
halide compound containing fluorine, bromine, chlorine, or iodine
:

halogen bromine, chlorine, fluorine, or iodine

:

hygroscopic having a tendency to absorb water

:

oxidation loss of electrons by a constituent of a chemical reaction

:

oxide chemical compound of an element, usually metal, with oxygen

:

reduction gain of electrons by a constituent of a chemical reaction

:

4 I n trod u cti o n

Environmental classifications have been established in this standard according to the type of contaminant.
Within each classification, severity levels have also been established. Parameter limit values are
tabulated for each classification and severity level of the contaminant. The classification consists of a
class contaminant letter followed by a severity identification numeral.
Some of these contaminants may appear in more than one form – that is, gas, liquid, or solid. For the
purpose of this document, a particular contaminant will be classified in the form in which it most often
exists under ambient conditions.
The user or equipment manufacturer should specify the equipment performance in the stated
environmental class and severity level. It is possible to specify several sets of contaminant classes and
severity levels for the same equipment.
Chemical/temperature effects may cause the rates of destructive chemical reactions to more than double
for every 1 0°C increase in temperature.
High or variable relative humidity and contaminant mixtures may accelerate corrosive effects. These
concerns are addressed in Clause 6 and Table 3.
Contaminants are listed as Class A, Class B, and so forth, or as Special Class X, with increasing Severity
Levels 1 , 2, 3, and X.
The contaminants are listed with a prefix of "L" for liquid, "G" for gas, and "S" for solids.

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4.1 Example
An example of table usage would be as follows.
Suitable to operate for normal life in the following airborne contaminant severity levels:

Reference
Contaminant Concentration Class/ Table
Severity No.
Liquids: Trichloroethylene <5 μg/kg LA2 1
Oils <1 00 μg/kg LB3 1
Sea salt mist Within 0.5 km inland LC2 1

Solids: Particle size concentration level

3
>1 mm <1 000 μg/m SA1 2
3
1 00 to 1 000 mm <3000 μg/m SB2 2
3
1 to 1 00 mm <350 μg/m SC3 2
3
<1 mm <350 μg/m SD3 2

Gases: Harsh: <2000 angstroms film formation on exposed copper G3 3

and/or silver coupon after one month exposure

5 Airborne contaminants — liquids

(Refer to Table 1 below)
5.1 Liquids
This refers to liquids that will corrode unprotected equipment. They are transported to the equipment by
condensation, rain, splashing liquids, or cleaning fluids sprayed from hoses. The majority of these are not
classified but should be specified to the manufacturers of equipment by special classification LX.
5.2 Vapors
Solvents sometimes occur as vapors, which may condense and form puddles that become corrosive to
instruments and controls.
5.3 Aerosols
Aerosols are liquids carried in gas or air in the form of small droplets generating mists. They can vary in
composition and are a major source of chemical contamination to equipment.
5.4 Sea-salt mist
(Refer to Table 1 )
Example: Class LC1 : Inland more than 0.5 km from shore
Class LC2: Inland less than 0.5 km from shore
Class LC3: Offshore installations (oil rigs, etc.)

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ANSI/ISA-71 .04-201 3 14

5.5 General examples

(Refer to Table 1 )

Contaminant Contaminant classes

Trichloroethylene LA2
Oils (engine rooms, compressor LB1
station)
Specials (contaminant must be LX3
specified)

Table 1 — Classification of chemically active contaminants:

Liquid aerosols (measured in μg/kg except as specified)

Severity Severity Severity Severity

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level X
(special)
Contaminant Class Value Value Value Value
Vapors* LA < 1 .0 < 5.0 < 20.0 ≥ 20.0

Oils LB < 5.0 < 50.0 < 1 00.0 ≥ 1 00.0

LC More than Within 0.5 Offshore T.B.S.

Sea-salt mist 0.5 km km inland installation
inland
Special T.B.S. LX T.B.S. T.B.S. T.B.S. T.B.S.
*For example, trichloroethylene (CHClCCl 2)
NOTES: 1 .0 μg/kg = 1 .0 part per billion (p pb)
T.B.S. = To Be Specified
< is defined as "less than"
> is defined as "greater than"
≥ is defined as "greater than or equal to"

6 Airborne contaminants — solids

(Refer to Table 2 below)
6.1 General
Dust is a universal contaminant and is a cause of environmentally induced equipment failures. Failure
modes may be mechanical, chemical, electrical, thermal, or magnetic. To maximize equipment reliability
and life, every effort should be made to minimize exposure to airborne particulates. The sensitivity of
control equipment to different types of particulates varies widely. Some of the major effects are discussed
in 5.2. Specifications should include a description of these characteristic types of particulates if they are
relevant. Particle size and concentration classifications are given in Table 2.

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6.2 Particulate properties that affect equipment

6.2.1 Magnetic permeability
Magnetically permeable substances can accumulate in magnetic fields; for example, the movement of
force coils or galvanometer movements can be severely restricted or entirely demobilized by magnetic
substances accumulating in air gaps of the permanent magnets. Likewise, electrical motors can be
seriously damaged by magnetic materials accumulating between rotor and stator.
6.2.2 Thermal conductivity
The thermal insulating properties of some solid particles can cause overheating of cooling systems, which
become insulated by surface deposits of these substances. For example, the cooling fins of power
electronics can be seriously insulated by textile fibers.
6.2.3 Electrical conductivity
Solid substances are divided into two groups, electrically conductive and highly insulative substances.
Electrical conductors, such as metals, carbon blacks, and coal dusts, can cause short circuits when
settling between terminals.
Insulating substances can accumulate static charges that upset the functioning of computers and
integrated circuits. Some insulators absorb moisture under conditions of high relative humidity. This
causes an increase in conductivity and can result in equipment failures due to electrical leakage.
6.2.4 Adhesiveness
This characteristic causes a contaminant to adhere to and accumulate on surfaces. This intensifies
undesirable effects, such as thermal insulation, high voltage discharge, and bearing failures. Adhesive
qualities may be inherent to the contaminant, such as tobacco smoke, which contains sticky tars.
6.2.5 Corrosivity
Airborne particulate matter varies from hard crystalline structures, such as metallic ores, to soft porous
structures, such as atmospheric dust, fly ash, and smoke. Dust particles may absorb gaseous
contaminants and moisture and thus become corrosive. Dust that may be benign when dry can become
corrosive in environments with relative humidity levels above the deliquescent relative humidity of the
dust. Annex A describes a technique that can be used to measure the deliquescent relative humidity of
dust.
6.2.6 Abrasiveness
Abrasiveness is a significant factor in mechanical erosion by high velocity solid contaminants. It also
contributes to the accelerated wear of moving parts.
6.3 Explanation of Table 2
Solid particulates are classified by size. The environment should be described in terms of concentration
severity level for each class: Classes SA through SD.
Table 2 — Classification of airborne particulates
Severity level (concentration measured in μg/m 3)
Particle size Class 1 2 3 X
> 1 mm SA < 1 000 < 5000 < 1 0 000 ≥1 0 000
1 00 μm to 1 000 μm SB < 500 < 3000 < 5000 ≥5000
1 μm to 1 00 μm SC < 70 < 200 < 350 ≥350
< 1 μm SD < 70 3< 200 < 350 ≥350
Note: μm = micrometer = 0.001 millimeter and μ g/m = micrograms per cubic meter

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ANSI/ISA-71 .04-201 3 16

7 Airborne contaminants — gases

(Refer to Table 3 below)
7.1 Reactivity
Two methods have been used for environmental characterization. One is a direct measure of selected
gaseous air pollutants. The other, which can be termed "reactivity monitoring," provides a quantitative
measure of the overall corrosion potential of an environment.
Pollution analysis may provide short-term estimates for specific sites. High values will confirm that a
severe environment exists. The reverse, however, is not necessarily true. Environments may contain a
complex mixture of contaminants that interact synergistically to greatly accelerate (or retard) the corrosive
action of individual gas species.
To avoid these practical difficulties, the nature of environments is defined in terms of the rate at which
they react with copper and silver. As a direct measure of overall corrosion potential, reactivity monitoring
involves the placement of specially prepared copper and silver coupons in the operating environments
that are subsequently analyzed by coulometric (cathodic, electrolytic) reduction with results normalized to
a 30-day exposure. These metals have been selected as the coupon materials because data exist that
correlates copper and silver film formation with reactive (corrosive) environments and they have proven to
be particularly useful for environmental characterization. Preparation of standard copper and silver
coupons as well as a description and pictures of a typical coupon holder are provided in Annex C.
Reactivity monitoring also may be performed by other passive or real-time measurements of film
thickness, film chemistry, mass loss, or mass gain, provided that the technique can be directly correlated
to the results that would be obtained using standard coupons when using the coulometric reduction
technique mentioned above and described in Annex C.
Four levels of corrosion severity are established in Table 3. Concentration levels of some gases that
contribute to these reactivity rates are also cited and listed in Annex B.
7.2 Contamination effects
Each site may have different combinations and concentration levels of corrosive gaseous contaminants.
Performance degradation can occur rapidly or over many years, depending on the particular
concentration levels and combinations present at a site. A list of common contaminants and the
damaging effects on electronic equipment is provided in Annex B. Annex B also provides tables listing
common sources of reactive contaminants and common emissions from natural and industrial processes.
7.2.1 Relative humidity
High relative humidity accelerates the corrosion caused by gaseous contaminants in an exponential
manner. Equally important is recognition of the fact that temperature fluctuations dramatically affect
relative humidity and often induce local condensation. Although water is universally present in industrial
atmospheres, the concentration varies widely. It promotes the corrosive degradation of equipment in
three major ways:
1 . Directly, as a reactive chemical attacking metals and plastics.
2. Interactively with other atmospheric constituents, in most cases forming a more reactive combination;
an example is sulfur dioxide, SO 2, which combines with water to form sulfurous acid.
3. Electrochemically: Many species when dissolved in water form a conductive solution. When electric
potential differences exist between two dissimilar metals, the conditions for electrolytic or galvanic
corrosion processes are set up. These are different phenomena, but both are caused by and/or
promoted by an electrolyte.
7.3 Explanation of contaminant severity levels
There is a broad distribution of contaminant concentrations and reactivity levels existing within industries
using process measurement and control equipment, information technology (IT), telecommunications,

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networking and data center equipment, and electronic office equipment. Some environments are severely
corrosive, while others are mild.
The purpose of the contaminant classes is to define environments on the basis of corrosion rate of
specially prepared and tested copper and silver samples, as described in Annex C.
7.3.1 Severity level G1
Mild — An environment sufficiently well controlled such that corrosion is not a factor in determining
equipment reliability.
7.3.2 Severity level G2
Moderate — An environment in which the effects of corrosion are measurable and may be a factor in
determining equipment reliability.
7.3.3 Severity level G3
Harsh — An environment in which there is a high probability that corrosive attack will occur. These harsh
levels should prompt further evaluation, resulting in environmental controls or specially designed and
packaged equipment.
7.3.4 Severity level GX
Severe — An environment in which only specially designed and packaged equipment would be expected
to survive. Specifications for equipment in this class are a matter of negotiation between user and
supplier.
Table 3 — Classification of reactive environments
Severity level G1 Mild G2 Moderate G3 Harsh GX Severe
Copper reactivity level (in angstroms)* < 300 < 1 000 < 2000 ≥2000
Silver reactivity level (in angstroms)* < 200 < 1 000 < 2000 ≥2000
*Normalized to a 30-day exposure. See Annex C, item numbers C.2, C.3 .
Both copper and silver reactivity levels shall be used for environmental monitoring with the higher of the
copper and silver corrosion rates determining the overall severity level.
8 Biological influences
Flora and fauna are important constituents of the environment in which industrial process measurement
and control equipment is expected to function properly. Usually a tropical climate has more living
contaminants, but other climates can have similar problems.
For example, insects can cause unexpected shutdowns of pneumatic equipment by blocking off all
breather openings with clay-like cement, which they use to form their nests. Also, insulating material is
often subject to damage by cockroaches, rodents, and the like, which simply remove the insulation by
nibbling it off the wires. The accumulation of fungi, molds, dead animals, or insects can cause mechanical,
electrical, or thermal equipment failures.
The subject of "flora and fauna" is a general classification for plant growth and animal (insect) life and is
not specific enough to be useful. Therefore, any plant growth or animal life which may affect equipment
performance should be considered.

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Annex A
Measuring deliquescent relative humidity of dust
The deliquescent relative humidity of particulate contaminants
is the relative humidity at which dust absorbs enough water to
become wet and promote ionic conduction. The deliquescent
relative humidity of particulate contaminants should be >60%
RH.
To determine the deliquescent relative humidity, particulates
(dust, etc.) should be lifted off easily accessible surfaces of
electronic components, collected in clean plastic bags, and
with at least one sample from individual cabinets or rooms
shipped to a laboratory for analysis (speciation, chemical
composition). Replicate samples of the dust should be
sprinkled on the interdigitated areas of a surface insulation
resistance (SIR) test circuit board ( Figure A1 , part number
IPC-B-24 may be obtained from vendors listed in the IPC
website http://www.ipc.org/ContentPage.aspx?pageid=Test-
Board-Vendors). The spacing between the interdigitated
combs is 0.5 mm, and the sprinkled dust should bridge these Figure A1 . IPC-B-24 test board
gaps. The circuit board should then be placed in a humidity
chamber with a starting relative humidity of ±20% at room
temperature and 1 0V bias applied across the combs. The relative humidity should be raised at a constant
rate from 20% to 90% over the period of a week and the leakage current between the combs plotted as a
function of time. The relative humidity at which the leakage current rises sharply is the deliquescent
relative humidity of the particulate contamination.

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Annex B
Corrosive contaminants
B.1
The following paragraphs describe how various contaminants contribute to equipment performance
degradation.
B.1 .1 Inorganic chlorine compounds (expressed as Cl 2 in Table B1 )
This group includes chlorine, chlorine dioxide, hydrogen chloride, etc., and reactivity will depend upon the
specific gas composition. In the presence of moisture, these gases generate chloride ions, which react
readily with the copper, tin, silver, and iron alloys. These reactions are significant even when the gases
are present at low parts-per-billion levels. For example, the corrosivity of air containing 1 part per billion of
chlorine would probably place that environment in the "moderate" Class G2 category described in 7.3.2.
A concentration of 1 0 parts per billion would probably increase the severity level to Class G3 or GX.
These reactions are attenuated in dry atmospheres. At higher concentrations, many elastomers and
some plastics are oxidized by exposure to chlorinated gases. Particular care must be given to equipment
exposed to atmospheres that contain chlorinated contaminants. Sources of chloride ions, such as
cleaning compounds and cooling tower vapors, etc., should be considered when classifying industrial
environments. They are seldom absent in major installations.
B.1 .2 Active sulfur compounds (expressed as H 2S in Table B1 )
This group includes hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur, and organic sulfur compounds, such as the
mercaptans. When present at low parts-per-billion levels, they rapidly attack copper, silver, aluminum,
and iron alloys. The presence of moisture and small amounts of inorganic chlorine compounds greatly
accelerates sulfide corrosion. Note, however, that attack still occurs in low relative-humidity environments.
Active sulfurs rank with inorganic chlorides as the predominant cause of atmospheric corrosion in the
process industries.
B.1 .3 Sulfur oxides (expressed as SO 2 and SO 3 in Table B1 )
Oxidized forms of sulfur (SO 2, SO 3) are generated as combustion products of sulfur-bearing fossil fuels.
Low parts-per-billion levels of sulfur oxides can passivate reactive metals and thus retard corrosion. At
higher levels they attack certain types of masonry, metals, elastomers, and plastics. The reaction with
masonry and metals normally occurs when these gases dissolve in water to form sulfurous and sulfuric
acid.
B.1 .4 Nitrogen oxides (expressed as NOx in Table B1 )
NOx compounds (NO, NO 2, N 2O 4) are formed as combustion products of fossil fuels and have a critical
role in the formation of ozone in the atmosphere. They are also believed to have a catalytic effect on
corrosion of base metals by chlorides and sulfides. In the presence of moisture, some of these gases
form nitric acid which, in turn, attacks most common materials.
B.1 .5 Hydrogen fluoride (expressed as HF in Table B1 )
This compound is a member of the halogen family and reacts like inorganic chloride compounds.
B.1 .6 Ammonia and derivatives (expressed as NH 3 in Table B1 )
Reduced forms of nitrogen (ammonia, amines, ammonium ions) occur mainly in fertilizer plants,
agricultural applications, and chemical plants. Copper and copper alloys are particularly susceptible to
corrosion in ammonia environments.
B.1 .7 Photochemical species (expressed as O 3 in Table B1 )
The atmosphere contains a wide variety of unstable, reactive species, which are formed by the reaction of
sunlight with moisture and other atmospheric constituents. Some have lifetimes measured in fractions of
a second as they participate in rapid chain reactions. In addition to ozone, a list of examples would
include the hydroxyl radical as well as radicals of hydrocarbons, oxygenated hydrocarbons, nitrogen
oxides, sulfur oxides, and water. Because of the transient nature of most of these species, their primary

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ANSI/ISA-71 .04-201 3 22

effect is on outdoor installations and enclosures. In general, plastics and elastomers are more susceptible
than metals to photochemical effects.
B.1 .8 Strong oxidants
This includes ozone plus certain chlorinated gases (chlorine, chlorine dioxide). Ozone (O 3) is an unstable
form of oxygen, which is formed from diatomic oxygen by electrical discharge or by solar radiation in the
atmosphere. These gases are powerful bleaching and oxidizing agents. They attack the surface of many
elastomers and plastics. Photochemical oxidation — the combined effect of oxidants and ultraviolet light
(sunlight) — is particularly potent. Ozone may also function as a catalyst in sulfide and chloride corrosion
of metals, but its precise role is unclear.
B.2 Gas concentrations
The synergistic effects of various combinations of corrosive gases make the determination of severity
levels complex when only examining gas concentration data. In addition to the contaminant gases
themselves, temperature and humidity also have a major impact on the corrosion rates.
Gaseous contamination limits for the reliable operation of electronic equipment cannot be specified in
terms of the concentrations of gaseous contaminants in the air; metal corrosion is too complex a process
to allow its rate to be determined from gaseous chemical composition. A more convenient and
quantitative approach is through the use of reactivity monitoring (iNEMI 201 2).
The gas concentration levels shown in Table B1 below are provided only for reference purposes. They
are believed to approximate the reactivity levels stated in Table 3 above, provided the relative humidity is
less than 50%. For a given gas concentration, the severity level (specifically the copper reactivity level)
can be expected to be increased by one level for each 1 0% increase in relative humidity above 50% or for
a relative humidity rate of change greater than 6% per hour.
Table B1 – Contaminant concentrations versus severity levels
Severity level G1 G2 G3 GX
Mild Moderate Harsh Severe
Gas concentration †
Contaminant Gas Concentration
H 2S <3 < 10 < 50 ≥ 50
Group A SO2,SO 3 < 10 < 1 00 < 300 ≥ 300
Cl 2 <1 <2 < 10 ≥ 10
Reactive†,‡ NOx < 50 < 1 25 < 1 ,250 ≥ 1,250
species
Group B § HF <1 <2 < 10 ≥ 10
NH 3 < 500 < 1 0,000 < 25,000 ≥ 25,000
O3 <2 < 25 < 1 00 ≥ 100
†Parts per billion by volume (ppbv) average for test period for the gases in G roups A and B.
‡The Group A contaminants often occur together and the reactivity levels include the synergistic effects of these contaminant s.
§The synergistic effects of Group B contaminants are not known at this time.
Since the publication of ISA-71 .04-1 985, there has been a wealth of corrosion/reactivity monitoring
research performed relative to industrial, mission critical, and other applications involving electronic
equipment reliability. This new information, along with the passage of various “lead - free” manufacturing
regulations, has made the use of reactivity monitoring the preferred method of determining environmental
severity levels (Crosley, et al. 201 2). Direct gas monitoring may still be used to speciate contaminant
types and to estimate severity levels, as shown in Table B1 ; however, compliance to the standard now
requires that environmental severity levels be determined by reactivity monitoring, provided the technique
employed can be correlated to the coulometric reduction technique described in 7.1 and Annex C.

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 23 ANSI/ISA-71 .04-201 3

Additional information on common sources of reactive contaminants and emissions from natural and
industrial processes can be found in Tables B2 and B3. These include corrosive contaminants that may
be liquid, solid, or gaseous in nature.

Table B2 – Common sources of reactive environmental constituents

Category Symbol Constituent Some common sources
Gas H 2S Hydrogen sulfide Geothermal emissions, microbiological activities, fossil
fuel processing, wood pulping, sewage treatment,
combustion of fossil fuel, auto emissions, ore smelting,
sulfuric acid manufacture
Gas SO2, SO3 Sulfur dioxide Combustion of fossil fuel, auto emissions, ore smelting,
sulfuric acid manufacture, tobacco smoke
Gas S8, R-SH Mercaptans Foundries, sulfur manufacture
Gas HF Hydrogen fluoride Fertilizer manufacture, aluminum manufacture,
ceramics manufacture, steel manufacture, electronics
device manufacture, fossil fuel
Gas NOx Oxides of nitrogen Automobile emissions, fossil fuel combustion, microbes,
chemical industry
Gas N2 Active organic Automobile emissions, animal waste, vegetable
nitrogen combustion, sewage, wood pulping
Gas NH 3 Ammonia Microbes, sewage, fertilizer manufacture, geothermal
steam, refrigeration equipment, cleaning products,
reproduction (blueprint) machines
Solid C Carbon Incomplete combustion (aerosol constituent), foundry
Gas CO Carbon monoxide Combustion, automobile emissions, microbes, trees,
wood pulping
Gas Cl 2, ClO 2 Chlorine, chlorine Chlorine manufacture, aluminum manufacture, paper
dioxide mills, refuse decomposition, cleaning products
Gas HCl Hydrogen chloride Automobile emissions, combustion, oceanic processes,
polymer combustion
Gas HBr, HI Halogen compounds Automotive emissions
Liquid Cl Chloride ions Aerosol content, oceanic processes, ore processing
Gas O3 Ozone Atmospheric photochemical processes mainly involving
nitrogen oxides and oxygenated hydrocarbons,
automotive emissions, electrostatic filters
Gas CnH n Hydrocarbons Automotive emissions, fossil fuel processing, tobacco
smoke, water treatment, microbes, paper mill, and
many other sources, both natural and industrial
Solid — Inorganic dust Crystal rock, rock and ore processing, combustion,
blowing sand, and many industrial sources

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ANSI/ISA-71 .04-201 3 24

Table B3 – Common emissions of natural and industrial processes

Natural processes Emissions
Microbes H 2, NH 3, NOx, H 2S, CO, large variety of organics of many types
Sewage NH 3, aldehydes, many organics, H 2S, mercaptans, H 2, S, CO
Geothermal H 2, H 2 S, SO 2
Marshy area H 2S, NH 3, SO 2
Animal matter Many organics, mainly oxygenated
Forest fire HCl, CO, CO2
Oceans NaCl, chloride ions
Industrial processes Emissions
Power generation SO2, C, CO, NOx, hydrocarbons, organics
Automotive combustion SO2, SO3 , HCl, HBr, NOx, hydrocarbons, organics, CO, HBr
Diesel combustion CO, NOx, many organics
Fossil fuel processing H 2S, S, SO 2, NH 3 , hydrocarbons, other organics, mercaptans
Plastic manufacture All organics, aldehydes, alcohols, NH 3, SO 2
Cement plants SO3, dust, SO 2, NOx, CO
Steel blast furnaces H 2S, SO 2, CO, HF, coal dust
Steel electric furnaces H 2S, SO 2, C, CO
Coke plants H 2S, CO, HCN, carbon, dust
Pulp manufacture Cl 2, SO 2, H 2S, CO, wood fibers, dust
Chlorine plants Chlorine, chlorine compounds, NaCl
Fertilizer manufacture HF, NH 3, CH 4, gas, liquids, dust, acids
Food processing Hydrocarbons, many organics
Rubber manufacture H 2S, S 8, R-SH
Paint manufacture C, hydrocarbons, oxygenated hydrocarbons, dust
Aluminum manufacture HF, SO 2, C, dust
Ore smelting SO2, CO, H 2, dust
Tobacco smoke H 2S, SO 2, HCN, CO, tars and particulates
Gasoline and fuel vapors Hydrocarbons, oxygenated hydrocarbons
Battery manufacture SO2, acids, dust

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 25 ANSI/ISA-71 .04-201 3

Annex C
Copper and silver reactivity samples
C.1 Sample preparation
Copper samples (nominal size 1 5 cm 2) should be prepared from 99.99% purity, oxygen-free 2high
conductivity (OFHC), 0.635 mm thick sheet; ½ - ¾ hard. Silver samples (nominal size 1 5 cm ) should be
prepared from 99.99% high purity silver as per ASTM B 41 3-97a.
Prepare as follows:
1 ) Abrade with 240X metallograph paper using a wax lubricant.
2) Abrade with 400X metallograph paper as in Step (1 ). ‡
3) Abrade with 600X metallograph paper as in Step (1 ).
4) Scrub with cotton soaked in hot reagent grade acetone.
5) Dip in hot reagent grade isopropyl alcohol.
6) Store in glass containers purged with dry nitrogen.
C.2 Sample exposure
Copper and silver coupon pairs should be placed vertically at the site being monitored using a coupon
holder as shown in Figure C1 below, ISO Standard 1 1 844-2, or similar. All metal surfaces of the coupons
should be completely exposed to the air and particular care should be taken to avoid surface
contamination such as fingerprints. Installation should be in an area that has air flow rates that are
characteristic of the site being monitored.
Corrosion is defined in terms of the total corrosion film thickness that builds up with one month (i.e., 30
days) of exposure. It is recognized that film buildup will be quite slow in mild areas but rapid in severe
sites. To facilitate film thickness measurements in these extreme conditions, test times can be extended
(i.e., to three months) at mild sites or reduced to a few days in extremely harsh environments.
Copper corrosion is nonlinear, and experience has shown that measurements over longer or shorter test
times can be reduced to a normalized one-month value by using the relationship:
x1 = x(t1 /t)A
Where: x1 is the equivalent film thickness after 30 days
x is the measured film thickness after time t
t1 is thirty days
t is the actual test time (days)
A is equal to 0.3 for G1 , 0.5 for G2, and 1 for G3 and GX
Silver corrosion is considered to be linear, and therefore measurements over longer or shorter test times
can be linearly correlated to the specific exposure period.
C.3 Sample analysis
Film thickness should be determined by coulometric reduction, using ASTM B 825-02 (2008), Standard
Test Method for Coulometric Reduction of Surface Films on Metallic Test Samples.
C.4 References
Abbott, W. H. "The Effects of Operating Environments on Electrical and Electronic Equipment Reliability
in the Pulp and Paper Industry." Paper presented at the IEEE Industry Applications Society 1 983 Pulp
and Paper Technical Conference, May 1 983. IEEE Conference Record. New York: Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1 983.
ASTM B41 3 - 97a (2008), Standard Specification for Refined Silver, American Society for Testing and
Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.

‡
Steps (3) through (5) should be done as near to placement time as possible.

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ANSI/ISA-71 .04-201 3 26

ASTM B825 – 02 (2008), Standard Test Method for Coulometric Reduction of Surface Films on Metallic
Test Samples, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.
ISO 1 1 844-2:2005 (E), Corrosion of metals and alloys — Classification of low corrosivity of indoor
atmospheres — Part 2: Determination of corrosion attack in indoor atmosphere. International
Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Rice, D. W., et al. "Atmospheric Corrosion of Copper and Silver." Electrochemical Society 1 28, no. 2
(February 1 981 ): 275-284.

Figure C1 . ISA standard coupons (typ.)

Key: 1 . Plastic mounting plate
2. Copper / silver coupon
3. Plastic nut
4. Plastic nut / spacer
5. Plastic screw / plastic threaded rod

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 27 ANSI/ISA-71 .04-201 3

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Copyright 201 3 ISA. All rights reserved.
Developing and promulgating sound consensus standards, recommended practices, and technical
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ISBN: 978-0-876640-41 -8