Energy Management in Lucknow City

ARTICLE IN PRESS
Energy Policy 35 (2007) 48474868

www.elsevier.com/locate/enpol
Energy management in Lucknow city

Hina Zia, V. Devadas
Department of Architecture and Planning, Indian Institute of Technology-Roorkee, District Haridwar, Uttarakhand State 247 667, India
Received 15 May 2006; accepted 13 April 2007
Available online 7 June 2007
Abstract
In this paper, an attempt is made to prepare an energy management model for Lucknow city along with policy recommendations for
optimal energy utilization and management. At the outset, the authors have reviewed the related literature on energy management in the
urban system. The entire collected literature is divided into the following sections, such as, energy resource assessment, energy
consumption, energy and economy, energy and environment, energy and transportation, forecasting the energy demand and supply,
alternate energy sources and technologies, energy conservation and demand-side management and energy management measures in
India, and are reviewed thoroughly and presented. Subsequently, an attempt is made to establish the importance of energy in urban
development by using Systems concept. Lucknow city has been chosen for investigation in this study. A detailed methodology is
developed for organizing the survey at the grassroots level to evolve feasible strategies for optimal energy management in the study area.
An attempt is further made to assess the available energy resource in the city, and the energy consumption by source wise in the city and
estimating the energy gap in the year 2011. The paper concludes with preparation of a detailed energy management model for Lucknow
city to reduce the expected energy gap for the year 2011. The recommendations are made for supply augmentation, demand-side
management and policy measures to be taken by the government authorities.
r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Energy conservation; Demand side management; Systems concept
1. Introduction
Mans history is a living testimony to his growth from a
mere medium-sized mammal to his present position as the
earths dominant species by harnessing and manipulating
energy at each and every stage of his evolution. His
increasing dependence on energy is an unrealized truth. It
is one of basic necessities of life; required both as a means
of production and to enhance the quality of life. In fact, a
countrys Gross Domestic Product is a direct reection of
the central role of energy as an input.
There is an increasing realization of the deep impact of
energy on the economy and environment. It has been
observed that even international relations among various
economies (developed and developing) are being governed
by energy factor. The formation of various groups having
similar energy consumption and economic development
Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 9412021124.
E-mail address: hinazia@rediffmail.com (H. Zia).

0301-4215/$ - see front matter r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2007.04.018
highlights this further. Energy statistics across the

globe reveal a startling variation across different
regions. A wide disparity is observed with regard to
energy consumption and economic development. In fact,
the richest 20 per cent of the worlds population use
55 per cent of the total nal energy, the remaining
(80 per cent) of the global population using only the rest
45 per cent of nal energy. Even across a nation, there
are varied energy consumption pattern in various zones.
The economically prosperous states of Gujarat, Punjab,
Maharashtra, etc., show a high-energy consumption
pattern. The per capita electricity consumption stood
highest in Punjab (861 kWh), followed by Gujarat
(724 kWh) and Maharashtra (594 kWh) against the
National average of 360 kWh (Statistical Abstract, 2001).
The poor regions of Northeast, on the other hand, have a
very low consumption of energy ranging between 75 and
185 kWh, much lower than the National average. Even
across various cities there are marked differences in the
energy consumption rate. Cities like Mumbai and Delhi,
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H. Zia, V. Devadas / Energy Policy 35 (2007) 48474868
which lie towards the upper side of economic ladder, are

found to be great consumers of energy.
A high correlation between energy consumption and
economic development, coupled with wide disparities
across different regions, countries and cities, is found to
exist. This gives a strong impetus to have an in depth study
of the existing trends, consumption pattern, and various
energy linkages in an urban system. The Authors have
reviewed various literaturepublished and unpublished, in
the given context to have a better understanding of the
various issues, concerns, development trends and energy
linkages in an urban system. It is observed that the gap
between energy demand and supply is constantly rising in
Indian cities; there is a dearth of efforts to manage the
energy in an integrated manner at local level and requires
immediate attention to the need for urban energy management at city level.
An attempt has been made in this paper to study the
energy-consumption pattern and available energy resources
in a metropolitan city of North IndiaLucknow city.
Data has been collected from secondary and primary
sources. Primary survey has been done to estimate the
consumption pattern of various forms of energy in the
domestic sector. The expected energy gap has been
estimated for the year 2011 A.D. in the study area. Based
on these estimations, plausible policy recommendations
have been made to fulll this estimated energy gap and
setting of an energy management model is proposed at the
city level for optimal management of energy. For a better
understanding of the above issues, the paper is subdivided
as follows.
2. Literature review
Literature reviewone of the important aspects of a
research study gives the necessary latest information
pertaining to the various related issues, concerns and the
latest developments at global level taken to solve the given
problem(s) in different contexts. A number of publications,
books, journals, technical papers, seminar proceedings,
newsletter, unpublished project reports, Ph.D thesis, M.E.
dissertation, etc., have been studied to understand the
energy sector in urban context. The study has been dealt
with under two sections as follows.
2.1. Section A: energy linkages
This deals with various energyeconomyenvironment,
transportation linkages, latest technological advancements
in the eld of energy, forecasting methods, energy
conservation measures and its signicance. The discussion
can be aggregated under various sub-heads.
2.1.1. Energy consumption
Mans dependence on commercial/non-commercial energy is increasing day by day with increasing urbanization
and population growth. World primary energy consump-
tion increased by 2.7 per cent in 2005, against a strong

growth of 4.4 per cent in 2004. Growth slowed from 2004
in every region and for every fuel. The strongest increase in
energy consumption was again observed in the Asia Pacic
region, which rose by 5.8 per cent, while North America
once more recorded the weakest growth, at 0.3 per cent
whereas China accounted for more than half of global
energy consumption growth (BP, 2006).
The International Energy Outlook 2006 (IEO2006)
projects strong growth for worldwide energy demand from
2003 to 2030. It projects that the total world consumption
of marketed energy will expand from 421 quadrillion
British thermal units (Btu) in 2003 to 563 quadrillion Btu in
2015 and then to 722 quadrillion Btu in 2030, or a 71 per
cent increase over the 20032030 period.
The latest trend of consumption of all forms of
commercial primary energy in the AsiaPacic region
and aggregate world trends indicate that regional primary
energy consumption has been increasing at an average
annual rate of 5.2 per cent over the last two decades; the
world average growth rates were only 2.9 and 2.6 per cent
during the same period. Despite this impressive growth in
the developing economies, the per capita consumption is
still very low as compared to the developed economies. The
total primary energy consumption fuel wise in various
regions of the world like, North America, South and
Central America, Europe and Eurasia, Middle East,
Africa, AsiaPacic, and Total World up to 2002 is
presented in Table 1.
In India, industrial sector consumes about half of the
total nal commercial energy, followed by transport sector.
The energy intensity in all the sectors is very high as
compared to the developed economies (3iNetwork, 2006).
Energy consumption pattern in the residential sector varies
widely not only among the rural and urban areas, but also
across various income classes. The heterogeneity of the
social fabric and disparity in lifestyles result in a wide range
in the standards of living and ways of satisfying energy
requirements (TEDDY, 20042005).
The consumption of electrical energy in India has grown
from 446,584 MU in 19981999 to 559,264 MU in
20032004 but the per capita electricity consumption is
among the lowest in the world (3iNetwork, 2006). The gap
between electrical energy demand and supply was 7.3 per
cent in 2004/2005, with peak power shortage being as high
as 11.7 per cent (TEDDY, 20042005). Table 2 presents the
gap between energy demand and domestic production of
coal, oil and natural gas.
Myriad factors like economic output and structure,
technological progress, personal income, energy prices,
lifestyles, and energy and environmental policies drive
energy consumption. The links among the factors are
complex, and any changes in these are dependent on the
type of energy service, stage of economic development,
existing infrastructure, political system, availability of
energy resources, climate and geographic conditions, and
culture (Freeman and Jamet, 1998).
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Table 1
Primary energy consumption by fuel (million tones oil equivalent)
Sl. no.
Region/country
Year
Oil
North America
2004
2005
1134.6
1132.6
707.7
697.1
South and Central

America
2004
217.9
2005
3
Europe and
Eurasia
Natural gas
Coal
Nuclear energy
Hydro-electricity
603.7
613.9
210.4
209.2
143.5
148.6
2799.9
2801.3
105.9
20.4
4.4
132.6
481.2
223.3
111.7
21.1
3.7
141.7
501.4
2004
957.6
991.1
536.7
287.9
187.3
2960.6
2005
963.3
1009.7
537.5
286.3
187.2
2984.0
3.8
3.9
491.7
510.2
Total
Middle east
2004
2005
260.7
271.3
218.1
225.9
9.1
9.0
Africa
2004
2005
124.2
129.3
61.8
64.1
102.9
100.3
3.4
2.9
19.4
19.9
311.7
316.5
AsiaPacic
2004
2005
1103.6
1116.9
340.6
366.2
1526.2
1648.1
119.0
125.0
156.5
167.4
3245.9
3423.7
Total world
2004
2005
3798.6
3836.8
2425.2
247.7
2798.9
2929.8
625.1
627.2
643.2
668.7
10291.0
10537.1
India
2004
2005
120.2
115.7
29.5
33.3
203.7
212.9
3.8
4.0
19.0
21.7
376.1
387.3
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2006.
Table 2
Energy demand-supply gap: 20062007 and 20462047
Fuel
Oil (MT)
Coal (MT)
Natural gas (MMSCMD)
20067
20467
Demand
Imports
Import dependence
(per cent)
Demand
Imports
Import dependence
(per cent)
129
453
180
94
54
81
73
12
45
702
1553
550
622
953
513
88
61
93
Note: MT: metric tonnes; MMSCMD: metric million standard cubic metres per day.
Source: Pachauri and Batra (2001). DISHA (Directions, Innovations, and Strategies for Harnessing Action) for Sustainable Development, TERI, New
Delhi.
2.1.2. Energy resource assessment

Energy is at present, derived largely from fossil fuels.
Major sources of conventional energy at present are crude
oil, natural gas and coal. Table 3 gives the energy reserve
situation in the world as well as in the Asian and Pacic
region as of at the end of 2005.
India being one of the fastest growing economies
in the world has a fast growing energy demand fuelled
by an increasing rate of industrialization and urbanization.
Indias energy demand is one of the fastest growing
in the world, at a projected rate of 4.6 per cent through
2010. Coal dominates the energy mix in India, contributing
70 per cent of the total primary energy production.
Indian coal production stood at 6.9 per cent of the total
world coal production in the year 2005. The country
is the fourth largest producer of coal and lignite in the
world. The total coal production in 2004 was 191.0 mtoe

and increased to 199.6 mtoe in 2005, an increase of
4.8 per cent. Indian coal, however, has generally low
caloric value and high ash content (BP Statistical Review,
2006).
India is a net importer of crude oil and petroleum
products, giving rise to energy security concerns and
vulnerability to external price and supply uctuations.
Crude production stood at 36.2 MT in 2005. Consumption
of natural gas has risen from 32.7 billion m3 in 2004 to 36.6
billion m3 in 2005, an increase of 12.2 per cent (BP
Statistical Review, 2006). Oil demand has grown at the rate
of 10 per cent per year, and electricity at an average rate of
8.8 per cent since 1950. The Fossil fuel reserve and
production in the country at the end of year 2005 is
presented in Table 4.
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4850
Table 3
Energy reserve in the world, at the end of 2005
Sl. no.
Region
Oil
Natural gas
Amt. (1000
million tones)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
North America
South and Central
America
Europe and Eurasia
Middle East
Africa
AsiaPacic
Total world
R/P ratio
Coal
Amt. (trillion
cubic feet)
R/P ratio
Amt. (in
million tonnes)
R/P ratio
7.8
14.8
11.9
40.7
263.3
247.8
9.9
51.8
254432
19893
231
269
19.2
101.2
15.2
5.4
163.6
22.0
81.0
31.8
13.8
40.6
2259.4
2546.0
508.1
523.7
6348.1
60.3
287095
1710
50755
296889
909064
241
88.3
41.2
65.1
200
92
155
Proved reservesgenerally taken to be those quantities that geological and engineering information indicates with reasonable certainty can be recovered in
the future from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions.Reserves/Production (R/P) ratioIf the reserves remaining at the end
of any year are divided by the production in that year, the result is the length of time that those remaining reserves would last if production were to
continue at that level.
a
Over 100 years.
Table 4
Fossil fuel reserve and production in the country at the end of 2005
Sl. no.
1
2
Proved reserves
Production/generation
Coal
Oil
Gas
92,445 million tones

199.6 million tones oil equivalent
0.8 thousand million tones

36.2 million tones
1.1 trillion m3
30.4 billion m3
Table 5
Renewable energy potential and achievements
Sl. no.
Source/system
Approximate
potential
Status (as on
31.03.2004)
Status (as on
31.03.2005)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Biogas plants (million)

Improved Chulha (million)
Solar water-heating systems (million m2 collector area)
Solar photovoltaic systems (MW/km2)
Biomass power/cogeneration (MW)
Biomass gasiers
Wind power (MW)
Small hydro power (MW)
Energy recovery from wastes (MW)
12
120
140
20
19,500
45,000
15,000
1700
3.7
33.9
0.8
151
613
58
2483
1603
41.5
3.7
33.9
1.0
191
727
62
2980
1693
46.5
Source: Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources (MNES), Annual Report 2004/2005, Government of India.
Besides these conventional energy sources, India has an

abundance of renewable energy sources, e.g. sun, wind,
biomass and hydro power and an estimate of the technical
potential of the renewable energy by source wise and
technology wise is presented in Table 5 (Ministry of Nonconventional Energy Sources (MNES) 20042005; Weinberg, 2001).
2.1.3. Energy and economy
The intricate links between energy and the different
sectors of the economy is a well-accepted fact today.
Modern industrialized or developing societies cannot

function without the use of large quantities of inanimate
energy. The correlation between per capita energy use and
real per capita income throughout the world is striking
(TEDDY, 20042005). On an aggregate basis, higher use
implies higher income and vise versa. It is only at a muchdisaggregated level that signicant variation in this
relationship become apparent.
An increase in energy costs results in adverse impact on
the economies of practically all countries, except those of
the oil exporters, in terms of reduced growth rates and
ARTICLE IN PRESS
output, employment and per capita income. The direct

effects of energy crisis results in worsening the balance-ofpayments, increase in the external debt burden and fall in
real income. Investment and economic growth fall off
following a major energy price increase, because of
uncertainty in the market regarding costs, interest rates,
and prots, and the complimentarily between capital and
energy in short run.
The strengthening interest in promoting energy efciency, energy conservation, and demand management, the
search for new technological advances and replacement of
fossil-fuel-based energy system by employing alternate
renewable sources, policy measures and the huge investments in this direction by economies worldwide highlight
this quintessential role of energy in the economic growth
and development (Callaghan, 1981; Chaturvedi, 1999;
Clark, 2001; Dhingra, 1999; Munasinghe and Schramm,
1983; TEDDY, 20042005).
2.1.4. Energy and environment
Energy has strong socio-economic and environmental
linkages. Most of the environmental problems that
confront mankind today are connected to the use of energy
in one-way or another. There is a discernible human
inuence on global climate (Eugene, 1975; Gopalakrishna,
1996; Shreshta and Malla, 1996; 3iNetwork, 2006).
The human benets of energy production, supply and
consumption frequently have an environmental downside
that may in turn affect human health and quality of life.
These ill effects related to increased energy use have risen
considerably with increasing energy demand in recent
decades. Some of the problems accompanying energy
supply include soil, water, air, noise pollution, ozone
depletion, greenhouse gas effects, risks of nuclear energy
use, genetic disorders, large-scale destruction of landscapes
due to the extraction of fossil-fuels, maritime pollution,
ecological consequences of hydropower projects leading to
massive interference with ecosystems, catastrophic accidents like Chernobyl, etc. Energy development and
environment therefore, need to be integrated and not seen
as adversaries to nd a way towards sustainable energy
development (Eugene, 1975; Mitsch, 1981; Ram, 2000;
TEDDY, 20042005; CSE, 2006).
2.1.5. Energy and transportation
Two salient features highlighting the modern civilization
are the ever-growing magnets of urbanization and industrialization. Urban centers are attractive magnets for the
surrounding areas due to ample employment opportunities,
better infrastructure, educational facilities, etc. An efcient
transport network becomes an inevitable necessity and it
becomes one of the biggest challenges to the Authorities of
the urban systems. Bigger the level of urbanization and
economy, greater is the challenge. Transport does play a
signicant role in the over all development of a nations
economy. However, this sector also accounts for substantial and growing proportion of air pollution in cities. This
4851
sector is a major consumer of petroleum fuels. Almost half

of the total consumption of petroleum products in India is
attributed to the transport sector mostly in the form of
gasoline and high-speed diesel (TERI report, 1992;
TEDDY, 20042005; 3iNetwork, 2006; CSE, 2006).
Transport demand can be classied under three broad
categories depending on the lead distances, namely urban
and suburban transport, regional and national transport,
and international transport. The rst two categories are
more important with regard to energy consumption and
environmental impacts. Factors like absence of good
transport system, failure of railways to meet the increasing
freight and passenger travel demand and increased
mobility has led to increasing pressure on personalized
transport (which is many times more energy intensive
besides the extra environmental costs). Supply security,
congestion and substantial air pollution in urban areas
calls for an urgent need to make the transport policy
sustainable and energy efcient. Various case studies done
in the metropolitan cities in India suggest this dire
requirement (Bose and Chary, 1993; Bose, 1996b; GOI
report 1980; CSE, 2006).
Moving towards more energy intensive path put severe
strains on the balance of payments, especially for a net oil
importing country like India. Some efforts are being made
in this regard but only at legal level. The National
Transport policy is a step in this regard. Implementation
efforts are however, yet to be seen (Bose, 1996a; Freeman
and Jamet, 1998; Kadiyali, 1978; CSE, 2006).
2.1.6. Energy demand analysis and forecasting
A reasonable knowledge of present and past energy
consumption and future demand are primary requirements
for energy planning. An accurate energy demand forecasts
is primarily required to enable timely, reasonable and
reliable availability of energy supplies to ensure proper
functioning of the economy. Errors in demand projections
lead to shortages of energy, which may have serious
repercussions on economic growth, and development of a
nation.
Demand forecasts can be made either on the basis of
statistical evaluation and projections of past consumption
or on the basis of specic micro studies. Popular
methodologies employed in energy forecasting include
time-series trend analysis, econometric multiple correlation
forecasting, macroeconomic and inputoutput models,
survey, etc. The simplest approach for energy demand
modeling is Time-Series trend analysis (Bargur and
Mandel, 1981). Regression models are also employed for
forecasting the consumption of various commodities like
electricity, coal and petroleum products (Sharma et al.,
2000; Rao and Parikh, 1996; Farahbalhsh et al., 1998).
Econometric models that correlate the energy demand
with other macro-economic variables are effective for
medium-term forecasts, as it relates the demand in physical
terms to some socio-economic determinants (Rao and
Parikh, 1996; Ramaprasad, 1993). Econometric energy
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2.1.7. Alternate energy sources and technologies

A renewed interest is being paid to alternate energy
sources and technologies across the globe with increasing
pressure on the conventional sources of energy. Nonconventional/renewable energy technologies have a role to
play in socio-economic development (Allapat and Dikshit,
1999a, b; Oliver et al., 2001; Timilsina et al., 2001). It is
necessary to use Renewable energy technologies for two
reasons:
or the use of additional capital or labor (Kumar, 1992;

Munasinghe and Schramm, 1983; 3iNetwork, 2006).
There are two aspects of conservation; one in which less
energy is used with no sacrice on the part of the individual
questions of economy and technology. The second aspect
of energy conservation involves some sacrice on the part
of the user. There is however, a limit beyond which
conservation measures may become too costly in terms of
foregoing other resources or useful outputs, thereby
causing more harms than good (TERI report, 1997).
Energy conservation is the demand of the time and a
means to save the mans fuel-powered ecosystem.
Improvement in energy efciency brings winwin solution, in that they bring environmental and economic
benets at the same time. It weakens the link between
energy demand and economic growth, and delays the need
for new capacity (Dhingra, 1999; Flaming, 2000; Maniwla
and Prasad, 1996).
DSM is a broad term used often in place of energy
efciency and vise versa. It covers all means of inuencing
the magnitudes and patterns of energy consumption. Two
types of tools namely, hard and soft are used for DSM. The
hard policy tools like physical controls, technical methods
and directed investments are more effective in the short
run. The soft policy tools include pricing, nancial
incentives, education and propaganda and have a greater
impact in the long run. Both the techniques need to be
carefully coordinated (Munasinghe and Schramm, 1983;
TERI report, 1997; 3iNetwork, 2006).
2.2. Section B: energy management in India
demand models are used to aid planners and policy makers

in evaluating past experiences, studying the impact of
future policies and forecasting demand for planning
purposes.
A widely used modeling approach is the two-stage
optimization procedure in which the optimal amount of
aggregate energy is rst determined followed by choosing
the optimal amount of fuel (Berndt and Wood,1975;
Halvorsen, 1977; Elkhaf, 1993). Another forecasting
model is based on the complete decomposition method,
which allows the trend effect, the rebound effect and
dematerialization/materialization to be estimated (Sun,
2001).
New forecasting techniques like genetic algorithm and
articial neural networks are also being increasingly used
especially for short-term forecasting for the demand of
electricity (Piras, Germond, Buchenel, Imhof and Jaccard,
1996; Chaturvedi et al., 1995), apart from the various linear
models (Yang et al., 1996; Ramanathan et al., 1997).
Inability of conventional systems to meet the growing

energy demands in an equitable and sustainable manner;
and
Large-scale adverse impacts of conventional energy
production and consumption on the physical and
human environment.
India is the only country in the world with an

independent ministry, Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources (MNES) established in 1992, for the promotion of renewable energy technologies.
The key issues facing renewable energy technologies
depend on their level of technological maturity and the
kind of market they face (Agarwal and Agarwal, 1999;
Gupta, 1999). Key issues in the sector are found to be
related to high initial cost of Renewable energy technologies, pricing of conventional energy, lack of indigenous
R&D demonstration, lack of public awareness, lack of
requisite infrastructure, etc. (Bakhtavatsalam, 1998; Chima, 1998).
2.1.8. Energy conservation and demand-side management
(DSM)
Energy conservation in its most general sense is dened
as the deliberate reduction in the use of energy below some
level that would prevail otherwise. Usually, such reduction
requires some tradeoffs in terms of comfort, convenience,
This section deals with a broader outlook of the energy

management measures taken in the country, their critical
appraisal and the legislative framework of energy sector.
2.2.1. Energy management measures in India
India ranked fth in the world in terms of energy
consumption, accounting for 3.7 per cent of total world
primary energy consumption in 2005 (BP, 2006). The total
primary energy consumption grew at the rate of 2.98 per
cent from 2004 to 2005. Import dependence for oil, coal
and natural gas are estimated to be 73, 12 and 45 per cent,
respectively in the year 20062007 and likely to grow to 88,
61 and 93 per cent, respectively in the year 20462047
(Pachauri and Batra, 2001). Inspite of the increasing energy
demand and import dependence, the nations energy
intensity is very high. It is 3.7 times of Japan, 1.5 times
of the USA and 1.4 times of an average Asian country
(GOC, 2005). Indias key energy policy goal in the next
decade therefore, calls to improve energy management.
Success in this effort will buy time for expanding sources of
supply, a task that requires both deft diplomacy and a
more user-friendly business environment in India.
2.2.1.1. Management of electricity. Electricity as a subject
is in the concurrent list of constitution of India. It means
ARTICLE IN PRESS
that both the Union and the State Governments can

formulate policies and laws on the subject but the
responsibility of implementation rests with the States.
Distribution of electricity in particular comes in the
domain of the States. Indias strategy for improving
energy management focuses chiey on the State electricity
boards that supply power around the country. The
electricity sector is by law entrusted chiey to Indias State
Electricity Boards (SEBs). Of the 27 SEBs, 18 have been
found to fail in the comprehensive nancial viability test.
The India government gures show SEB transmission and
distribution losses at 23 per cent in 2000, but experts
suspect losses are underreported (Prayas, 2003).
The reforms in power sector started in 1991 with opening
of generation to private participation, as it was thought
easy to implement. However, the private sector was much
more expensive than SEBs own power. Slowly the policy
makers realized that the problem lies with States and that
without comprehensive reforms in Transmission and
Distribution reforms in power sector would remain a
distant dream. With this realization came the passing of
Electricity Act, 2003. The Electricity Act, 2003 seeks to
bring about qualitative transformation of the electricity
sector through a new paradigm shift. It distances the
Government from regulations and replaces the Electricity
Act, 1910, the Electricity Supply Act, 1948 and the
Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act, 1998. It provides
for an enabling framework for accelerated and more
efcient development of the power sector. It calls for
unbundling of SEBs; preparation of National Electricity
policy by the Central Government once in 5 years in
consultation with Central Electricity Authority and State
Governments; availability-based tariff, curtailment of
subsidies in electricity applications in agriculture and
domestic sectors and differential pricing (3iNetwork,
2006). It also provides a highly liberal framework for
generation. Grid inter-connections for captive generators
are also facilitated as per Section 30 of the Act. The Act
mandates non-discriminatory open access in transmission.
The Electricity Act, 2003 also provides for mechanisms like
Coordination Forum and Advisory Committees to
facilitate consultative process.
2.2.1.2. National electricity policy. The National Electricity policy was introduced in the year 2005, as per Section 3
of the Electricity Act, 2003. The policy has set specic
objectives for the country such as, power demand to be
fully met by 2012, per capita availability of power to rise to
over 1000 units by 2012 and the commercial viability and
nancial turnaround of the SEBs. The policy aims to
include development of a national grid and privatepublic
cooperation in Transmission and Distribution, open access
to distribution for bulk consumers, emphasis on renovation
and modernization, nancial support for reforming utilities, increased use of technology and increased research
and development efforts and energy-efciency measures.
4853
2.2.1.3. Rural electrification policy. Rural electrication

policy was introduced in the year 2006 as per Sections 4
and 5 of the Electricity Act, 2003. The Policy aims at:

Provision of access to electricity to all rural households

by year 2009.
Quality and reliable power supply at reasonable rates.
Minimum lifeline consumption of 1 unit per household
per day as a merit good by year 2012.
2.2.1.4. Energy management services in India. As per the

Indian Ministry of Power estimates, there is an average
national energy loss at 21 per cent and peak power
shortage at more than 12 per cent. Such high gures ought
to make India a hotbed of energy management services
(EMS) market. However, in spite of the reforms era since
1991, the EMS market has been anything but impressive
(Kumar, 2001).
International Energy Services Company (INTESCO) of
USA has been the rst to enter the EMS market in India,
along with other players like Thermax-Energy performance
Services, DCM-Shriram, Saha Sprigue, etc. Industry
associations like the Confederation of Indian Industries
(CII) and Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and
Industry (FICCI) have their own energy management cells
that double up as ESCOs, albeit with a limited mandate of
advising the member organizations on energy management.
The market is, thus, split between independent service
providers, industry association afliated consultants and
energy management divisions of large industrial organizations, each addressing their own niche segments. Such
fragmentation has impeded the development of energy
standards and discouraged smaller end-users from outsourcing energy management.
2.2.1.5. Energy Conservation Act, 2001. Energy Conservation Act, 2001 seeks to maximize the energy efciency in
the country through a systematic approach. The important
objectives of the Energy Conservation Act are:

Establishment of Bureau of Energy Efciency

Under the provisions of the Act, Bureau of Energy
Efciency (BEE) has been established by merging
erstwhile Energy Management Centre of Ministry of
Power. The Bureau is responsible for implementation of
policy programmes, co-ordination and implementation
of energy conservation activities. The functions of BEE
are that of a regulatory body, market development,
information management and other enabling functions.
Prescribe energy consumption norms and direct any
consumer to furnish energy-related information.
Energy consumption standards and labeling for equipment and appliances and dissemination of information
on the benets to the consumers.
Designated consumers (like energy intensive industries,
railways, Port Trust, transport sectors, power stations,
ARTICLE IN PRESS
4854

commercial establishments, etc.) to meet specic energy

consumption norms.
Certication of energy managers and accreditation of
energy auditing rms.
Prescribe energy conservation building codes and
enforcing compliance to: building codes, mandatory
norms, mandatory energy audit regime, and energy
efciency measure implementation.
Levy penalties (Company as well as individuals in
Company).
Adjudication and appellate procedures.
Training in techniques for efcient use of energy and its
conservation.
Awareness and dissemination, pilot project demonstration and innovative nancing.
2.2.2. Energy management at city level

Having studied the various energy reforms and various
energy management measures at National and State level
prescribed through various Acts and policies in the
aforementioned section, an attempt has been further
made to study energy management at city level. Most of
Indian cities do not even have the basic details of
projections and estimates of their energy requirements
for various forms of energy. There is no strategic
energy management plan to deal with probable shortages
and for demand-supply management of various forms
of energy (Kalra and Shekhar, 2006). No efforts have
yet been adopted for a holistic and integrated management
of energy at city level in India. The measures so far taken
are found to be piecemeal and taken for various subsystems of the urban system separately. Some noticeable
measures are taken by agencies like Alliance to Save
Energy, Conserve, etc. There is however, dearth of efforts
at an integrated level to optimally manage energy in
various sectors.
Further, an attempt is, hereby, made to understand the

signicance of the energy as a part of the urban system
using the systems concept and its theoretical conceptualization is presented in Fig. 1. Energy is undoubtedly the
precursor for the functioning, growth and development of
any system. It comes under the sub-system Infrastructure
and has strong linkages with all the subsystems as discussed
in the subsequent section.
All the sub-systems of the urban system are directly or
indirectly dependent on energy for their functions. A
continuous supply of uninterrupted energy is a must for the
smooth functioning of the system. Different types of energy
are used at different levels to satisfy the energy requirement. The types of energy use changes with the usage,
technology adoption at the end user level, tariff rate of
energy, etc. Electricity, petroleum products, natural gas,
coal, and biomass fuels are the main energy sources used in
our country. Electricity is the prime necessity for the
machines to function. There can be no industrial development in case of its shortage or absence. Even domestic
sector and commercial sectors are heavily dependent on it.
In case of transportation of goods and passengers, the
absence of electricity can create chaos in the whole urban
system. Petroleum products like, diesel, petroleum,
Physical
Institution
Social
Economic
Infrastructure
3. Systems concept
Systems approach, (Ackoff, 1971; Batty, 1974; Bertalanffy, 1968; Chadwick, 1971; Checkland, 1981; Coyle,
1977; Forrester, 1961, 1969; Mohapatra, 1994; Sterman,
2000; Ogata, 2004; Wolstenholme, 1990) establishes the
strong relationship between different subsystems in a given
system, and all the subsystems function as an integral
whole in a system. In this, system concept is used to
understand the functions of the urban system with all its
subsystems. The urban system has the following subsystems, such as, Physical, Social, Economic, Ecology,
Environment, Infrastructure and Institution, and all these
subsystems function together. All these subsystems are
interlinked and interdependent on each other and form an
integral whole. If one of the sub-systems defunct or take
lead role (advanced functions) during the system function,
its effects can be seen in the entire system, over a period of
time.
Environme
nt
Ecology
Water supply
Housing
Roads
Solid waste management
Sewerage, drainage and
sanitation
Energy
- Electricity
- Petroleum products
like Petrol, diesel,
LPG, kerosene, etc.
- Natural gas
- Charcoal, Coal
- Biomass fuels
Fig. 1. Urban system with energy interactions.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
kerosene and LPG are quintessential necessities for the

transportation system (public and private), domestic sector
and to some extent the commercial sector. There is an
increasing use of natural gas in public transport system and
industrial sector. Similarly, the power plants and other
industries are heavily dependent on a regular supply of
coal. The vast section of rural areas and a small section of
urban system living at subsistence level are dependent on
biomass-based fuels. It is thus, clear that all the sectors of
an urban system are heavily dependent on a regular
uninterrupted supply of energy in its various forms. Any
shortage in its supply therefore, results in loss of economy,
disruption of transport system which is the lifeline of any
urban system; the other infrastructure services also get
disrupted like, water supply, sewerage, drainage, treatment
of wastes, etc., the social sector and institutional sector also
gets affected. Low energy consumption, though, not a
cause of poverty, the lack of available energy services,
however, correlates closely with many poverty indicators.
A major section of people living below poverty rely on
biomass fuels and traditional technologies for cooking and
heating. This section often pays a higher price per unit of
energy services than do the rich. They also spend more time
obtaining these energy services and rely on resource-scarce
and polluting ways of converting energy for services like
cooking, drinking water, heating and lighting, all of which
have associated health impacts.
Thus, all the systems either stop to function altogether or
they function with a lot of disturbances. The whole urban
system thus revolves and rotates around a regular supply of
energy in the desired quantity and quality for its survival as
well as growth and development. Energy is the pivot of an
urban system. Its importance has become more pronounced in todays world when our urban systems are
increasingly becoming techno-savvy and energy intensive.
4. Energy management in Lucknow city
With this knowledge, the Authors in the next sections
have attempted to study the energy consumption, demand
pattern for a typical metropolitan Indian city as a case
study, using primary and secondary sources of data,
estimating the shortages in the year 2011 A.D. and giving
recommendations and policy guidelines to be adopted for
the energy management in the study area.
4.1. Study area profile
Lucknow city, the capital of Uttar Pradesh State is the
urban system taken for this investigation. The city lies in
the center of the Indo-Gangetic plains on the banks of the
river Gomti between 26.531N latitude and 80.561E longitude and has sub-tropical monsoon type climate. The
location of the study area is presented in Fig. 2.
Lucknow Urban Agglomeration has an area of
337.5 km2, out of which the area under the Municipal
Corporation limits is 310.1 km2 while the rest 27.4 km2
4855
comes under the Cantonment. The total population of the

city grew from 1.619 million in 1991 to 2.207 million in
2001. The city, being a capital city, is an administrative
center commanding and inuencing a vast region. It is an
important educational and commercial center with negligible industries.
4.2. Methodology
Random sampling technique has been adopted to carry
out the required primary survey in the study area. The area
coming under the jurisdiction of Municipal Corporation
has been considered for investigation. For the purpose of
having good development administration, the municipal
area is divided into six administrative zones and 110 wards.
The Investigators have studied carefully the zonal administrative boundaries and the ward boundaries to have equal
representation in the survey among different socioeconomic groups. Further, four zones are selected purposely since the other two zones are almost identical to
selected zones and is presented in Fig. 3. These all selected
zones have good number of wards, of which 20 wards are
chosen by employing random sampling technique, which
represent all selected four zones. Further, 100 households
were chosen from all the selected wards by employing
random sampling techniques to conduct the survey and the
method employed for selecting the households is presented
in Fig. 4.The surveyed houses have been classied into
various income groups with annual income less than Rs.
60,000, Rs. 60,0001,20,000, Rs. 1,20,0002,00,000 and
greater than Rs 2,00,000 per annum. An attempt has been
made to achieve an exact representation of various groups
as they actually exist.
4.3. Assessment of available energy resources
The primary requirement for preparation of an optimal
energy management plan of a city is to rightly assess the
availability of energy resources in the existing system. This
includes the conventional supply of energy in the existing
system as well as the potential sources (explored and
unexplored) which can be used to augment the energy
supply. Based on the existing supply, estimates can be
made about the gap between energy demand and supply in
the future.
Energy use at the local level is classied into fuel wood,
charcoal, coal, petroleum products, and electricity. These
types of energy are transported and distributed by various
agencies (Central government agencies, State government
agencies, private contractors, etc.) for using the same in
domestic, commercial, industrial and transport sectors.
Owing to the great difculties in getting data for bio-fuels
(rewood, chips, charcoal, etc., for which market is highly
unorganized) and kerosene consumption, they have not
been considered for assessment in the given investigation.
The following section deals with assessment of current and
potential energy sources for Lucknow city:
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4856
Fig. 2. Location of study area: Lucknow.
(1) Electricity: The authority responsible for supplying

electricity to the city is Uttar Pradesh State Electricity
Board (UPSEB). The city receives its supply form
the Singrauli thermal power plant of the northern grid.
The requirement of electricity in the city is not very
high as the city lacks industrial base. The year wise
electricity consumption in the city is presented in
Table 6.
The table clearly illustrates that domestic sector is the
biggest consumer of electricity in the city, followed by
the commercial sector. The low electricity consumption
in industrial sector is a clear representative of the non-
industrial nature of the city. It is also observed that

there was a tremendous increase of 101 per cent in
electricity consumption from 19951996 to 19981999.
The increase in consumption in the later years is lesser
and gradual. The total electricity consumption for the
year 20002001 stood at 1520 MU.
(2) Petrol and diesel: The city is supplied with petrol and
diesel by four oil companies viz., Indian Oil Corporation, Bharat Petroleum, Hindustan Petroleum, and
Indo-Burma Petroleum. At present, the city is supplied
71,755 KL (kiloliter) or 53,809 kgoe (kilogram oil
equivalent) of petrol and 136,831 KL of diesel from
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4857
Fig. 3. Zones selected for household survey in Lucknow city.
the various oil companies to the petrol pumps, which is

sufcient for the present requirement of the city.
The annual supply of petrol and diesel by different
oil companies in the year 20002001 is presented in
Table 7. The demand for petrol and diesel has been
found to be increasing at the rate of 6 and 10 per cent
per annum, respectively. The table clearly illustrates
that of the total supply, the maximum contribution is
by Indian Oil Corporation followed by Bharat Petroleum Corporation.
(3) Liquid petroleum gas (LPG): The city is supplied LPG
by two oil companies viz., Indane and Bharat
Petroleum. The present requirement for LPG in the
city is fully satised. At present, there are 35 gas
agencies spread all over the city. The city was supplied
96,821 MT (year 2001) of LPG by the two companies to
the gas agencies.
(4) Solid waste (generation and collection): The per capita/

day waste generation in the city is estimated at 650 g
and daily waste generation rate of the city is estimated
to be 1500 MT, of which about 9001050 tons of waste
is claimed to be collected by the Municipal Corporation, which includes domestic, trade, market, institutional and construction waste.
4.4. Assessment of energy consumption pattern

A typical Indian urban system is a heterogeneous mix of
varying energy consumption pattern amongst various
sections of society and in different sectors. Greater is the
size of urban center; greater is its energy requirement. Even
among the urban centers of same size and population, great
variations are found with regard to energy consumption. A
ARTICLE IN PRESS
4858
Lucknow Agglomeration
Municipal Corporation Area
Cantonment Area
Zones
(6)
(12)
(19)
(17)
(3)
(16)
(15)
(6)
(20)
(23)
(6)
(28)
(27)
(5)
(25)
Wards
(110)
Selected
Wards
(20)
Selected
Households
(100)
Fig. 4. Flowchart showing the selected households of random sample survey.
Table 7
Annual supply of petrol (20002001)
Table 6
Electricity consumption (MU) pattern in Lucknow city
Sl. Sector
no.
19951996 19981999 19992000 20002001
1
2
3
Commercial
Domestic
Small/medium
industries
Large and heavy
industries
Public tubewells
Street light
Jal Sansthan
State tubewells and
pump canals
World Bank tubewell
110
326
33
179
685
46
198
802
66
235
899
49
56
117
128
113
45
17
15
13
106
40
60
15
66
29
60
15
101
41
63
15
Total
620
1252
1368
1520
4
5
6
7
8
9
Percentage increase in
electricity consumption
101.0
9.3
Sl.
no.
Oil company
Petrol supply
(KL)
Indian Oil
Corporation
(IOC)
Bharat Petroleum
Corporation
(BPC)
Hindustan
Petroleum
corporation
(HPC)
Indo-Burma
Petroleum (IBP)
23,958
33.4
62,213
45.5
20,340
28.3
24,962
18.2
16,010
22.3
25,931
19.0
11,447
16.0
23,725
17.3
Total
71,755
100.0
136,831
100.0
Diesel
supply (KL)
Source: Sales data, Divisional Ofce, Indian Oil, Lucknow.
11.1
Source: Lucknow Electricity Supply Authority (LESA), Lucknow.
number of factors are responsible for this, such as, urban

form, type of transport system and management,
modern technology penetration and adoption, price
of fuels, economic base, economic status of people,
lifestyle, awareness regarding energyenvironment linkages, etc. Domestic and transport sectors are considered
to be two great energy consumers and have been
considered to study the energy consumption pattern in
this investigation.
4.4.1. Domestic sector

The energy consumption pattern and the sources of
energy are varying and it is directly related to income,
living standard and various other factors, which helped in
arriving at plausible recommendations in the later part of
the study.
Number of households and population distribution:

In the present study, 100 households have been
surveyed from different parts of the city. The surveyed
schedules are classied into four groups on the basis
of their income, and the results are presented in
Table 8.
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Vehicular distribution: Lucknow, though a capital state

lacks a good public transportation system. The people,
therefore, prefer to use personal vehicles. The distribution of vehicles in different income groups of the sample
household is presented in Table 9. It shows a high
percentage of two-wheelers. The ownership of vehicles
shows an increasing trend along with increase in income.
The higher income groups prefer four-wheelers for going
to work place and nearby towns, whereas for market
they prefer using two-wheelers. The lower income group
people are more dependent on two-wheelers and public
transportation.
Number of appliances: Application of appliances is one
of the important factors, which vary in accordance with
their income. Higher-income group people tend to use
more sophisticated appliances. More number of appliances means higher consumption of energy. The
availability of different types of appliances has been
carefully studied (Table 10a and b). The availability of
12 types of commonly used appliances have been studied
viz., fridge, immersion rod, air conditioner, mixer,
computer, audio system, television, geyser, oven, LPG
stove, washing machine, and generator. The number of
appliances availability is more as one moves up the
income ladder.
Consumption pattern of electricity: Electricity is one of
the most widely used commercial energy in the urban
system. It is available in rened form, and hence it is
Table 8
Number of households in the sample survey in Lucknow in the year 2001
(income in Rs/year)
Sl. Income
no.
1
2
3
4
o 60,000
60,0001.2
lacs
1.22 lacs
4 2 lacs
Total
Total no. of
households
Percentage Population %age Household

size
21
27
21.0
27.0
127
102
27.5 6.05
22.0 3.78
27
25
27.0
25.0
115
118
24.4 4.25
25.6 4.72
100
100.0
462
4859
Table 10a
Availability of appliances in the sample survey in Lucknow in the year
2001 (income in Rs/year)
Appliances
Income
o
60,000
Total
60,0001.2
lacs
1.22
lacs
42
lacs
1
0.05
30
1.11
32
1.19
45
1.80
11
0.52
14
0.51
10
0.37
No. of A.C
Per HH
0
0.00
2
0.07
6
0.22
24
0.96
32
No. of geyser
Per HH
0
0
4
0.15
24
0.89
28
1.12
56
No of computer
Per HH
0
0.00
8
0.29
12
0.44
20
0.80
40
No. of stereo
Per HH
13
0.62
27
1.00
32
1.19
32
1.20
102
No. of T.V
Per HH
18
0.86
28
1.04
36
1.33
45
1.80
127
No of mixer
Per HH
1
0.04
20
0.74
30
1.11
29
1.16
80
No. of oven
Per HH
0
0.00
7
0.26
16
0.59
18
0.72
41
No. of cooler
Per HH
18
0.86
55
2.04
64
2.37
32
1.28
169
17
26
25
No. of fridge
Per HH
No of immersion rod
Per HH
No. of washing
machine
Per HH
0
0
108
35
68
0.00
0.63
0.96
1.00
No of LPG stove
Per HH
20
0.95
27
1.00
28
1.04
27
1.08
102
No. of generator
Per HH
0
0.00
0
0.00
6
0.22
12
0.48
18
Source: Field survey conducted by the Investigators in Lucknow in 2001.
100.0
Table 10b
Average time of usage of electric appliances in the sample survey in
Lucknow in the year 2001
Sl. no.
Appliances
Average usage per day (hours)
Table 9
Number of vehicles in the sample survey in Lucknow in the year 2001
(income in Rs/year)
1
2
3
4
Lights
Fans
Heaters
Coolers
8.54
14.95
2.58
4.70
Sl.
no
Income
1
2
o 60,000
60,0001.2
lacs
1.22 lacs
42 lacs
3
4
Total
Total no.of
HHs
No. of
cars
21
27
0
0
27
25
18
29
100
47
Per
HH
No of 2wheelers
Per
HH
0
0
4
28
0.19
1.04
0.67
1.16
37
43
1.37
1.72
112
very easy to use, as compared to other energy resources.

More electrical energy-based appliances are being used
with technology improvement. Consumption pattern of
electricity at household level has been studied carefully
and presented in Table 11. The table illustrates that the
per capita electricity consumption is increasing along
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4860
with the increase in income, highlighting the strong link

between electricity consumption and income.
Consumption pattern of petrol and diesel: Lucknow city
has radial pattern. The work nodes are centered so
people have to come from far off places to these central
nodes. Petrol consumption is high in this sector while
diesel use is less as presented in Table 12. The table
indicates the lack of a strong public transport system
and high ownership and usage of personalized vehicles
by the high-income group people in the system.
Consumption pattern of LPG: LPG is mainly used in
domestic sector. The consumption pattern of LPG in the
sample households is shown in the Table 13. The table
illustrates that the LPG consumption increases with
increase in income. Higher income groups use more
LPG, although they have more electronic gadgets like
ovens, microwave, etc., but they do not use them often.
4.4.2. Traffic and transportation profile of Lucknow city

Energy and transportation have strong linkages. A
detailed study has therefore, been considered in this study.
The salient features of the study pertaining to transportation can be enlisted as follows:
(i) Roads
Road network
There are nine regional roads available in the city.
The road network is radial in nature. The outer ring
is incomplete and broken at many places.
Transport modes and growth of vehicles

J Main public modes: city bus, tempo, cycle
rickshaw, carts.
J Heterogeneity of trafc with as many as 14
modes, from a hand-pulled cart loaded with
heavy weight to heavy trucks or buses.
J Predominance of slow moving vehicles nearly 70
per cent.
J Private modesboth slow and fast predominant
over the public modes.
J Share of public slow mode is higher than the
public fast mode.
Trafc scenario/problems
J Ring road consisting of all major roads viz.
Hardoi, Kanpur, Faizabad, Sitapur, etc. originate from city center or converge to the city from
different directions.
J Overloading on inner ring road consisting
of Station Road, Vidhan Sabha Marg, M.G.
Marg.
J Incomplete outer ring road causes by-passable
trafc pass through the city.
J Inadequate right-of-way of almost all roads in the
central area poses a constraint for capacity
expansion.
J Most of the existing road bridges are overloaded.
J Main junctions/intersections within the city overloaded.
J Heterogeneous mix of trafc on major roads.
J Absence of pedestrian footpaths, slow moving
Table 11
Consumption pattern of electricity in the sample survey in Lucknow in the
year 2001 (income in Rs/year)
Table 13
Consumption pattern of LPG in the sample survey in Lucknow in the year
2001 (income in Rs/year)
Sl. Income
no.
Sl.
no.
Income
1
2
3
4
o 60,000
60,0001.2 lacs
1.22 lacs
42 lacs
1
2
3
4
Qty. of electricity used Percentage Per capita consumption

(units/month)
(units/month)
o 60,000
60,0001.2
lacs
1.22 lacs
42 lacs
Total
1155
5960
4.9
25.8
9.09
58.43
7175
8900
30.9
38.4
62.39
75.42
23,190
100.0
No. of LPG
cylinders used/
month
Total
Percentage
12.65
29.00
32.80
36.70
11.5
26.0
29.5
33.0
111.15
100.0
Per capita
consumption
(kg/month)
1.41
4.04
4.05
4.42
Table 12
Consumption pattern of petrol and diesel in the sample survey in Lucknow in the year 2001 (income in Rs/year)
Sl. no.
Income
1
2
3
4
o 60,000
60,0001.2 lacs
1.22 lacs
42 lacs
Total
Consumption of
petrol/month
(litres)
Per centage
80
560
852
908
3.3
23.3
35.5
37.9
2400
100.0
Per capita
consumption
(liters/month)
Consumption of
diesel/month
(litres)
Percentage
0.63
5.49
7.41
7.69
0
0
64
0
0.0
0.0
64.0
0.0
64
100.0
Per capita
consumption
(liters/month)
0.00
0.00
0.56
0.00
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trafc lanes and other facilities on major arterial

and sub-arterial roads.
J Lack of parking facilities.
J Lack of proper control and trafc management
measures.
J Heavy encroachment on main and secondary
streets.
J Obstruction to trafc from electric and telephone
poles on carriageway.
J Poor intersection geometrics and inadequate
control system.
J Lack of public awareness about trafc regulation
and rules.
J Waiting/loading/unloading of passengers by tempos, Tata Sumos and buses create problems on
intersections.
J Being a capital city and center stage of politics, a
lot of rallies and processions carried out by
various political parties take place in the central
core area creating acute trafc chaos.
Speed and delay
It has been observed that there is a low journey
speed of trafc stream particularly in the core area
of the city; on an average of 510 km/h during peak
hours. Some of the reasons for low speed are high
volume of slow trafc, inadequate carriageway,
encroachment along the roads and poor road
surface. Speed in newly developed parts of the city
like Mahanagar, Indira nagar, Gomti nagar, etc., is
comparatively high.
Emission from vehicles
Vehicular emissions are assuming alarming proportions in urban area. Emissions causing concerns are
carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, unburnt hydrocarbons, and particulates. Annual emissions of the
ve criteria pollutants CO, HC, NOx, SPM and SO2
by different modes and technologies of transport are
estimated by using the following equation, and is
presented in Table 14:
P N ij E i EF i ,
where P denotes emissions expressed in gms/day;

Nij denotes vehicles of type i in year j; Ei denotes
effective kms traveled per day per vehicle; EFi
denotes emission factors (gm/km) of vehicle of type
i.
Energy consumption by different modes of transport
The energy consumption by different modes of
transport has been calculated using the following
equation:
V ij N ij E i 365,
F ij V ij =FE i ,
where Nij denotes vehicles of type i in year j; Ei
denotes effective kms traveled per day; Vij denotes
no. of kms traveled annually by vehicles of type i;
FEi denotes fuel efciency of vehicles (kms/litre); Fij
4861
Table 14
Estimated emissions of pollutants from vehicles, year 20002001
Sl. Type of
no. pollutant
Total daily
emissions (t/day)
(%)
Share of loading by different

modes in t/day
Gasoline driven
vehicles (%)
Diesel driven
vehicles (%)
CO
38.3
(46.4)
30.8
(58.8)
7.5
(28.0)
HC
23.1
(28.0)
21.6
(41.2)
1.5
(5.6)
NOx
12.5
(15.2)
2.0
(3.8)
10.5
(39.2)
SPM
7.0
(8.5)
1.2
(2.3)
5.8
(21.6)
SOx
1.6
(1.9)
0.1
(1.9)
1.5
(5.6)
82.5
(100.0)
52.4
(100.0)
26.8
(100.0)
Total
Source: Estimated by the Investigators based on the number of vehicles

registered with RTO Lucknow for the year 20002001.
Table 15
Estimated energy demand by various technologies and modes (20002001)
Energy
type
Type of
vehicles
Gasoline
(petrol)
2-wheeler
31,740.5
15.2
3-wheeler
Car, jeep
and taxi
Total
12,098.0
27,910.5
5.8
13.4
71,755.0
34.4
Car, jeep
and taxi
Bus,
minibus
Others
Total
77,048.1
36.9
40,921.7
19.6
18,862.0
136,831.0
9.1
65.6
208,586.0
100.0
Diesel
Total
Energy demand by various

technologies and mode (KL)
Percentage of
the total
Source: Estimated by the Investigators based on the number of vehicles

registered with RTO Lucknow for the year 20002001.
denotes fuel consumed by vehicles of type I in year j.

The total energy demand by various vehicles in the
year 20002001 is estimated using the above
formulae and presented in Table 15.
(ii) Railways
Lucknow has two railway corridors of the Northern
and North-eastern railways passing through the whole
city, cutting old parts as well as newly developed areas.
There is great potential of using it for intra city
transport which will eventually save energy spent in
personalized transport.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
4862
4.5. Forecasting the demand and supply of energy

Having knowledge of the potential demand for various
fuels and energy types and the then prevalent supply of
energy, if the conditions remain unchanged, is quintessential for any policy preparation. Owing to the rapid rate of
change due to various factors, the forecasting has been
done only for a short period, year 20012011.
Population: Time series data of Lucknow city show that

the population growth follows a polynomial three
degree curve. It is given by the following equation:
y 15; 777x3 227; 946x2 498; 423x 966; 258,
R2 0:9907.
Using the above equation, the forecasted population

in the year 2011 will be 27,50,000 and the total increase
in population will be 5,64,073.
Electricity, petrol, diesel and LPG: The estimated
requirements and shortfall of electricity, petrol, diesel
and LPG are presented in Table 16.
4.6. Optimal energy management in Lucknow city

In the light of the studies taken in detail for domestic and
transport sectors, the two major consumers of energy, a
plausible set of policy guidelines has been proposed for
feasible and workable management of energy in Lucknow
city. The recommendations can be put under three broad
categories viz.,
the extraction of landll gas for electricity production

can bring extra dividends. The estimated cost-benet
analysis of landll gas extraction assuming that the total
waste collected (after recycling by informal sector) goes
to the landlls, is presented in Table 17. It has been
assumed that 10 per cent of the total waste generated
goes for recycling by informal sector (waste pickers,
itinerant waste buyers, dealers, and manufacturers, etc.).
The table clearly illustrates that there is a net prot of
US$ 7.31 per tonne of waste (INR 328/tonne). Thus, an
estimated 24,891 MWh of electricity can be generated
annually if landll gas is extracted and used for power
production.
Mini hydel at thermal power plant cooling water tailends
Mini hydel potential at thermal power plant cooling
water tail ends is a potential source of energy retrieval,
efciency and conservation. Studies conducted by the
Uttar Pradesh State Electricity board (UPSEB) show a
potential of 3.0, 1.5 and 0.25 MW, respectively at
Singrauli, Rihand and Unchahar thermal power plants.
This will reduce the prevalent energy gap (2001) by
7.6 per cent and the future energy gap (2011) by
1.2 per cent.
Table 17
Estimated cost-benet analysis of LFG extraction
Sl. no.
1
(i) Methods of supply augmentation.

(ii) Energy efciency and conservation measures/ DSM.
(iii) Policy measures to be taken by the Government
Authorities.
4.6.1. Methods of supply augmentation
This section primarily deals with augmentation of
electricity supply through non-conventional technologies
and innovative methods.
Setting up of landll gas (LFG) recovery plant in

Lucknow
Landll mining has the capacity to reduce the volume of
wastes by 3060 per cent. Besides, in energy starved city,
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Unit
Amount of waste left for disposal per year
Tonne/
year
Total amount of waste at the end of 8 years (a)
tonne
Annual gas production
m3 LFG
Power generator effect (b)
kW
Annual predicted power production(c)
kWh
Investment extraction system
US$
Investment: gas engine/generator
US$
Planning, design, engineering
US$
Total investments (d)
US$
Investment costs per kW installed (d/b)
US$/kWh
Investment costs per tonne of waste (d/a)
US$/tonne
Annual operation and maintenance costs (approx.) US$
Total operation and maintenance costs (20 yrs) (g) US$
Sales price for electricity (h) (Rs 3.9/kWh)
US$/kWh
Annual revenue from energy sale (i) (c) (h)
US$/year
Total revenue per tonne of waste (k) (20 (i)/(a)) US$/tonne
Revenue balance (k)(((d)+(g))/(a))
US$/tonne
492,750
3,942,000
15,214,737
3,111
24,891,564
834,600
2,311,200
834,600
3,980,400
1279
1.01
500,000
10,000,000
0.086
2,140,674
10.86
7.31
Source: Prepared by the Investigators.
Table 16
Estimated requirement and shortfall of electricity, petrol, diesel and LPG in 2011
Sl. no.
Energy type
Unit
Req in 2001
Req in 2011
Estimated
shortfall in 2011
Assumed average growth rate per

capita per annum for projections (%)
1
2
3
4
Electricity
Petrol
Diesel
LPG
MWh
KL
KL
MT
1,403,307
84,886
136,831
95,885
4,258,980
257,730
354,904
112,200
3,359,889
185,975
218,073
16,314
10
6
10
3
Source: Calculated by the Investigators based on discussion in the text.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Power generation from cogeneration projects

A cogeneration facility is one, which simultaneously
produces two or more forms of useful energy such as
electric power and steam, electric power and shaft
power, etc. Such facilities, due to their ability to utilize
the available energy in more than one form, use
signicantly less fuel input to produce energy than
would be needed otherwise.
Sugar industry is a potential source of bagasse-based
cogeneration. There is a potential of 600700 MW of
power production in these sugar mills, as per an estimate
(19941995). Even if 10 per cent of this is achieved in 5
years, supply augmentation will be of the order of
60 MW and can ll a major portion of citys prevalent
and future energy gap.
Besides, there is a huge potential of cogeneration in
other industries in the state like, pulp and paper, cement,
chemical, etc., which have not yet been estimated.
Promotion of market development and infrastructure
development for propagation of renewable energy
technologies
The city has a nodal agency for renewable energy called,
Non-conventional Energy Development Agency
(NEDA). Inspite of this, the household survey reveals
that the market penetration of these renewable energy
technologies is very poor. The barriers to the commercialization of Renewable Energy Technologies like lack
of user condence, information dissemination, unreliable after-sales service, lack of credit infrastructure,
poorly developed markets, etc. need to be removed.
Solar photovoltaic and solar thermal have a good
potential in the area and the technologies should be
made more popular. To improve market penetration,
subsidy should be directed for promoting market
development and infrastructure development at the
local level.
4.6.2. Energy efficiency and conservation measures/DSM

Energy efciency and conservation are very much
essential tools for energy management. It buys time for
expanding sources of supply. In fact, every MW of energy
saved/conserved is equivalent to a MW generated. A number
of energy efcient technologies have been identied in
various sectors. Energy efcient technologies seek to
provide the same output levels as the conventional
technologies, but at a lower rate of energy consumption.
Though these technologies cost more than the conventional
technologies, the increased cost is usually more than
compensated through the energy savings achieved over
the lifetime of the equipment. Various energy efcient
technologies were studied in the urban context and only
those have been selected for implementation in the short
run, which are economically feasible as well as have low
pay back periods.
Identication of energy efcient technologies (EETs) in

the domestic sector
4863
J Replace incandescent lamps with circular uorescent

lamps
The average no. of 60 W bulbs and 100 W bulbs per capita
as found in the household survey conducted is 0.80 and
0.84, respectively.
Total energy
requirement for old
technology (60 W
bulbs)
(Average yearly use
per unit taken as
2000 h)
Energy requirement
for new technology
(22 W)
2185927 0.80 0.06 2000
209,848,992 KWh
2,185,927 0.80 0.022 2000
76,944,630.4 KWh
Therefore, annual
132,904.4 MWh
energy saving
Total energy requirement for old technology (100 W
bulbs)
2,185,927 0.84 0.100 2000
(Average yearly use
367,235,736 KWh
per unit taken as
2000 h)
Energy requirement
2,185,927 0.84 0.022 2000
for new technology
(22 W)
80,791,861.92 KWh
Therefore, annual
286,443.9 MWh
energy saving
If 15 per cent of the total is replaced in 5 years period
annual energy saving is cumulated to be 62,902.3 MWh.
J Replace TL uorescent tubes with TLD uorescent
tubes
(TL uorescent tubes have a diameter of 1.500 and are
rated at 40 W. The TLD lamps have a diameter of 1.2500
and are rated at 36 W)
The average no. of TL uorescent per capita as found in
the household survey conducted is 0.94.
Total energy
2,185,927 0.04 0.94 2000
requirement for old
technology (40 W)
(Average yearly use
164,381,710.4 KWh
per unit taken as
2000 h)
Energy requirement
2,185,927 0.94 0.036 2000
for new technology
(36 W)
147,943,539.36 KWh
Therefore, annual
16,438.1 MWh
energy saving
annual energy saving is cumulated to be 2465.7 MWh.
J Replace ceiling fan with efcient fan motor
The average no. of ceiling fan per capita as found in the
household survey is 1.01.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
4864
Total energy
requirement for old
technology (70 W)
(Average yearly use
per unit taken as
4000 h)
Energy requirement
for new technology
(60 W)
2,185,927 1.01 0.07 4000
618,180,155.6 KWh
2,185,927 1.01 0.06 4000
529,868,704.8 KWh
Therefore, annual
88,311.5 MWh
energy saving
annual energy saving is cumulated to be 13,246.7 MWh.
J Replace standard efciency cooler with highefciency cooler.
The average no. of cooler per capita as found in the
household survey conducted is 0.38.
Total energy
2,185,927 0.38 0.23 1200
requirement for old
technology (230 W)
229,260,023.76 KWh
(Average yearly use
per unit taken as
1200 h)
Energy requirement
2185927 0.38 0.184 1200
for new technology
(184 W)
183,408,019.0 KWh
Therefore, annual
45,852 MWh
energy saving
annual energy saving is cumulated to be 6877.8 MWh.
J Refrigerators
Refrigerators account for about 16 per cent of the total
electricity use by the domestic sector. Efciency of
refrigerators in India is very low. Efcient refrigerators
can save 3035 per cent energy and are cost-effective too,
though they have high initial cost. Even with 15 per cent
replacement, an approximate 11,167.8 MWh electricity
can be saved per year.
Currently, high-efciency refrigerators are not available
in the Indian market as they use a different design of
compressors, which are very sensitive to the quality of
power supplied. The option has therefore, not been
considered.
Identication of energy-efcient technologies (EETs) in

the commercial sector
The commercial sector mainly uses electricity and
petroleum products to meet its demand for lighting,
cooking, space conditioning, etc. It is the second largest
consumer of electricity next to the domestic sector in the
city. This sector offers a large scope for efciency
improvements in electrical appliances, such as, bulbs,
fans, air-conditioners, refrigerators as well as oil-based
stoves and small generator sets used by shops, hotels
and dhabas.
Since, a detailed study has not yet been carried out in

this sector, the exact potential of energy-efcient
technologies (EETs) in the sector cannot be analyzed.
However, even by replacement of incandescent lamps by
CFLs, use of A.C.s with higher-efciency ratio can
result in substantial savings. Provision of cost-effective
energy management and control system in big commercial centers and institutions (like hospitals, college, etc.)
can bring huge dividends in terms of saving energy.
Incentives may be given to the commercial centers in the
form of tax benets, etc., for making energy-efcient
buildings or it could be made mandatory through
introduction of building codes.
Transport sector
Transportation sector accounts for major part of the
citys fossil fuel consumption. The energy consumption
in this sector is found to be increasing at the rate of 10
per cent per annum and this demand is bound to
increase in future. Given the increasing energy crunch,
there is an urgent need for introducing energy-efciency
and energy-conservation measures in this sector. There
are ve principal ways to inuence transport systems
efciency and reduce energy consumption, as discussed
under:
(i) Urban land-use planning

Urban land-use planning can optimize transportation
activity by allowing public transportation to lay a
substantial role. This is a long-term measure.
Lucknow is following a concentric model of growth,
similar to Delhi city. There are few major nodes
occupying the central part of the city. Everybody has
to commute from far-off places to these central nodes.
The problem being further compounded by the
absence of an efcient mass transportation system. If
the present system prevails, very soon citizens will be
wasting 50 per cent of their working time on streets
negotiating to reach their destinations. Thus, the
restructuring of urban pattern is a necessity to make
the city compatible for the operation of an efcient
mass transport system.
Lucknow has the inherent potential to grow as a linear
conguration with the railway line as the spinal
corridor since it has the natural dynamics to grow
along the LucknowKanpur corridor on one side and
along the LuknowBarabanki corridor on the other.
This corridor, which has railway lines and the roads
running almost parallel, is the potential spine for
making the city dynamic.
(ii) Modal mix
The differences in specic energy consumption per
passenger-km for the different modes of motorized
travel clearly indicate that the car and two-wheeler
consume about two to three times more quantity of
energy on a direct and indirect basis than the collective
land transport modes. The efciency potential thus
ARTICLE IN PRESS
makes it very clear that public transport need to be

given patronage. Efcient use of intermediate public
transport combined with mass transportation system
will reduce the use of private vehicles.
(iii) Behavioral and operational aspects
These are mainly non-technical and non-vehiclerelated inuences on the actual consumption of a
vehicle, such as, driving behavior, road conditions and
trafc ow. Making the driver visually aware of the
excessive fuel consumption, in particular, can correlate
driving behavior. Increasing congestion, however,
diminishes possible gains in vehicle fuel efciency
(whatever little is there).
(iv) Vehicle efciency and fuel choice
There is a need to gradually replace two-stroke
engines. Switching to alternative motor fuels (natural
gas, LPG, biofuels) does not generally provide benets
in terms of energy efciency, rather its benets are in
terms of abating atmospheric pollution or supply
security if a domestic resource can be used. The
potential is often limited, since their introduction
requires particular fuelling infrastructure and sometimes considerable changes to vehicles, both at
substantial cost. This option is thus suitable as a
long-term measure for private vehicles. Cleaner fuels
like compressed natural gas, Ultra low sulfur diesel,
etc., are recommended for public mode of transport.
(v) Trafc management
To achieve a sustainable and energy-efcient urban
transport, the trafc management has to be made
effective. Some of the recommendations in this regard
for Lucnow city can be as follows:

To distribute the trafc volume on main corridors, it is

suggested the timings of ofces, schools, nancial
institutions, and commercial establishments should be
segregated.
Terminal facilities for public transport to be planned at
outer cordon areas.
The existing parking facility on all major roads and
commercial areas is highly inefcient. An in-depth study
need to be done in this regard and accordingly, a holistic
plan need to be made and implemented to increase the
parking facility in major areas.
The existing public transport system and intermediate
transport system is very inefcient and time consuming.
There are no well-designed terminals and the buses stop
anywhere. People, especially those using two-wheelers
are willing to use public transport if the latter is made
efcient.
All the major intersections need to be equipped with
computerized digital signal system.
Wholesale activities in Chowk, Aminabad areas need to
be shifted in well-planned phases.
The outer ring road provides a bypass to through trafc
between major and National and State highways and, if
4865
completed can greatly reduce the congestion in the core

area. This will also reduce the energy consumption to a
considerable extent. The project therefore, need to be
completed on a priority basis.
4.6.3. Policy measures to be taken by the government
authorities
Some of the broad measures to be taken by the
Authorities are as follows:
The Uttar Pradesh State Electricity Board should

evaluate the demand and load curve analysis. Accordingly, load shifting can be done specially in the industrial
and agricultural sectors. There is a considerable scope of
energy savings by attening the system load curve.
The electricity pricing structure should be re-shapened.
The subsidies from residential and agriculture sectors
need to be removed, as it often results in apathy on the
part of end-users with regard to energy conservation.
Incentives can be given to big establishments and large
consumers to invest in energy efcient measures.
Metering system underwent a change with the introduction of electronic meters in the city. However, meter
tampering has often been reported. Theft rates are quite
high in the city. Metering should be done at all the
feeder lines.
Various building codes with focus on energy-efcient
and cost-effective buildings need to be introduced by the
Development Authority.
4.7. Energy management model at city level

An energy management model has been proposed at city
level. This can be applied for other cities as well. The
formation of a managing body has been proposed. The
body will have all the necessary informationthe overall
energy scenariowith regard to production, supply,
present requirements and future requirements of the city.
A database has also been proposed for this, as it will act as
a useful tool for the managing body. The structure of the
body is presented in Fig. 4.
At the highest level of the body, there will be a Chief

Managing Director. He will monitor the functions of the
body and will keep a track on various activities of the
body.
The body will be divided into three sections, each
headed by a Deputy Chief Managing Director:
(A) Electricity;
(B) Petroleum products;
(C) Renewable energy technologies (RETs)/Non-conventional methods.
In the proposed model, the administration will have the

knowledge about the demand and supply of energy by
product wise, in different sectors and from different
ARTICLE IN PRESS
4866
sources. In case the quantity of energy requirement is very

high in a particular season, it will be communicated to the
respective DSM departments by the eld ofcers. The
respective departments Managing Directors will report the
matter to the respective Deputy Chief Managing Directors,
who in turn will report to the Chief Managing Director. In
the model, the Managing Directors are empowered to take
necessary timely action to solve the problem and to keep
transparency in the system the eld ofcers can directly
meet the Chief Managing Director, if required. In case of
higher demand and lesser supply, the Chief Managing
Director will in turn request the production system at State
and National levels for augmenting/diverting the supply.
He will also look at the possibility of supplying the
increased demand through the RET section at local level.
All the Managing Directors will have meeting with the
respective Deputy Chief Managing Director, and the
Deputy Chief Managing Directors will have meeting with
the Chief Managing Director for making policies and their
implementation. A detailed database shall be maintained
by each section, which will be regularly monitored for
policy appraisal and necessary action. The proposed
model, if implemented, will pave the way for efcient
energy management at city level.
The proposed model can be replicated at the State and

National levels to reap the real benets of planned
interventions (Fig. 5).
5. Conclusions
The modern world of globalization and urbanization is
ruled by energy equations. It is undoubtedly, one of the
basic necessities of life. The condensed literature study
review of the various linkages highlights this paramount
role of energy. A study of various energy management
measures taken in the country, show a lacuna at microlevel. An attempt has, thereafter, been made to assess
available energy sources and prevailing energy consumption pattern in the domestic sector and transport sector of
Lucknow city. Having taken a detailed investigation of the
prevalent energy consumption trends, the paper concludes
with the policy guidelines and recommendations to be
adopted to meet the energy challenge presented by year
2011. Methods have been suggested for taking supply
augmentation measures as well as demand-side management measures. The model presented, if implemented by
the proposed administration promises to encourage energy
CHIEF MANAGING DIRECTOR
DCMD
ELECTRICITY
DCMD
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
1.R & D (MD)

2.SUPPLY(MD)
3.DSM (MD)
1. R & D (MD)
2. SUPPLY (MD)
3. DSM (MD)
DSM-Petrol (manager)
DSM- Diesel (manager)
DSM- LPG & Kerosene
(manager)
DCMD
RETs/NONCONVENTIONAL tech.
1.
2.
3.
4.
PRODUCTION (MD)
R & D (MD)
SUPPLY (MD)
DSM (MD)
FIELD OFFICERS
Each DSM (Demand Side Management) will have following divisions:
Public relations/communications
Market research, technical assessment, planning, program evaluation
Program design and implementation
Industrial sector
Commercial sector
Domestic sector
Agricultural sector
Sales
Note: DCMD- Deputy Chief Managing Director
MD- Managing Director
Fig. 5. Energy Management Model, Lucknow city.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
savings and make optimum utilization of the available

energy resources in the city.
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Energy Management in Lucknow City

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ARTICLE IN PRESS

Energy Policy 35 (2007) 48474868

Energy management in Lucknow city

E-mail address: hinazia@rediffmail.com (H. Zia).

highlights this further. Energy statistics across the

H. Zia, V. Devadas / Energy Policy 35 (2007) 48474868

which lie towards the upper side of economic ladder, are

tion increased by 2.7 per cent in 2005, against a strong

South and Central

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2006.

2.1.2. Energy resource assessment

world. The total coal production in 2004 was 191.0 mtoe

92,445 million tones

0.8 thousand million tones

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2006.

Biogas plants (million)

Besides these conventional energy sources, India has an

Modern industrialized or developing societies cannot

output, employment and per capita income. The direct

sector is a major consumer of petroleum fuels. Almost half

H. Zia, V. Devadas / Energy Policy 35 (2007) 48474868

2.1.7. Alternate energy sources and technologies

or the use of additional capital or labor (Kumar, 1992;

2.2. Section B: energy management in India

demand models are used to aid planners and policy makers

Inability of conventional systems to meet the growing

India is the only country in the world with an

This section deals with a broader outlook of the energy

that both the Union and the State Governments can

2.2.1.3. Rural electrification policy. Rural electrication

Provision of access to electricity to all rural households

2.2.1.4. Energy management services in India. As per the

Establishment of Bureau of Energy Efciency

H. Zia, V. Devadas / Energy Policy 35 (2007) 48474868

commercial establishments, etc.) to meet specic energy

2.2.2. Energy management at city level

Further, an attempt is, hereby, made to understand the

Fig. 1. Urban system with energy interactions.

kerosene and LPG are quintessential necessities for the

comes under the Cantonment. The total population of the

H. Zia, V. Devadas / Energy Policy 35 (2007) 48474868

Fig. 2. Location of study area: Lucknow.

(1) Electricity: The authority responsible for supplying

industrial nature of the city. It is also observed that

Fig. 3. Zones selected for household survey in Lucknow city.

the various oil companies to the petrol pumps, which is

(4) Solid waste (generation and collection): The per capita/

4.4. Assessment of energy consumption pattern

Municipal Corporation Area

Fig. 4. Flowchart showing the selected households of random sample survey.

19951996 19981999 19992000 20002001

Source: Sales data, Divisional Ofce, Indian Oil, Lucknow.

Source: Lucknow Electricity Supply Authority (LESA), Lucknow.

number of factors are responsible for this, such as, urban

4.4.1. Domestic sector

Number of households and population distribution:

Vehicular distribution: Lucknow, though a capital state

Percentage Population %age Household

Source: Field survey conducted by the Investigators in Lucknow in 2001.

Source: Field survey conducted by the Investigators in Lucknow in 2001.

Average usage per day (hours)

Source: Field survey conducted by the Investigators in Lucknow in 2001.

Source: Field survey conducted by the Investigators in Lucknow in 2001.

very easy to use, as compared to other energy resources.