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AMA140/150 Calculus
AMA140/150 Calculus
Lecture 1 - Sequences
Outline
Sequences
Limit of sequences
Bounded and monotonic sequences
Sandwich Theorem
Recursive relation
AMA140/150 Calculus
Lecture 1 - Sequences
Sequences
Closed form:
2 3
4 5
6
, , , ,
,...
3 9
27 81
243
1 2 3 5
1, , , , , . . .
2 3 5 8
an =
AMA140/150 Calculus
1
n
for
n = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
1
1 + an
for n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
Lecture 1 - Sequences
Fibonacci sequence
f2 = 1
and
fn+2 = fn+1 + fn
for n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
2
2
5
AMA140/150 Calculus
for n = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
Lecture 1 - Sequences
Diagram of Sequence
AMA140/150 Calculus
1
n
Lecture 1 - Sequences
Diagram of Sequence
AMA140/150 Calculus
(1)n
n
Lecture 1 - Sequences
Limits of sequences
Limits of sequences
We say that the limit of a sequence {an } is L and write
lim an = L
AMA140/150 Calculus
Lecture 1 - Sequences
Limits of sequences
AMA140/150 Calculus
(1)n
n
Lecture 1 - Sequences
Limits of sequences
AMA140/150 Calculus
(1)n
n
Lecture 1 - Sequences
Limits of sequences
Example 1.2 Given the sequence {an } with an =
lim an = lim
1
, show by definition that,
n
1
= 0.
n
1
1
< .
n
1
< .
n
|an L| =
By definition, limn
0 =
1
= 0.
n
1
= 0.
n
Lecture 1 - Sequences
Limits of sequences
Example 1.3 Show by definition that lim
n
n2 + 1
= 1.
n2
2
n + 1
1
1
1
2 = .
n 2 1 = n 2 N 2 <
1/
By definition, lim
n
n2 + 1
= 1.
n2
AMA140/150 Calculus
Lecture 1 - Sequences
Divergent sequence
Example 1.4 Determine if the sequence {(1)n } has a limit.
Solution. Suppose the sequence has a limit, say L, that is
lim (1)n = L.
n
1
. Then by definition, there is a positive integer N such that
2
1
|(1)n L| <
for all n N.
2
On the other hand,
Take =
(1)N+1 (1)N
((1)N+1 L) ((1)N L)
(1)N+1 L + (1)N L
=
1
1
+ = 1.
2
2
(1)N+1 (1)N = 2.
Therefore, this sequence is a divergent sequence.
AMA140/150 Calculus
Lecture 1 - Sequences
Divergent sequence
AMA140/150 Calculus
Lecture 1 - Sequences
AMA140/150 Calculus
Lecture 1 - Sequences
Limit Laws
Limit Laws
Suppose {an } and {bn } are two sequences such that
lim an = L
and
lim bn = K
lim c an = c L;
n
2
lim (an bn ) = L K ;
n
3
lim an bn = L K ;
lim
n
an
L
provided that K 6= 0.
=
bn
K
AMA140/150 Calculus
Lecture 1 - Sequences
Limit Laws
Example 1.5 Evaluate the following limits.
lim
n
n2 + 1
1
= lim 1 + 2
n
n2
n
= lim 1 +
n
lim
n
1
n
2
= 1 + 02 = 1.
1
1
lim 1 + lim 2
1+ 2
n2 + 1
1+0
n
n n
n
lim
= lim
=
=
= 1.
1
1
n n2 n
n
10
1
lim 1 lim
n
n n
n
n+1
lim
= lim
n n3 + 2n + 1
n
1
1
1
1
lim
+ lim 3
+ 3
n n2
n n
n2
n
=
2
2
1
1
1+ 2 + 3
lim 1 + lim 2 + lim 3
n
n n
n n
n
n
=
AMA140/150 Calculus
0+0
= 0.
1+0+0
Lecture 1 - Sequences
for all n 1.
for all n 1.
for all n 1.
AMA140/150 Calculus
Lecture 1 - Sequences
Lecture 1 - Sequences
Sandwich Theorem
Sandwich Theorem
Given three sequences {an }, {bn }, and {cn }. Suppose
bn an cn
and
n1
lim bn = lim cn = L.
Then
for all
n
lim an = L.
AMA140/150 Calculus
Lecture 1 - Sequences
Sandwich Theorem
Example 1.6 Show that lim
n
sin n
= 0.
n
n
n
n
and
lim
n
for all
n1
1
1
= lim
= 0.
n n
n
By Sandwich Theorem,
lim
n
AMA140/150 Calculus
sin n
= 0.
n
Lecture 1 - Sequences
Proof. Since {an } is bounded, there is M > 0 such that |an | M for all n.
Then
M|bn | an bn M|bn | for all n 1.
Notice that
lim bn = 0
lim |bn | = 0.
Then
lim M|bn | = lim M|bn | = 0.
By Sandwich Theorem,
lim an bn = 0.
AMA140/150 Calculus
Lecture 1 - Sequences
lim
n
lim
n
sin n3
,
n2
cos n
.
2n
Solution.
1
1
= 0. By
n2
Corollary,
lim
n
sin n3
= 0.
n2
Corollary,
lim
n
AMA140/150 Calculus
cos n
= 0.
2n
Lecture 1 - Sequences
1
= 0 (Why?). By
2n
Recursive relation
Example 1.8 Let {an } be the sequence defined by
Is {an } convergent?
p
1, 2, 2 2,
r q
q p
p
2 2,
Solution.
1
Next
an+1
=
an
2an
=
an
2
1
an
an+1 an .
Lecture 1 - Sequences
2 2, . . .
)
.
Recursive relation
5
L = lim an+1 .
n
Therefore,
L = lim an+1 = lim
n
It follows that
L=
2L
L2 2L = 0
L = 2 or 0.
In conclusion, lim an = 2.
n
AMA140/150 Calculus
Lecture 1 - Sequences