Methods of Expressing The Concentration of A Solution - Study Material For IIT JEE - AskIITians

5/23/2015
MethodsOfExpressingTheConcentrationOfASolutionStudyMaterialforIITJEE|askIITians
Home Study Material IIT JEE Chemistry Physical Chemistry Solutions

Methods of Expressing Concentration of Solution
Methods of Expressing the

Concentration of a Solution
Ask Experts
The concentration of a solution can be expresses in a
Have any Question?

Ask Experts
number of ways. The important methods are:
Mass/Weight Percentage or Per cent

by Mass/Weight :
SelectCategory
It is defined as the amount of

solute in grams present in 100
Attach Image
grams of the solution.
Get Answer
The ratio mass of solute to the mass of solvent is

termed as mass fraction.
Related
Resources
http://www.askiitians.com/iitjeesolutions/methodsofexpressingtheconcentrationofasolution/
1/12
5/23/2015
Thus, Mass percentage of solute = Mass fraction

100
10% solution of sugar by mass means that 10 grams
Determination
of Solubility
of sugar is present in 100 grams of the solution, i.e.,

10 grams of sugar has been dissolved in 90 grams of
water. e
Determination of
solubility : The
Example 1:
solubility of...
Question:
What is the weight percentage of urea solution in
which 10 gm of urea is dissolved in 90 gm water.
Molality
Molality: It
Solution
is defined
as the
Weight percentage of urea = (weight of urea/ weight of

solution)
number of the
100
= 10/(90+10)
100 = 10% urea solution (w/W)
Volume Percentage
It is defined as the volume of solute in mL present in
100 mL solution.
moles...
Colligative
Properties of
Dilute Solutions
Colligative
Properties
10% solution of HCl by volume means that 10 mL of

liquid HCl is present in 100 mLof the solution.
Mass by Volume Percentage

It is defined as the mass of solute present in 100 mL
of solution.
A dilute
solution is one in...
Partial Pressure
of Immiscible
Liquids
Partial
A 10% mass by volume solution means that 10 gm

solute is present in 100 mL of solution.
Molarity
The molarity of a solution gives the number of gram
molecules of the solute present in one litre of the
solution.
pressure of
immiscible
liquids Let...
Osmosis and
Osmotic
Pressure
OSMOSIS
Thus, if one gram molecule of a solute is present in 1

litre of the solution, the concentration of the solution
is said to be one molar.
-1
AND
OSMOTIC
PRESSURE Osmosis:
2/12
5/23/2015
Units of molarity: mol L-1
When a...
Molarity of dilution:
Before dilution After dilution
M1V1 = M2V2
Molarity of mixing:
Let there be three samples of solution (containing same
solvent and solute) with their molarity M1, M2, M3 and
volumes V1, V2, V3 respectively. These solutions are
mixed; molarity of mixed solution may be given as:
Solutions of
Solids in
Liquids
SOLUTIONS
OF SOLIDS
IN LIQUIDS
Solutions of this...
M1V1+ M2V2+ M3V3= MR(V1+ V2+ V3)

Where MR= resultant molarity
V1+ V2+ V3= resultant molarity
Molarity is dependent on volume; therefore, it
depends on temperature.
1 M Molar solution, i.e., molarity is 1
0.5 M or M/2 Semimolar
0.1 M or M/10 Decimolar
0.01 M or M/100 Centimolar
0.001 M or M/1000 Millimolar
Example 2:
Solutions of
Liquids in
Liquids
SOLUTIONS
OF LIQUIDS
IN LIQUIDS
When one liquid...
RelationOsmotic
Pressure and
Vapour
Pressure
Question:
Relation
3.65 gm of HCL gas is present in 100 mL of its aqueous
between
solution.What is the molarity?

Solution
Molarity =
osmotic
pressure and
vapour...
= (3.65/36.5)
1000/100 = 1M
Molarity
Molarity
(Molar
Molality
Molality of a solution is defined as the number of
concentration): It is
defined as...
moles of solute dissolved in 1 Kg of the solvent.
Thus, if one gram molecule of a solute is present in 1

kg of the solvent, the concentration of the solution is
Lowering in
Vapour
Pressure
3/12
5/23/2015
said to beone molal.
LOWERING
Units of molarity: mol kg-1???
IN THE
Molality is the most convenient method to express

the concentration because it involves the mass of
liquids rather than their volumes. It is also
independent of the variation in temperature.
Molality and solubity are related by the following
relation.
VAPOUR
PRESSURE When a...
RelationshipMolality and
Molarity
Molality = Solubility10/Molecular mass of the solute

[Solubility = Mass of solute in grams/Mass of solvent
in grams 100]
Relationship Between Molality and

Molarity:
Relationship
between molality
and molarity:...
Reverse
Osmosis
REVERSE
OSMOSIS
When a
Let the density of the solution be d. Unit= g mL1
solution is
Mass of solution = V d
separated from...
Mass of solute = number of moles molecular mass

of solute = n mA
Mass of solvent, W = mass of solution mass of solute
= V d n mA
Thus,
Solutions of
Gases in
Liquids
SOLUTIONS
OF GASES
IN LIQUIDS
All gases are...
WheremAis molecular mass of solvent.
Vant Hoff
Theory of
Dilute Solutions
VANT HOFF
THEORY OF
DILUTE
SOLUTIONS...
Abnormal
4/12
5/23/2015
Colligative
Properties
Abnormal
colligative
properties
and Van't Hoff...
Determination
of Molecular
Masses
DETERMINATION
OF MOLECULAR
MASSES In the case
of...
Determination
of Osmotic
Pressure
Example 3:
Question:
The density of a 3M sodium thiosulphate solution is
1.25 gm cm3. Calculate
i) the molalities of Na+and S2O32ions
Determination of
ii) percentage of weight of solution
osmotic pressure:
Solution
Berkeley and...
3 M Na2S2O3(Sodium thiosulphate) solution means

3 moles Na2S2O3is present in 1 L or, 1000 ml solution
Raoults Law
Wt. of solute Na2S2O3= 3158
Raoults
wt. of solution = v d
Law Vapour
Pressure
= 1000 ml 1.25 gm/ml
Consider a pure...
= 1000 1.25 gm
Wt. of solvent = (1000 1.25 3 158) gm H2O
Molality = no. of moles of solute per 1000 gm solvent
Ideal Solutions
Ideal
solutions :
An ideal
= 3.865 mol kg1solvent
solution one in
Now, Na2S2O32Na++S2O3-
which...
-1
a) Hence molality of Na = 2 3.865 mol kg

5/12
5/23/2015
a) Hence molality of Na+= 2 3.865 mol kg-1
Example based
on Lowering in
Vapour
Pressure
= 7.73 mol kg1

Hence molality = 1 3.865 mol kg1
= 3.865 mole/kg
b) % of wt. of solution
Example
1 L i.e. 1000 ml solution containing 3 moles Na2S2O3
based on
Lowering in
1000 1.25 gm solution containing 3 158 gm

Na2S2O3
the Vapour
Pressure...
Normality
= 37.92%
Normality:
It is defines
Normality:
as the
The normality of a solution gives the number of gram
number of gram...
equivalents of the solute present in one litre of the

solution.
?
Number of gram equivalent of solute = Mass of
solute in gram/equivalent weight of solute
Equivalent weight of solute (E) = Molar mass of
solute/Valencefactor
Ostwald and
Walker Method
Ostwald
and Walker
Method
Measurement of
relative...
Valence factor forbase= acidity of base

Valence factor foracid= basicity of acid
Valence factor forelement= valency
Depression of
Freezing Point
Thus, if one gram equivalent of a solute is present in

one litre of the solution, the concentration of the
solution is said to be one normal.
DEPRESSION OF
1N = Normal = One gram equivalent of the solute
FREEZING POINT
per litre of solution = Normality is 1

N/2 = Seminormal = 0.5 g equivalent of the solute
per litre of solution = Normality is 0.5
N/10= Decinormal = 0.1 g equivalent of the solute
per litre of solution = Normality is 0.1
N/100 = Centinormal = 0.01 g equivalent of the
solute per litre of solution = Normality is 0.01
N/1000 = Millinormal = 0.001 g equivalent of the
(CRYOSCOPY)
Freezing...
Theory of
Fractional
Distillation
THEORY OF
FRACTIONAL
6/12
5/23/2015
solute per litre of solution = Normality is 0.001
Relationship between normality and

molarity:
DISTILLATION The
We know that
process of...
Molarity Molecular mass = Strength of solution (g/L)

Similarly,
Normality Equivalent mass = Normality of the
solution (g/L)
Hence,
Click to Chat
1800 2000 838
Molarity Molecular mass = Normality Equivalent

mass
Our Courses
Engineering Exams
Medical Exams
So, Normality = n Molarity
__________________________________________
School
Exams
Ask a Question
NRI Section
Let d is the density of solution in g/mL
Study
and Material
x is the percentage of the solute by mass.
Free Downloads
Then,
Solved
Examples
Solved
Login/Register
0
CARTExamples
Question 1:
Arginine
vasopressin...
Solved
Examples of
Depression of
Freezing Point
SOME
SOLVED
EXAMPLES
Example: On
Mole Fraction
The mole fraction of any component in a solution is
the ratio of the number of moles of that component
dissolving 10.8...
Solubility
Solubility
to the total number of moles of all components .
Solubility of
Total mole fraction of all the components of any

solution is 1.
For a binary solution of A and B
Mole Fraction of A (XA) =
a substance
is its...
Mole Fraction
Mole
fraction:
Mole Fraction of B (XB)=
This
method is used
when the...
And, XA+XB = 1
Relation between mole fraction and

Molality:
X = n/N+n and X = N/N+n
Molal Elevation
Constant
7/12
5/23/2015
XA= n/N+n and XB= N/N+n
Molal
XA/XB= n/N = Moles of solute/Moles of solvent =

wA/mB/wBmA
elevation
XA1000/XBmB= wA1000/wBmA= m
or
constant :
Molal elevation...
Examples on
Ideal and Nonideal Solutions
Refer to the Following Video for Molarity,

Molality andMole Fraction
Examples
on Ideal &
Non Ideal
Solutions...
ComparisonIdeal and NonIdeal Solutions
Comparison
Between Ideal and
Non-ideal
Solutions...
Parts per million (ppm):

When a solute is present in trace quantities, it is
Elevation of
Boiling Point
ELEVATION
convenient to express concentration in parts per
OF BOILING
million (ppm)
POINT
(EBULLIOSCOPY) :
In case of mass it may be expressed as : (Mass of
The...
solute/Mass of solution ) 106

In case of volume it may be expressed as: (Volume of
solute/Volume of solution) 106
So, concentration in parts per million can be
expressed as mass to mass, volume to volume
andmass to volume form.
Latest articles
from Blog
Atmospheric pollution in cities is also expressed in

ppm by volume. It refers to the volume of the
pollutant in
106units
of volume. 10 ppm of SO2in air
6
JEE Advanced
2015:Time
8/12
5/23/2015
means 10 mL of SO2is present in 106mL of air.
Formality
Management Tips
From Sai Chetan
JEE...
It is the number of formula mass in grams present per

litre of solution. In case formula mass is equal to
molecular mass, formality is equal to molarity. Like
molarity and normality, the formality is also dependent
on temperature. It is used for ionic compounds in which
IIT JEE (Advanced)

2015: 5 Tips to
crack Engineering
Entrance...
there is no existence of molecule. Mole of ionic

compounds is called formole and molarity as formality.
2014 JEE Topper

Chitraang may Quit
IIT-B to Pursue
Physics...
10 Life Lessons
That We Can Learn
From Kung Fu
Panda
Where,
w = weight of solute,
f = formula weight of solute
V= volume of solution
nf = no. of gram formula weight
IIT KGP students

panga na le
moment with IRCTC
See More
Example 3:
Question:
CH3COOH exists as dimer in benzene. 1.2 gm of the
acid was dissolved and the volume was made up to
one litre using benzene. What is the formality?
Solution
Molar mass of CH3COOH= 60
Formula weight of the associated molecule of the acid
= 2
60 = 120
Weight of CH3COOH= 1.2 gm

Volume of solution = 1 L
Formality = 1.2/120
1/1 = 0.01 F
9/12
5/23/2015
Question 1: How much water would be present in 100

mL of 20% aqueous solution of sugar by volume?
a. 20 mL
b. 80 mL
c. 90 mL
d. 100 mL
Question 2: What would be concentration of the
solution formed by adding two moles of solute in 1 kg
water?
a. 2 M
b. 2 m
c.20 M
d. 20 m
Question 3: What will be mole fraction of solute of a
binary solution if that of its solvent is 0.2?
a.0.8
b. 0.1
c. 0.7
d. 1.0
Question 4: Unit of molarity is
a.mol L-1
b.mol kg-1
c. mol-1 L
d.mol-1kg
Q.1
Q.2
Q.3
Q.4
Related Resources
Click here to go throughSyllabus ofIIT JEE,
Look here forReference books of Chemistry
You can also referSolutions
10/12
5/23/2015
Let askIITians know about you through

the following form:
Name
OR
Email
+91
--Exam--
ConnectwithFacebook
Signing up with Facebook

allows you to connect
Select Grade
with friends and

classmates already using
Submit
askIItians. Its an easier
way as well. Relax, we

wont flood your facebook
news feed!
11/12
5/23/2015
Addacomment...
JuanDelaCruzUniversityoftheCordilleras
asulfuricacidofsolutionofdensity1.802g/mLcontains88%W.Finda)Wof
solute.
b)Wofsolvent.
c)Wofsolution.
d)Vofsolution.
e)molarityofthesolution.
f)molalityofthesolution.
ReplyLikeAugust11,2013at9:49pm
MonicaBhabyCoe
okkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
ReplyLikeAugust13,2013at3:31am
MonicaBhabyCoe
andameeeeekunak
mimie
23
ReplyLikeAugust13,2013at3:31am
NourEleslamTantaatFacultyofsciencechemistrydepartment
ok
ReplyLikeOctober17,2013at5:51am
JurilynAgraviador
ambot!
ReplyLike
1 December3,2013at11:25pm
SumantSekharMohanty
PPMdefinition=massofsolute/massofsolution*10^6...asillymistake
ReplyLikeMarch22,2014at1:34am
Facebooksocialplugin
About Us | Blog | Media Coverage | School tie up | Franchisee | Tutor log in | Careers |
FAQ's | Privacy Policy | Sitemap | Terms & Conditions | Contact Us
copyright 2006-2015 askIITians.com

info@askiitians.com
12/12

Methods of Expressing The Concentration of A Solution - Study Material For IIT JEE - AskIITians

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Methods of Expressing The Concentration of A Solution - Study Material For IIT JEE - AskIITians

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

5/23/2015

Home Study Material IIT JEE Chemistry Physical Chemistry Solutions

Methods of Expressing the

The concentration of a solution can be expresses in a

Have any Question?

number of ways. The important methods are:

Mass/Weight Percentage or Per cent

It is defined as the amount of

grams of the solution.

The ratio mass of solute to the mass of solvent is

Thus, Mass percentage of solute = Mass fraction

of sugar is present in 100 grams of the solution, i.e.,

Weight percentage of urea = (weight of urea/ weight of

100 = 10% urea solution (w/W)

10% solution of HCl by volume means that 10 mL of

Mass by Volume Percentage

A 10% mass by volume solution means that 10 gm

Thus, if one gram molecule of a solute is present in 1

Units of molarity: mol L-1

M1V1+ M2V2+ M3V3= MR(V1+ V2+ V3)

3.65 gm of HCL gas is present in 100 mL of its aqueous

solution.What is the molarity?

moles of solute dissolved in 1 Kg of the solvent.

Thus, if one gram molecule of a solute is present in 1

said to beone molal.

Units of molarity: mol kg-1???

Molality is the most convenient method to express

Molality = Solubility10/Molecular mass of the solute

Relationship Between Molality and

Let the density of the solution be d. Unit= g mL1

Mass of solute = number of moles molecular mass

WheremAis molecular mass of solvent.

ii) percentage of weight of solution

3 M Na2S2O3(Sodium thiosulphate) solution means

Wt. of solute Na2S2O3= 3158

= 1000 ml 1.25 gm/ml

= 3.865 mol kg1solvent

a) Hence molality of Na = 2 3.865 mol kg

a) Hence molality of Na+= 2 3.865 mol kg-1

= 7.73 mol kg1

1 L i.e. 1000 ml solution containing 3 moles Na2S2O3

1000 1.25 gm solution containing 3 158 gm

The normality of a solution gives the number of gram

equivalents of the solute present in one litre of the

Valence factor forbase= acidity of base

Thus, if one gram equivalent of a solute is present in

1N = Normal = One gram equivalent of the solute

per litre of solution = Normality is 1

solute per litre of solution = Normality is 0.001

Relationship between normality and

Molarity Molecular mass = Strength of solution (g/L)

1800 2000 838

Molarity Molecular mass = Normality Equivalent

to the total number of moles of all components .

Total mole fraction of all the components of any

Mole Fraction of A (XA) =

Mole Fraction of B (XB)=

Relation between mole fraction and

XA= n/N+n and XB= N/N+n

XA/XB= n/N = Moles of solute/Moles of solvent =

Refer to the Following Video for Molarity,

ComparisonIdeal and NonIdeal Solutions

Parts per million (ppm):