INTRODUCTION

Higher education, post-secondary education, tertiary education or

third level education is an optional final stage of formal learningthat occurs
after secondary education. Often delivered at universities, academies,
colleges, seminaries, and institutes of technology, higher education is also
available through certain college-level institutions, including vocational
schools, trade schools, and other career colleges that award academic
degrees or professional certifications. Tertiary education at non-degree level
is sometimes referred to as further education or continuing education as
distinct from higher education.
The right of access to higher education is mentioned in a number of
international human rights instruments. The UN International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966 declares, in Article 13, that
"higher education shall be made equally accessible to all, on the basis of
capacity, by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive
introduction of free education". In Europe, Article 2 of the First Protocol to the
European Convention on Human Rights, adopted in 1950, obliges all
signatory parties to guarantee the right to education.
In the days when few pupils progressed beyond primary education, the term
"higher education" was often used to refer to secondary education, which
can create some confusion.
Higher education is an educational level that follows a completion
of

school

providing

secondary

education,

such

as

high

school,secondary school, or gymnasium. Tertiary education is normally taken

to include undergraduate and postgraduate education, as well asvocational
education and training. Colleges, universities, and institutes of technology
are the main institutions that provide tertiary education (sometimes known
collectively as tertiary institutions). Examples of institutions that provide
post-secondary

education

arevocational

schools,

community

colleges,

independent colleges (e.g. institutes of technology), and universities in the

United States, the institutes of technical and further education in Australia,

pre-university colleges in Quebec, and the IEKs in Greece. They are
sometimes known collectively as tertiary institutions. Completion of a
tertiary education program of study generally results in the awarding
ofcertificates, diplomas, or academic degrees. Higher education includes
teaching, research, exacting applied work (e.g. in medical schools and dental
schools), and social services activities of universities. Within the realm of
teaching, it includes both the undergraduate level, and beyond that,
graduate-level (orpostgraduate level). The latter level of education is often
referred to as graduate school, especially in North America.
In many developed countries, a high proportion of the population (up to
50%), now enter higher education at some time in their lives. Higher
education is therefore very important to national economies, both as a
significant industry in its own right and as a source of trained and educated
personnel for the rest of the economy. College educated workers command a
significant wage premium and are much less likely to become unemployed
than less educated workers.[2][3]
Higher education in some countries, including the United States, Canada, the
United

Kingdom,

and

Ireland,

specifically

refers

to

post-secondary

institutions that offer Associate's degrees, Bachelor's degrees, Master's

degrees, Education Specialist (Ed.S.) degrees orDoctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)
degrees, or their equivalents, and also higher professional degrees in areas
such as dentistry, law, medicine, optometry, pharmacology and veterinary
medicine.
Such institutions may also offer non-degree certificates, which indicate
completion of a set of courses comprising a body of knowledge on a
particular topic, but the granting of such certificates is not the primary
purpose of the institutions. Tertiary education is not a term used in reference
to post-secondary institutions in the United States or Canada.
Tertiary courses range from transition programmes (school to work),
practical and academic courses, through to postgraduate study and

research. There are also lots of trade, technical and business qualifications
you can get on the job through workplace learning. Look at what industry
training organisations offer, including apprenticeships. Its tempting to
choose a path that follows on from a subject you were did well in at school,
but think about what other areas your skills and knowledge might lead to.
Investigate the jobs beyond your own experience and your friends' and
family's. There are all sorts of jobs and career pathways that you may not
have heard of. There's a good chance that by the time you are 25 or 30, your
career direction will be different from the path you took when you left school.
Think about that.
On one hand, the decisions you make when you leave school are not the end
of the journey. On the other hand, there's no point burning up too many
years and wasting money on something you might not stick with. Do your
best to explore widely and keep a range of options in mind until you are sure.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

FOREIGN
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, Massachusetts,United States

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private

research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, founded in 1861 in
response to the increasing industrialization of the United States. The institute
adopted a European polytechnic university modeland stressed laboratory
instruction in applied science and engineering. MIT's early emphasis on
applied technology at the undergraduate and graduate levels led to close
cooperation with industry. Curricular reforms under Karl Compton and
Vannevar Bush in the 1930s emphasized basic science. MIT was elected to
the Association of American Universities in 1934. Researchers worked on
computers, radar, and inertial guidance during World War II and the Cold
War. Post-war defense research contributed to the rapid expansion of the
faculty and campus under James Killian. The current 168-acre (68.0 ha)

campus opened in 1916 and extends over 1 mile (1.6 km) along the northern
bank of the Charles River basin.Today, the Institute comprises various
academic departments with a strong emphasis on scientific, engineering,
and technological education and research. It has five schools and one
college, which contain a total of 32 departments. MIT has a strong
entrepreneurial culture. The aggregated revenues of companies founded by
MIT alumni would rank as the eleventh-largest economy in the world.MIT is
traditionally known for research and education in the physical sciences and
engineering, and more recently in biology,economics, linguistics, and
management as well. The "Engineers" sponsor 31 sports, most teams of
which compete in the NCAADivision III's New England Women's and Men's
Athletic Conference; the Division I rowing programs compete as part of the
EARCand EAWRC.As of 2014, 81 Nobel laureates, 52 National Medal of
Science recipients, 45 Rhodes Scholars, 38 MacArthur Fellows, and 2 Fields
Medalists have been affiliated with MIT.
History
In 1859, a proposal was submitted to the Massachusetts General
Court to use newly filled lands in Back Bay, Boston for a "Conservatory of Art
and Science", but the proposal failed.A proposal by William Barton Rogersa
charter for the incorporation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
signed by the governor of Massachusetts on April 10, 1861. Rogers, a
professor from the University of Virginia, wanted to establish an institution to
address rapid scientific and technological advances.He did not wish to found
a professional school, but a combination with elements of both professional
and liberal education,proposing that:
"The true and only practicable object of a polytechnic school is, as I
conceive, the teaching, not of the minute details and manipulations of the
arts, which can be done only in the workshop, but the inculcation of those
scientific principles which form the basis and explanation of them, and along
with this, a full and methodical review of all their leading processes and
operations in connection with physical laws."The Rogers Plan reflected the

German research university model, emphasizing an independent faculty

engaged in research, as well as instruction oriented around seminars and
laboratories.

Stereographic card showing an MIT mechanical drafting studio, 19th century

Original Rogers Building (MIT),Back Bay, Boston, 19th century

In 1859, a proposal was submitted to the Massachusetts General
Court to use newly filled lands in Back Bay, Boston for a "Conservatory of Art
and Science", but the proposal failed.A proposal by William Barton Rogersa
charter for the incorporation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
signed by the governor of Massachusetts on April 10, 1861.Rogers, a
professor from the University of Virginia, wanted to establish an institution to
address rapid scientific and technological advances.
He did not wish to found a professional school, but a combination with
elements of both professional and liberal education,proposing that:
"The true and only practicable object of a polytechnic school is, as I
conceive, the teaching, not of the minute details and manipulations of the
arts, which can be done only in the workshop, but the inculcation of those

scientific principles which form the basis and explanation of them, and along
with this, a full and methodical review of all their leading processes and
operations in connection with physical laws."The Rogers Plan reflected the
German research university model, emphasizing an independent faculty
engaged in research, as well as instruction oriented around seminars and
laboratories.
Early developments

A 1905 map of MIT's Boston campus.

Two days after the charter was issued, the first battle of the Civil
War broke out. After a long delay through the war years, MIT's first classes
were held in the Mercantile Building in Boston in 1865.The new institute had
a mission that matched the intent of the 1862Morrill Land-Grant Colleges
Act to fund institutions "to promote the liberal and practical education of the
industrial classes", and was a land-grant school. In 1866, the proceeds from
land sales went toward new buildings in the Back Bay. MIT was informally
called

"Boston

Tech".The

institute

adopted

the European

polytechnic

university model and emphasized laboratory instruction from an early

date.Despite chronic financial problems, the institute saw growth in the last
two

decades

of

the

19th

century

under

President Francis

Amasa

Walker.Programs in electrical, chemical, marine, and sanitary engineering

were introduced, new buildings were built, and the size of the student body
increased to more than one thousand.The curriculum drifted to a vocational

emphasis, with less focus on theoretical science.The fledgling school still

suffered from chronic financial shortages which diverted the attention of the
MIT leadership. During these "Boston Tech" years, MIT faculty and alumni
rebuffedHarvard University president (and former MIT faculty) Charles W.
Eliot's repeated attempts to merge MIT with Harvard College'sLawrence
Scientific School.There would be at least six attempts to absorb MIT into
Harvard.In its cramped Back Bay location, MIT could not afford to expand its
overcrowded facilities, driving a desperate search for a new campus and
funding. Eventually the MIT Corporation approved a formal agreement to
merge with Harvard, over the vehement objections of MIT faculty, students,
and alumni.However, a 1917 decision by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial
Court effectively put an end to the merger scheme.

Logo

Plaque in Building 6 honoring George Eastman, founder of Eastman Kodak,

who was revealed as the anonymous "Mr. Smith" who helped maintain MIT's
independence.In 1916, MIT moved to a spacious new campus largely
consisting of filled land on a mile-long tract along the Cambridge side of the
Charles River.The neoclassical "New Technology" campus was designed
by William W. Bosworth and had been funded largely by anonymous
donations from a mysterious "Mr. Smith," starting in 1912. In January 1920,

the donor was revealed to be the industrialist George Eastman ofRochester,

New York, who had invented methods of film production and processing, and
founded Eastman Kodak. Between 1912 and 1920.
Curricular reforms
In

the

1930s,

President Karl

Taylor

Compton and

Vice-President

(effectively Provost) Vannevar Bush emphasized the importance of pure

sciences like physics and chemistry and reduced the vocational practice
required in shops and drafting studios.The Compton reforms "renewed
confidence in the ability of the Institute to develop leadership in science as
well as in engineering."Unlike Ivy League schools, MIT catered more to
middle-class

families,

and

on endowments or grants for

its

depended
funding.

The

more
school

on tuition than
was

elected

to

theAssociation of American Universities in 1934.

Still, as late as 1949, the Lewis Committee lamented in its report
on the state of education at MIT that "the Institute is widely conceived as
basically

vocational

school",

"partly

unjustified"

perception

the

committee sought to change. The report comprehensively reviewed the

undergraduate curriculum, recommended offering a broader education, and
warned against letting engineering and government-sponsored research
detract from the sciences and humanities.The School of Humanities, Arts,
and Social Sciences and the MIT Sloan School of Management were formed in
1950 to compete with the powerful Schools of Science and Engineering.
Previously marginalized faculties in the areas of economics, management,
political science, and linguistics emerged into cohesive and assertive
departments by attracting respected professors and launching competitive
graduate programs.The School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences
continued to develop under the successive terms of the more humanistically
oriented presidents Howard W. Johnson and Jerome Wiesner between 1966
and 1980.
Defense research

MIT's involvement in military research surged during World War II. In

1941, Vannevar Bush was appointed head of the federal Office of Scientific
Research and Development and directed funding to only a select group of
universities, including MIT. Engineers and scientists from across the country
gathered at MIT's Radiation Laboratory, established in 1940 to assist
the British military in developing microwave radar. The work done there
significantly affected both the war and subsequent research in the
area.Other

defense

projects

included gyroscope-based

and

other

complex control systems for gunsight, bombsight, and inertial navigation

under Charles Stark
Draper's Instrumentation
computer for

flight

Laboratory;
simulations

the

development

under Project

of

a digital

Whirlwind;and high-

speed and high-altitude photography under Harold Edgerton.By the end of

the war, MIT became the nation's largest wartime R&D contractor (attracting
some criticism of Bush):employing nearly 4000 in the Radiation Laboratory
alone[44] and receiving in excess of $100 million ($1.2 billion in 2012 dollars)
before 1946.Work on defense projects continued even after then. Postwargovernment-sponsored

research at

MIT

included SAGE and

guidance

systems for ballistic missiles and Project Apollo.

...a

special

type

of

educational

institution which can be defined as a

university

polarized

around

science,

engineering, and the arts. We might call

it a university limited in its objectives
but unlimited in the breadth and the
thoroughness

with

which

it

pursues

these objectives.
MIT president James Rhyne Killian,
These activities affected MIT profoundly. A 1949 report noted the lack of "any
great slackening in the pace of life at the Institute" to match the return to
peacetime, remembering the "academic tranquility of the prewar years",

though acknowledging the significant contributions of military research to

the increased emphasis on graduate education and rapid growth of
personnel and facilities. The faculty doubled and the graduate student body
quintupled during the terms of Karl Taylor Compton, president of MIT
between 1930 and 1948; James Rhyne Killian, president from 1948 to 1957;
and Julius Adams Stratton, chancellor from 1952 to 1957, whose institutionbuilding strategies shaped the expanding university. By the 1950s, MIT no
longer simply benefited the industries with which it had worked for three
decades, and it had developed closer working relationships with new
patrons, philanthropic foundations and the federal government.
In late 1960s and early 1970s, student and faculty activists protested against
the Vietnam

War and

MIT's

defense

research.The Union

of

Concerned

Scientists was founded on March 4, 1969 during a meeting of faculty

members and students seeking to shift the emphasis on military research
toward environmental and social problems.MIT ultimately divested itself from
the Instrumentation Laboratory and moved all classified research off-campus
to the Lincoln Laboratory facility in 1973 in response to the protests.The
student

body,

unpolarized

faculty,

during

what

and
was

administration
a

tumultuous

remained
time

for

comparatively
many

other

universities.Johnson was seen to be highly successful in leading his

institution to "greater strength and unity" after these times of turmoil.
Recent history

The MIT Media Lab houses researchers developing novel uses of computer
technology. Shown here is the 1982 building, designed by I.M. Pei, with an
extension (right of photo) designed by Fumihiko Maki opened in March 2010.
MIT has kept pace with and helped to advance the digital age. In
addition

to

developing

the

predecessors

to

modern

computing

andnetworking technologies, students, staff, and faculty members at Project

MAC, the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, and the Tech Model Railroad
Club wrote

some

of

the

games like Spacewar! and

earliest

created

much

interactive computer
of

video

modern hackerslang and

culture.Several major computer-related organizations have originated at MIT

since the 1980s: Richard Stallman's GNU Project and the subsequent Free
Software Foundation were founded in the mid-1980s at the AI Lab; the MIT
Media Lab was founded in 1985 by Nicholas Negroponte and Jerome Wiesner
to promote research into novel uses of computer technology;the World Wide
Web Consortium standards organization was founded at the Laboratory for
Computer Science in 1994 by Tim Berners-Lee;the Open CourseWare project
has made course materials for over 2,000 MIT classes available online free of
charge since 2002;and theOne Laptop per Child initiative to expand
computer education and connectivity to children worldwide was launched in
2005.
MIT was named a sea-grant college in 1976 to support its programs in
oceanography and marine sciences and was named a space-grant college in
1989

to

support

its

aeronautics

and

astronautics

programs.Despite

diminishing government financial support over the past quarter century, MIT
launched several successful development campaigns to significantly expand
the campus: new dormitories and athletics buildings on west campus;
the Tang Center for Management Education; several buildings in the
northeast corner of campus supporting research into biology, brain and
cognitive sciences, genomics, biotechnology, and cancer research; and a
number of new "backlot" buildings on Vassar Street including the Stata

Center. Construction on campus in the 2000s included expansions of the

Media Lab, the Sloan School's eastern campus, and graduate residences in
the northwest.In 2006, President Hockfield launched the MIT Energy
Research Council to investigate the interdisciplinary challenges posed by
increasing global energy consumption.
In 2001, inspired by the open source and open access movements,
MIT launched Open Course Ware to make the lecture notes, problem sets,
syllabuses, exams, and lectures from the great majority of its courses
available online for no charge, though without any formal accreditation for
coursework completed. While the cost of supporting and hosting the project
is high, OCW expanded in 2005 to include other universities as a part of the
OpenCourseWare Consortium, which currently includes more than 250
academic institutions with content available in at least six languages.In
2011, MIT announced it would offer formal certification (but not credits or
degrees) to online participants completing coursework in its "MITx" program,
for a modest fee. The "edX" online platform supporting MITx was initially
developed

in

partnership

with Harvard and

its

analogous

"Harvardx"

initiative. The courseware platform is open source, and other universities

have already joined and added their own course content.
Three

days

after

the Boston

Marathon

bombings of

April

2013, MIT

Police patrol officer Sean Collier was fatally shot by the suspects, setting off a
violent manhunt that shut down the campus and much of the Boston
metropolitan area for a day. One week later, Collier's memorial service was
attended by more than 10,000 people, in a ceremony hosted by the MIT
community with thousands of police officers from the New England region
and Canada. On November 25, 2013, MIT announced the creation of the
Collier Medal, to be awarded annually to "an individual or group that
embodies the character and qualities that Officer Collier exhibited as a
member of the MIT community and in all aspects of his life". The
announcement further stated that "Future recipients of the award will include
those whose contributions exceed the boundaries of their profession, those

who have contributed to building bridges across the community, and those
who consistently and selflessly perform acts of kindness".
Campus

The central and eastern sections of MIT's campus as seen from above
Massachusetts Avenue and the Charles River. In the center is the Great
Dome overlooking Killian Court with Kendall Square in the background.

MIT's Building 10 and Great Dome overlooking Killian Court

MIT's 168-acre (68.0 ha) campus spans approximately a mile of the north
side of the Charles River basin in the city of Cambridge.The campus is
divided roughly in half by Massachusetts Avenue, with most dormitories and
student life facilities to the west and most academic buildings to the east.
The bridge closest to MIT is the Harvard Bridge, which is known for being
marked off in a non-standard unit of length the smoot. The Kendall MBTA
Red Line station is located on the far northeastern edge of the campus
in Kendall Square. The Cambridge neighborhoods surrounding MIT are a
mixture of high tech companies occupying both modern office and
rehabilitated industrial buildings as well as socio-economically diverse
residential neighborhoods. Each building at MIT has a number (possibly

preceded by a W, N, E, or NW) designation and most have a name as well.

Typically, academic and office buildings are referred to primarily by number
while residence halls are referred to by name. The organization of building
numbers roughly corresponds to the order in which the buildings were built
and their location relative (north, west, and east) to the original center
cluster of Maclaurin buildings. Many of the buildings are connected above
ground as well as through an extensive network of underground tunnels,
providing protection from the Cambridge weather as well as a venue for roof
and tunnel hacking. MIT's on-campus nuclear reactor is one of the most
powerful

university-based nuclear

reactors in

the

United

States.

The

prominence of the reactor's containment building in a densely populated

area has been controversial, but MIT maintains that it is well-secured. In
1999 Bill Gates donated US$20 million to MIT for the construction of a
computer laboratory named the "William H. Gates Building" that was
designed by architect Frank O. Gehry. While Microsoft had previously given
financial support to the institution, this was the first personal donation
received

from

Gates.

Other

notable

campus

facilities

include

pressurized wind tunnel and a towing tank for testing ship and ocean
structure designs. MIT's campus-wide wireless network was completed in the
fall of 2005 and consists of nearly 3,000 access points covering 9,400,000
square feet (870,000 m2) of campus. In 2001, the Environmental Protection
Agency sued MIT for violating Clean Water Act and Clean Air Act with regard
to its hazardous wastestorage and disposal procedures. MIT settled the suit
by paying a $155,000 fine and launching three environmental projects. In
connection with capital campaigns to expand the campus, the Institute has
also extensively renovated existing buildings to improve their energy
efficiency. MIT has also taken steps to reduce its environmental impact by
running alternative fuel campus shuttles, subsidizingpublic transportation
passes, and building a low-emission cogeneration plant that serves most of
the

campus

electricity,

heating,

and

cooling

requirements.

The MIT

Police with state and local authorities, in the 2009-2011 period, have

investigated reports of 12 forcible sex offenses, 6 robberies, 3 aggravated

assaults, 164 burglaries, 1 case of arson, and 4 cases of motor vehicle theft
on campus.
Architecture

The Stata Center houses CSAIL,LIDS, and the Department of Linguistics and
Philosophy
MIT's School of Architecture, now the School of Architecture and Planning,
was the first in the United States, and it has a history of commissioning
progressive buildings.The first buildings constructed on the Cambridge
campus, completed in 1916, are sometimes called the "Maclaurin buildings"
after Institute president Richard Maclaurin who oversaw their construction.
Designed byWilliam Welles Bosworth, these imposing buildings were built
of reinforced concrete, a first for a non-industrial much less university
building in the US. Bosworth's design was influenced by the City Beautiful
Movement of the early 1900s, and features thePantheon-esque Great Dome
housing the Barker Engineering Library. The Great Dome overlooks Killian
Court, where commencement is held each year. The friezes of the limestoneclad buildings around Killian Court are engraved with the names of important
scientists

and

philosophers.

The

imposing

Building

atrium

along Massachusetts Avenue is regarded as the entrance to the Infinite

Corridor and the rest of the campus. Alvar Aalto's Baker House (1947), Eero
Saarinen's MIT Chapel and Kresge Auditorium (1955), and I.M. Pei's Green,
Dreyfus, Landau, and Wiesner buildings represent high forms of postwar modernist architecture.More recent buildings like Frank Gehry's Stata

Center (2004), Steven Holl's Simmons Hall (2002), Charles Correa's Building
46 (2005) and Fumihiko Maki's Media Lab Extension (2009) stand out among
the

Boston

area's

classical

architecture

and

serve as

examples

of

contemporary campus "starchitecture".[105][113] These buildings have not

always been well received; in 2010, The Princeton Review included MIT in a
list of twenty schools whose campuses are "tiny, unsightly, or both".
Housing
Housing at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Simmons Hall dormitory was completed in 2002

Undergraduates are guaranteed four-year housing in one of MIT's
12 undergraduate dormitories. Those living on campus can receive support
and mentoring from live-in graduate student tutors, resident advisors, and
faculty housemasters. Because housing assignments are made based on the
preferences of the students themselves, diverse social atmospheres can be
sustained in different living groups; for example, according to the Yale Daily
News Staff's The Insider's Guide to the Colleges, 2010, "The split between
East Campus and West Campus is a significant characteristic of MIT. East
Campus has gained a reputation as a thriving counterculture." MIT also has 5
dormitories for single graduate students and 2 apartment buildings on
campus for married student families.
Organization and administration

Lobby 7 (at 77 Massachusetts Avenue) is regarded as the main entrance to

campus
MIT is chartered as a non-profit organization and is owned and
governed by a privately appointed board of trustees known as the MIT
Corporation. The current board consists of 43 members elected to five-year
terms, 25 life members who vote until their 75th birthday, 3 elected officers
(President,

Treasurer,

and

Secretary),

and

4 ex

officio members

(the

president of the alumni association, the Governor of Massachusetts, the

Massachusetts

Secretary

of

Education,

and

the

Chief

Justice

of

the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court).The board is chaired by John S.

Reed, the former chairman of the New York Stock Exchange and Citigroup.
The Corporation approves the budget, new programs, degrees and faculty
appointments, and elects the President to serve as the chief executive officer
of

the

university

and

MIT's endowment and other

preside
financial

over

the

assets are

Institute's
managed

faculty.

through

subsidiary MIT Investment Management Company (MITIMCo).Valued at $9.7

billion in 2011, MIT's endowment is the sixth-largest among American
colleges and universities.
MIT has five schools (Science, Engineering, Architecture and
Planning, Management, and Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences) and one
college (Whitaker College of Health Sciences and Technology), but no schools

of law or medicine. While faculty committees assert substantial control over

many areas of MIT's curriculum, research, student life, and administrative
affairs, the chair of each of MIT's 32 academic departments reports to the
dean of that department's school, who in turn reports to the Provost under
the President. The current president isL. Rafael Reif, who formerly served as
provost under President Susan Hockfield, the first woman to hold the post.
Academics
MIT is a large, highly residential, research university with a majority of
enrollments in graduate and professional programs. The university has
been accredited by

the New

England

Association

of

Schools

and

Colleges since 1929. MIT operates on a 414 academic calendar with the fall
semester beginning after Labor Day and ending in mid-December, a 4-week
"Independent Activities Period" in the month of January, and the spring
semester beginning in early February and ending in late May. MIT students
refer to both their majors and classes using numbers or acronyms alone.
Departments

and

their

corresponding

majors

are

numbered

in

the

approximate order of their foundation; for example, Civil and Environmental

Engineering is Course 1, while Linguistics and Philosophy is Course 24.
Students majoring in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS),
the most popular department, collectively identify themselves as "Course 6".
MIT students use a combination of the department's course number and the
number assigned to the class to identify their subjects; the introductory
calculus-based classical mechanics course is simply "8.01" at MIT.
Undergraduate program
The four-year, full-time undergraduate program maintains a
balance between professional majors and those in the arts and sciences, and
is selective, admitting few transfer students and 7.7% of its applicants in the
20132014 application season. MIT offers 44 undergraduate degrees across
its five schools. In the 20102011 academic year, 1,161 bachelor of science
(abbreviated SB) degrees were granted, the only type of undergraduate
degree MIT now awards. In the 2011 fall term, among students who had

designated a major, the School of Engineering was the most popular division,
enrolling 63% of students in its 19 degree programs, followed by the School
of Science (29%), School of Humanities, Arts, & Social Sciences (3.7%), Sloan
School of Management (3.3%), and School of Architecture and Planning (2%).
The largest undergraduate degree programs were in Electrical Engineering
and Computer Science (Course 62), Computer Science and Engineering
(Course 63), Mechanical Engineering (Course 2), Physics (Course 8), and
Mathematics (Course 18). All undergraduates are required to complete a core
curriculum called the General Institute Requirements (GIRs). The Science
Requirement, generally completed during freshman year as prerequisites for
classes in science and engineering majors, comprises two semesters of
physics, two semesters of calculus, one semester of chemistry, and one
semester of biology. There is a Laboratory Requirement, usually satisfied by
an appropriate class in a course major. The Humanities, Arts, and Social
Sciences (HASS) Requirement consists of eight semesters of classes in the
humanities, arts, and social sciences, including at least one semester from
each division as well as the courses required for a designated concentration
in a HASS division. Under the Communication Requirement, two of the HASS
classes, plus two of the classes taken in the designated major must be
"communication-intensive",including "substantial instruction and practice in
oral presentation".

The Infinite Corridor is the primary passageway through campus

Most classes rely on a combination of lectures, recitations led by
associate professors or graduate students, weekly problem sets ("p-sets"),

and tests. Although keeping up with the pace and difficulty of MIT
coursework has been compared to "drinking from a fire hose", the freshmen
retention rate at MIT is similar to that at other national research universities.
The "pass/no-record" grading system relieves some of the pressure for firstyear undergraduates. For each class taken in the fall term, freshmen
transcripts will either report only that the class was passed, or otherwise not
have any record of it. In the spring term, passing grades (A, B, C) appear on
the transcript while non-passing grades are again not recorded.(Grading had
previously been "pass/no record" all freshman year, but was amended for the
Class of 2006 to prevent students from gaming the system by completing
required major classes in their freshman year. Also, freshmen may choose to
join

alternative

learning

communities,

Group, Concourse,

or

the Undergraduate

Research

undergraduates

to

Terrascope.

In

such

1969, Margaret

Opportunities

collaborate

as Experimental

directly

MacVicar founded

Program (UROP)
with

faculty

Study

to

enable

members

and

researchers. Students join or initiate research projects ("UROPs") for

academic credit, pay, or on a volunteer basis through postings on the UROP
website or by contacting faculty members directly.A substantial majority of
undergraduates participate. Students often become published, file patent
applications, and/or launch start-up companies based upon their experience
in UROPs.
In 1970, the then-Dean of Institute Relations, Benson R. Snyder,
published The Hidden Curriculum, arguing that education at MIT was often
slighted in favor of following a set of unwritten expectations, and that
graduating with good grades was more often the product of figuring out the
system rather than a solid education. The successful student, according to
Snyder, was the one who was able to discern which of the formal
requirements were to be ignored in favor of which unstated norms. For
example, organized student groups had compiled "course biblescollections
of problem-set and examination questions and answers for later students to
use as references. This sort of gamesmanship, Snyder argued, hindered

development of a creative intellect and contributed to student discontent

and unrest.
Graduate program

Robert Engman's Mbius Strip hangs from the crown of the Barker
Engineering Library's reading room located inside the Great Dome
MIT's graduate program has high coexistence with the
undergraduate program, and many courses are taken by qualified students
at both levels. MIT offers a comprehensive doctoral program with degrees in
the humanities, social sciences, and STEM fields as well as professional
degrees. The Institute offers graduate programs leading to academic degrees
such as the Master of Science (MS), various Engineer's Degrees, Doctor of
Philosophy (PhD), and Doctor of Science (ScD); professional degrees such as
Master

of

Architecture

(MArch),Master

of

Business

Administration

(MBA),Master of City Planning (MCP), Master of Engineering (MEng), Master

of Finance (MFin) and Master of Science in Real Estate Development
(MSRED),;

and

interdisciplinary

graduate

programs

such

as

the MD/PhD (with Harvard Medical School).

Admission to graduate programs is decentralized; applicants apply directly to
the department or degree program. More than 90% of doctoral students are
supported

by

fellowships,

assistantships (TAs).

research

assistantships

(RAs),

or

teaching

MIT awarded 1,547 master's degrees and 609 doctoral degrees in

the 201011 academic year.In the 2011 fall term, the School of Engineering
was the most popular academic division, enrolling 45.0% of graduate
students, followed by the Sloan School of Management (19%), School of
Science (16.9%), School of Architecture and Planning (9.2%), Whitaker
College of Health Sciences (5.1%), [e] and School of Humanities, Arts, and
Social Sciences (4.7%). The largest graduate degree programs were the
Sloan MBA, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Mechanical
Engineering.
Collaborations

Eero Saarinen's Kresge Auditorium(1955) is a classic example of post-war

architecture
The university historically pioneered research and training
collaborations between academia, industry and government. In 1946,
President Compton, Harvard Business School professor Georges Doriot, and
Massachusetts Investor Trust chairman Merrill Grisswold founded American
Research

and

Development

Corporation,

the

first

American venture-

capital firm. In 1948, Compton established the MIT Industrial Liaison

Program. Throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s, American politicians
and business leaders accused MIT and other universities of contributing to
a declining
technology

economy by transferring taxpayer-funded

to

international

especially Japanese

research
firms

that

and
were

competing with struggling American businesses.On the other hand, MIT's

extensive collaboration with the federal government on research projects has

led to several MIT leaders serving as presidential scientific adviserssince

1940.MIT

established

effective lobbying for

Washington

research

funding

Office
and

in

1991

to

national science

continue
policy.

The Justice Department began an investigation in 1989, and in 1991 filed

an antitrust suit against MIT, the eight Ivy League colleges, and eleven other
institutions for allegedly engaging in price-fixing during their annual "Overlap
Meetings", which were held to prevent bidding wars over promising
prospective

students

from

consuming

funds

for

need-based

scholarships.While the Ivy League institutions settled,MIT contested the

charges, arguing that the practice was not anti-competitive because it
ensured the availability of aid for the greatest number of students.MIT
ultimately prevailed when the Justice Department dropped the case in 1994.

Walker Memorial is a monument to MIT's fourth president, Francis Amasa

Walker

MIT main campus, seen from Vassar Street. The Great Dome is visible in the
distance, and the Stata Center is at right.

MIT's proximity to Harvard University ("the other school up

the river") has led to a substantial number of research collaborations such as
the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology and the Broad
Institute. In addition, students at the two schools cancross-register for credits
toward their own school's degrees without any additional fees. A crossregistration program between MIT andWellesley College has also existed
since

1969,

and

in

2002

the CambridgeMIT

Institute launched

an

undergraduate exchange program between MIT and the University of

Cambridge.MIT has more modest cross-registration programs with Boston
University, Brandeis University, Tufts University, Massachusetts College of
Art, and the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. MIT maintains
substantial research and faculty ties with independent research organizations
in

the

Boston

area,

such

as

the Charles

Stark

Draper

Laboratory,

the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, and the Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution. Ongoing international research and educational
collaborations include the Singapore-MIT Alliance, MIT-Politecnico di Milano,
MIT-ZaragozaInternational Logistics Program, and projects in other countries
through the MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI)
program.
The mass-market magazine Technology Review is published by MIT
through a subsidiary company, as is a special edition that also serves as
an alumni magazine.The MIT Press is a major university press, publishing
over 200 books and 30 journals annually, emphasizing science and
technology as well as arts, architecture, new media, current events, and
social issues.
Libraries, collections, and museums
Campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Artwork
The MIT library system consists of five subject libraries: Barker
(Engineering), Dewey (Economics), Hayden (Humanities and Science), Lewis
(Music), and Rotch (Arts and Architecture). There are also various specialized

libraries and archives. The libraries contain more than 2.9 million printed
volumes,

2.4

million

microforms,

49,000

print

or

electronic

journal

subscriptions, and 670 reference databases. The past decade has seen a
trend of increased focus on digital over print resources in the libraries.
[217]

Notable collections include the Lewis Music Library with an emphasis on

20th and 21st-century music and electronic music,[218] the List Visual Arts
Center's rotating exhibitions of contemporary art,and the Compton Gallery's
cross-disciplinary exhibitions. MIT allocates a percentage of the budget for all
new construction and renovation to commission and support its extensive
public art and outdoor sculpture collection. The MIT Museum was founded in
1971 and collects, preserves, and exhibits artifacts significant to the culture
and history of MIT. The Museum now engages in significant educational
outreach programs for the general public, including the annual Cambridge
Science Festival, the first celebration of this kind in the United States. Since
2005, its official mission has been, "to engage the wider community with
MITs science, technology and other areas of scholarship in ways that will
best serve the nation and the world in the 21st century".
Athletics

The Zesiger sports and fitness center houses a two-story fitness center as
well as swimming and diving pools
MIT sponsors 31 varsity sports and has one of the three broadest
NCAA Division III athletic programs.MIT participates in theNCAA's Division III,
the New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference, the New England
Football

Conference,

the Pilgrim

Leaguefor

men's

lacrosse

and NCAA's Division I Eastern Association of Women's Rowing Colleges

(EAWRC) for women's crew. Men's crew competes outside the NCAA in
the Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges (EARC). In April 2009, budget cuts
lead to MIT eliminating eight of its 41 sports, including the mixed mens and
womens teams in alpine skiing and pistol; separate teams for men and
women in ice hockey and gymnastics; and mens programs in golf and
wrestling.

The official logo of MIT Athletics

The Institute's sports teams are called the Engineers,
their mascot since 1914 being a beaver, "nature's engineer". Lester Gardner,
a member of the Class of 1898, provided the following justification: "The
beaver not only typifies the Tech, but his habits are particularly our own. The
beaver is noted for his engineering and mechanical skills and habits of
industry. His habits are nocturnal. He does his best work in the dark. MIT
fielded several dominant intercollegiate Tiddlywinks teams through 1980,
winning national and world championships. MIT has produced 188 Academic
All-Americans, the third largestmembership in the country for any division
and the highest number of members for Division III.

The governing body of massachusets institute of technology is a board of

trustees known as the Corporation, which has functioned since the Institute

was incorporated in 1861. Corporation members include distinguished

leaders in science, engineering, industry, education, and public
service.
Edgerton

House

(Graduate

Residence,

Masachussetts

Institute

of

Technology)

Living arrangements in Edgerton House consist of several styles of apartments.

Edgerton House is a converted warehouse and every room in every apartment is
unique. There are 2 studio and 16 one-bedroom units for one student, 37 twobedroom units for two students, 24 three-bedroom units for three students and 5
four-bedroom duplex units for four students. In the two-, three- and four-bedroom
apartments, each resident is assigned his/her own bedroom and shares the kitchen,
bathroom and living room. There are apartments and rooms specifically modified to
accommodate disabled residents. Edgerton House is coed but three- and fourbedroom apartments are single sex. Edgerton House is taking part in a pilot to allow
assignments to two-bedroom apartments to be gender neutral. Edgerton House is
not furnished, but has wall-to-wall carpeting, central air-conditioning and kitchen
appliances .
Edgerton House Floor Plans

Ground floor

First floor

Third floor

Fourth floor

The MIT Media Lab houses

The MIT Media Lab is an interdisciplinary research laboratory at the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology devoted to projects at the convergence of
technology, multimedia, sciences, art and design. Staff and students have
backgrounds ranging from electrical engineering and computer science to sociology
and music and others.The Media Lab has been widely popularized since the 1990s
by business and technology publications such as Wired and Red Herring for a series
of practical inventions in the fields of wireless networks, field sensing, web browsers
and the World Wide Web. As of 2014, it has diversified its research into
neurobiology,biologically-inspired

fabrication,socially-engaging

robots,emotive

computing,bionics,and hyperinstruments.The One Laptop per Child (OLPC) was one

of the notable research efforts which grew out of the Media Lab.
The MIT Media Lab was founded by MIT Professor Nicholas Negroponte and
former MIT President Jerome Wiesner and opened its doors in the Wiesner Building
(designed by I. M. Pei) (also known as Building E15) at MIT in 1985. It grew out of
the work of MITs Architecture Machine Group, and remains within the MIT School of
Architecture and Planning.
Current research focus
One of the founding focuses of the Media Lab was technology for the developing
world, work that continues with projects such as the One Laptop per Child project
and other work. Current projects at the Media Lab continue with this core value,
which is expanded and enhanced by increased collaboration within the Media Lab
itself, as well as across MIT and with the world at large."Inventing a better future" is
the theme of the Media Lab's work. A current emphasis of Media Lab research,
which encompasses the work of several research groups, is on human adaptability.
This focus was highlighted by the May 9, 2007 symposium h2.0: new minds, new

bodies, new identities. The event was organized by Hugh Herr and John
Hockenberry, and featured Oliver Sacks, Michael Graves, Aimee Mullins, Michael
Chorost, Susan Hockfield, among other speakers. The day-long program featured
work that is blurring the distinction between "able bodied" and "disabled,"
demonstrating technologies at the neural-digital interface.
The MIT Media Lab houses floor plans

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

LOCAL
University of Santo Tomas
Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines

University of Santo Tomas is a private, Roman Catholic, teaching and

research university run by the Order of Preachers in Manila. Founded on 28
April 1611 by Miguel de Benavides, Archbishop of Manila, it has the oldest
extant university charter in the Philippines and in Asia and is one of the
world's largest Catholic universities in terms of enrollment found on one
campus.UST is also the largest university in the city of Manila. As the only
Pontifical University in Asia,UST is the only university to have been visited by
two popes three times: once by Pope Paul VI on Nov. 28, 1970, and twice by
Pope John Paul II on Feb. 18, 1981 and January 13, 1995.
The University is composed of several autonomous faculties, colleges,
schools and institutes, each conferring undergraduate, graduate and

postgraduate degrees, and the basic education units. Several degrees have
been accredited by the Commission on Higher Education as Centers of
Excellence and Centers of Development. In August 2012, it was awarded
Institutional Accreditation by the Federation of Accrediting Agencies of the
Philippines.The Patron of the University is St. Thomas Aquinas, while St.
Catherine of Alexandria is the Patroness.
Prominent Thomasians include saints, Philippine presidents, heroes,
artists, scientists, professionals and religious figures, who have figured
prominently in the history of the Philippines. The athletic teams are the
Growling Tigers, members of the University Athletic Association of the
Philippines and are consistent winners of the Overall Championship.
History

The old University of Santo Tomas campus in the walled city of Intramuros in
Manila

The University of Santo Tomas campus in Sampaloc (circa 1940's)

The foundation of the University is ascribed to Miguel de Benavides,
O.P., the third Archbishop of Manila. He came to the Philippines with the

first Dominican mission in 1587. He went on to become bishop of Nueva

Segovia, and was promoted archbishop of Manila in 1601. Upon his death in
July 1605, Benavides bequeathed his library and personal property worth
1,500 pesos to be used as the seed fund for the establishment of an
institution of higher learning. Fr. Bernardo de Santa Catalina carried out
Benavides wishes and was able to secure a building near the Dominican
church and convent in Intramuros for the College.In 1609, permission to
open the College was requested from King Philip III of Spain, which only
reached Manila in 1611. On April 28, 1611, notary Juan Illian witnessed the
signing of the act of foundation by Baltasar Fort, OP, Bernardo Navarro, OP,
and Francisco Minayo, OP. Fort, appointed that year to the post of Father
Provincial, became the rector in 1619. The Colegio de Nuestra Seora del
Santsimo Rosario was established on April 28, 1611, from the Benavides's
library. Later renamed Colegio de Santo Toms, it was elevated by Pope
Innocent

X to

university

on

November

20,

1645

in

his

brief, In

Supreminenti.This makes the institution the first in the islands to be formally

elevated to the status of university.Its complete name is The Pontifical and
Royal

University

of

Santo

Tomas,

The

Catholic

University

of

the

Philippines (Spanish:La Real y Pontificia Universidad de Santo Tomas de

Aquino, La Universidad Catlica de Filipinas). It was given the title "Royal,"
by King Charles III of Spain in 1785; "Pontifical" by Pope Leo XIII on 1902 in
his constitution, Quae Mari Sinico, and the appellative "The Catholic
University of the Philippines" by Pope Pius XII in 1947. This makes the UST
the first and only formally declared royal and pontifical university in the
Philippines.The

university

was

located

within

the

walled

city

of Intramuros in Manila. It was started by the Spanish Archbishop of Manila in

the early 17th century as a seminary for aspiring young priests, taking its
name and inspiration from Saint Thomas Aquinas, a Dominican theologian.
The first courses offered by the Colegio de Santo Toms were canon law,
theology, philosophy, logic, grammar, the arts, and civil law. In 1871, it
began offering degrees in Medicine and Pharmacy, the first in colonized

Asia.At the beginning of the 20th century, with the growing student
population, the Dominicans were given a 21.5 hectare land at the Sulucan
Hills in Sampaloc, Manila and built its 215,000 square meter campus there in
1927 with the inauguration of its Main Building. Also that year, it began
accepting female enrollees. In the last four decades, the university grew into
a full-fledged institution of higher learning, conferring degrees in law,
medicine and various academic letters. The university has graduated
Philippine national heroes, presidents, and even saints. The Medicine and
Civil Law courses were retained in Intramuros at that time.
During World War II, the Japanese forces converted the Sampaloc
campus into an internment camp for enemy aliens, mostly Americans, living
in the Philippines. The original Intramuros campus was destroyed in 1944 by
an arson created by the Japanese Kempeitai. More than 4,000 foreigners
survived under difficult conditions in the internment camp for 37 months
from January 1942 until February 1945 when the camp was liberated by
American soldiers. Since its establishment in 1611, the University's academic
life was interrupted only twice: from 1898 to 1899, during the Philippine
Revolution against Spain, and from 1942 to 1945, during the Japanese
occupation of the country. In its long history, the university has been under
the leadership of more than 90 Rectors. UST's first Filipino rector was
Fr.Leonardo Legaspi, O.P. who served UST from 1971 to 1977. Its current
rector is Rev. Fr. Herminio P. Dagohoy, O.P.In recognition of its achievements,
a number of important dignitaries have officially visited the university,
among them, during the last four decades: His Holiness Pope Paul VI on 28
November 1970; His Majesty King Juan Carlos I of Spain in 1974 and
1995; Mother Teresa of Calcutta in January 1977 and again in November
1984; His Holiness Pope John Paul II on 18 February 1981 and 13 January
1995 (as part of the World Youth Day 1995); Her Majesty Queen Sofia of
Spain in July 6, 2012. In January 1997, Chiara Lubich, foundress of the

Focolare Movement also visited the University and was awarded an 'Honoris
Causa' Degree in Sacred Theology.
On the 20132014 academic year, UST had 42,271 students enrolled.
Campus
The University sits on an almost perfect square of 21.5 hectares
bounded by Espaa Boulevard, P. Noval, A.H. Lacson and Dapitan St,
in Sampaloc, Manila. The University transferred to its present campus in
1927 when the Dominicans deemed the Intramuros Campus inadequate for
the University's growing population. The first structures in the campus were
the imposing Main Building, the Santisimo Rosario Parish, the UST Gym (once
the largest gym in the country), and the Arch of the Centuries.

UST Main Building

The UST Quadricentennial Park Fountain

The UST Miguel de Benavides Library (UST Central Library)

The campus at present boasts a mixture of old and new architecture
with the inclusion of the UST multi-deck carpark which houses theAlfredo M.
Velayo College of Accountancy, and the UST Sports Complex, the second
modern sports facility to be constructed by a UAAPmember school.The
Central Seminary of the University of Santo Tomas was also designed by
Fernando Ocampo. It was built in the 1930s. The plan of the seminary was
configured in the form of the letter E, with courtyards bisecting the wings.
The boxy building had an elongated frontage assembling a continuous band
of balconies and windows on the second and third level. The structures
horizontally-oriented massing was broken by an engaged central section at
the main entrance and two other similar treatments at the end portions. An
art deco relief, bud-like finials, and a tableau embellished the stepped pylon
at the entrance.
The Engineering and Architecture Building, now called Roque Ruano
Building was built in 1952 of the University of Santo Tomas, designed by Julio
Victor Rocha, initiated the application of the Niemeyer-inspired brise soleil in
local buildings. The faade of the three-storey building displayed a
continuous sun breaker that protected its second and third-storey windows.
The trend for brise soleil followed the character of the building, which
created many variations.
Other new structures include the Beato Angelico Building which houses
the College of Architecture and College of Fine Arts and Design, the Plaza
Mayor, the UST Quadricentennial Square and Alumni Park, Thomas Aquinas

Research Complex and the UST Tan Yan Kee Student Center.The UST Manila
campus was declared a National Historical Landmark by the National
Historical Commission of the Philippines on 24 May 2011. Four of the
University's structures are also declared National Cultural Treasures by the
National Museum: Main Building, Arch of the Centuries, Santissimo Rosario
Central Seminary, as well as the Grandstand and the University field. UST is
the first and only university campus to have been named a National
Historical Landmark and the only learning institution in the Philippines as
location of National Cultural Treasures. The University has started to develop
upcoming campuses in Santa Rosa City (60 hectares), General Santos
City (80 hectares), andNegombo, Sri Lanka, (5 hectares). The University is
also in the process of establishing a presence in Mongolia.In 2011, the
University celebrated its 400th founding anniversary, and it is projected that
the new campuses will be operational by then.
Academics
Basic education
The University of Santo Tomas Elementary School used to offer
primary

education

for

children

in

the

K-12

levels,but

before

the

Quadricentennial Celebration of the University, the school started denying

applications from the K-Level, until the last batch of Grade 6 students who
would graduate on AY 20102011 are left. The UST Elementary School, after
finishing the last batch of its students in the UST Sampaloc Campus, will be
transferred to the new UST Campus in Santa Rosa City, Laguna.UST has two
secondary institutions: The UST High School and the UST Education High
School which serves as a laboratory for the College of Education.
All students of these institutions undergo Citizenship Advancement
Training, while the students from first to third year level of the UST High
School undergo scouting under the Boy Scouts of the Philippines for the boys
and the Girl Scouts of the Philippines for the girls. The scouting program aims

to instill nationalism and discipline among the students while the Citizenship
Advancement Training aims to introduce students to the National Service
Training Program that college students undergo.Aside from the basic and
major subjects, all undergraduate students are required to take 15 units
(tuition-free) of Theology classes. The students are also required to attend 4
physical education classes, and a choice from among ROTC, civil welfare
training service, and literacy training service.
Undergraduate studies
The different faculties, colleges and institutes of the University
were created at different times in the University's history. The "Faculties"
were founded before the American occupation of the early 20th century,
while the "Colleges" were founded during and after American rule. The
"Institutes"

and

"Departments"

are

found

within

their

mother

faculties/colleges. Some Institutes that attained enough enrollment were

separated from their mother faculties/colleges and were made into colleges
in their own right. According to the University's Admission Head, Lucila
Bance, UST evaluates at least 40,000 applicants every year and only around
10,000 are admitted to the University.
Faculties
The degree programs for undergraduate studies were first offered in
1611, where the Faculties of Sacred Theology and Philosophy were
founded.The Faculty of Canon Law was founded in 1733.These three original
faculties are now known as the Ecclesiastical Faculties, to distinguish them
from the Secular Faculties and Colleges that were founded later. The
Eccesiastical Faculties are housed at the Seminary and at the Santisimo
Rosario Parish.
The Faculty of Medicine & Surgery together with the Faculty of Pharmacy
were founded on the same year in 1871. The Faculty of Pharmacy offers
Bachelor of Science degrees in Biochemistry, Medical Technology, and

Pharmacy. The Faculty of Medicine & Surgery is located at the St. Martin de
Porres building, while the Faculty of Pharmacy is located at the Main Building.
The Faculty of Philosophy and Letters was founded in 1896. It was merged
with some programs of the College of Liberal Arts in 1965 hence renaming
the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters as the Faculty of Arts and Letters (the
College of Liberal Arts was renamed the College of Science). The Faculty of
Arts and Letters offers the Bachelor of Arts (AB) degrees, in Asian Studies,
Behavioral Science, Communication Arts, Economics, English Language
Studies, History, Journalism, Legal Management, Literature, Philosophy,
Political Science, and Sociology. The Faculty of Arts and Letters is located in
the St. Raymond de Peafort building. Its students are known as "Artlets"
(previously "Philets"). The Journalism program of the Faculty is a Center of
Development while the departments of Literature, Legal Management and
Philosophy are Centers of Excellence.
In 1907, the Faculty of Engineering was founded. Currently it offers the
Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical
Engineering,

Electronics

and

Communications

Engineering,

Industrial

Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering. The department of Electronics and

Communications Engineering is named as one of the Centers of Excellence
by the Commission on Higher Education. The Chemical Engineering, Civil
Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Industrial Engineering, and Mechanical
Engineering programs, on the other hand, are the Centers of Development.
Engineering is located at the Roque Ruao building, named after the priestengineer Roque Ruao, O.P.

Colleges
The College of Education, which was founded in 1926, offers the Bachelor of
Elementary Education major in Pre-School or Special Education, Bachelor of
Secondary Education with majors in Computer Technology,Biology-Chemistry,

Biology-General Science, Social Studies, English, Mathematics, Physical

Education, Health and Music, Religious Education, or Social Guidance, the
Bachelor of Library and Information Science, the Bachelor of Science in Food
Technology, and Nutrition and Dietetics. Education is one of Centers of
Excellence in the University. The college is located at the Albertus Magnus
building.
The College of Science, which was founded in 1926, offers the Bachelor of
Science degree in Applied Physics major in Instrumentation, Biology,
Chemistry, Mathematics major in Actuarial Science, Microbiology, and
Psychology. Both Biology and Chemistry are recognized by CHED as Centers
of Excellence and Psychology as Center of Development. The College also
offered a degree in Zoology, but was later abolished. The College of Science
has a Level IV accreditation from PACUCOA (the highest in the Philippines)
and is located at the third floor of the UST Main Building.
The College of Architecture, which was founded in 1930, offers the Bachelor
of Science in Architecture. Later on, after adding a fine arts program the
college was called College of Architecture and Fine Arts. By the year 2000,
the Fine Arts program was elevated to a separate college. The College of
Architecture is housed at the Beato Angelico building. It is one of two Centers
of Excellence in Architecture.
The College of Commerce and Business Administration was created in 1933.
College

of

Commerce

Administration

with

offers
majors

the
in

Bachelor
Marketing

of

Science

in

Management,

Business
Financial

Management, Human Resource Management, and Business Economics (not

to be confused with the AB Economics being offered by Arts and Letters) as
well as Bachelor of Science in Commerce major in Entrepreneurship. On
2004, the accountancy program was transferred to the new Alfredo M. Velayo
College of Accountancy (see below). It is housed in the St. Raymund de
Penafort building together with the Faculty of Arts and Letters. The Business
Administration program is a Center of Development.

The Conservatory of Music, founded in 1945, offers the Bachelor of Music

degree, with majors in Keyboard (Piano, Harpsichord, Organ), Music
Education, Voice, Strings and Guitar, Woodwind, Brasswind, Composition
Theory, and Conducting. Its facilities are located at the Albertus Magnus
building. The Conservatory is one of the two Centers of Excellence in Music in
the Philippines.
The College of Nursing was founded in 1946. It offers the Bachelor of Science
in Nursing program, which is a Center of Excellence. The college is housed in
the St. Martin de Porres building, together with the Faculty of Medicine and
Surgery and the College of Rehabilitation Sciences.
The College of Rehabilitation Sciences, founded in 1974, offers the Bachelor
of Science degrees in Occupational Therapy, Physical Therapy, Speech
Language Pathology, and the Bachelor in Sports Science degree. Like
Nursing, CRS is at the St. Martin de Porres building.
The College of Fine Arts and Design was separated from the College of
Architecture in 2000. It offers the Bachelor of Fine Arts degree with majors in
Advertising, Industrial Design, Interior Design, and Painting. It shares the
Beato Angelico Building with the College of Architecture.
The Alfredo M. Velayo College of Accountancy was separated from the
College of Commerce on November 2004. Named after one of its renowned
alumnus, Alfredo M. Velayo, one of the three founding members of the
auditing firm known as SyCip Gorres Velayo & Co., the college houses
students who are enrolled in the Accountancy and Management Accounting
programs. With the aid of its alumni foundation, the college is now housed in
its own building that was inaugurated on June 2006.
The College of Tourism and Hospitality Management was separated from the
College of Education on April 26, 2006. From an institute, the University has

raised its level to a college in December 2008. It offers both the degrees;
Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management and the Bachelor
of Science in Travel Management.
The Institute of Information and Computing Sciences was separated from the
Faculty of Engineering on July 2014. It is founded in 1999 and originally
under College of Science as Institute of Computer Sciences. It was then
placed under Faculty of Engineering as Department of Information and
Computer Studies from 2004 until 2014.A Level I accreditation status from
PAASCU has been granted to all three degree programs of the institute
namely:

Computer

Science,

Information

Systems,

and

Information

Technology.The institute is located at the Roque Ruao Building, together

with the Faculty of Engineering.
Institutes and departments
The Institute of Physical Education and Athletics (IPEA) is an independent
college intended for the elevation of sports and athleticism in the university.
Situated at the UST Quadricentennial Pavilion.The Department of Military
Science & Tactics (DMST) was later on integrated to the NSTP (National
Service Training Corps) program of the University. It provides adequate
learning in the military arts in preparation for Thomasians in entering into
military Service. The ROTC and GSTP Department is under the DMST.
The Institute of Religion (IR), since its foundation in 1933, has been the
theology-teaching department of the University for the civil sciences. As one
of the offices under the Vice Rector for Religious Affairs, the IR has been a
prime

mover

in

campus

evangelization

primarily

through

classroom

instruction. Located at the heart of the UST Main Building, the site of IR's
office symbolizes the directive of the Church that theology should be the
core of the curriculum in Catholic institutions.
Postgraduate studies

As early as the 17th century post-graduate programs have been offered in

the University of Santo Tomas through its various Faculties and Colleges.
Faculty of Civil Law
The UST Faculty of Civil Law was the first secular faculty, and hence the
oldest law school in the Philippines. Although the Faculty offers the Bachelor
of Laws degree, it is considered as a post baccalaureate degree, as it
requires applicants to either have a Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science
degree. Civil Law resides in the UST Main Building.The Faculty of Civil Law
has produced four Philippine Presidents and six Chief Justices of the
Philippines. It also has a Legal Aid clinic named after one of its illustrious
alumni, Chief Justice Roberto Concepcion.

Aspiring law students need to finish at least a bachelor's degree before being
admitted to the Faculty. They must then maintain an average of at least 78 in
their freshman year to be readmitted the succeeding year. The required
minimum grade increases as the year level progresses (79 for the second
year, 80 for the third year and 81 for fourth year). During the third year of
stay in the Faculty and after finishing all the law subjects, the student is
required to engage in an internship program of at least 200 hours before
being admitted to the fourth year, wherein he will then be required to
undergo an oral examination or revalida and at least two major examinations
to be able to complete the whole program. Upon graduation, the student will
be qualified to become a bar candidate that will be eligible to take the bar
examinations in the Philippines.The Faculty is one of the top performing
schools in the history of the Philippine bar examinations.It has produced four
Philippine Presidents, three Philippine Vice Presidents, six Supreme Court
Chief Justices, and several law deans in the country.
Faculty of Medicine and Surgery

The UST Faculty of Medicine and Surgery was founded in 1871. Medicine and
Surgery offers the Doctor of Medicine degree which is a post baccalaureate
degree.The national hero of the Philippines, Jos Rizal, studied here before
moving to Madrid Central University to complete his studies. Graduates of
the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery rank among the top scorers in the
medical licensure exams, and the Faculty boasts a high passing rate overall.
In 2001, the Faculty adopted the problem-based learning method for use in
the curriculum. This was highly controversial, as many professors complained
that students were not learning the basic sciences adequately.Eventually, in
2003 the curriculum was changed again, this time to an innovate format
which combined elements of both traditional (lecture-based) and problembased methods.
The Faculty is known for giving its fourth-year students a series of written
and oral exams known as the "revalida". In the oral exams, groups of three
students each are questioned by panels composed of three professors on
basic, clinical, and emergency medical sciences. Passing the revalida is a
prerequisite to graduation.
The Faculty is a Center of Excellence.It has been consistently producing
topnotchers in the annual national licensure exams for Filipino physicians
and it is proud of its Level 4 National Accreditation for several years.It is also
the alma mater of numerous Secretaries of Health of the Philippines,as well
as several Presidents of the Philippine Medical Association, the national
organization of medical doctors in the country.The Faculty was also ranked as
the only Asian medical school to be in the top 10 list of foreign medical
institutions by the U.S. Educational Commission for Foreign Medical
Graduates in 2007. In July 815, 2012, the faculty and the Asian Medical
Students'

Association-UST

hosted

the

33rd

Asian

Medical

Students'

Conference after almost three decades since the country hosted. It is the
largest gathering of the medicine students across Asia and the Pacific with
participating guest countries from Europe.

Graduate School
As early as the 17th century postgraduate degrees were offered and granted
by the various faculties in the University of Santo Tomas.In 1938, the UST
Graduate School was established to administer and coordinate all the
graduate programs in the University of Santo Tomas. The Graduate School
academic programs have grown to 90 graduate program offerings, spanning
about seven clusters of disciplines.
Today, the UST Graduate School is recognized as a Center of Excellence in
several fields of the Arts and Humanities, Allied Health Sciences, Natural
Sciences, and Engineering by the Commission on Higher Education.Its
programs in business, public management, and education were also
recognized by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED), Fund for
Assistance of Private Education (FAPE)- Evaluation of Graduate Education
Programs (EGEP).
Events and traditions
Misa de Apertura (The Opening Mass for the Academic Year).The Thomasian
Welcome Walk (formerly The Rites of Passage) Freshmen pass under the
historic Arch of the Centuries as welcome to the university life. The Highlight
of the TWW, aside from the symbolic passing, is the Eucharistic Celebration.
Established in 2003. The USTv Students' Choice Awards on Television
Established in 2005, is an award-giving body by Thomasians for Philippine
Television that upholds Christian moral and ideals.
UST Paskuhan Primered by the Eucharistic Celebration, the Paskuhan is the
Thomasian way of celebrating Christmas. It is one of the most awaited
events of the year showcasing different performances from different student
organizations, and live bands, which is complemented with an extravagant
show of pyrotechny. It was December 19, 1991 when the first Paskuhan came
about. Dubbed "Paskong Tomasino, Paskong Filipino '91", the event intended
to reflect the Filipino tradition of "panunuluyan" through a procession from

different colleges and faculties in the campus. It also featured a Holy Mass
and an inter-collegiate lantern-making contest. The main highlight, however,
was gift giving. A 14-foot (4.3 m) Christmas tree was erected at the UST
Grandstand where Thomasians placed their donations for the victims of
Typhoon Uring.UST Baccalaureate Mass, Ceremony of the Light, and The
Sending off Rites, UST annual Goodwill Tournaments for various sports for all
colleges. (Football, basketball, swimming, volleyball, etc.)
Alumni
List of University of Santo Tomas people

Two of the university's foremost alumni, Philippine national hero Jos

Rizal and president Manuel L. Quezon, are honored by being displayed on
each of the pillars on the Arch of the Centuries.
One of the University's foremost alumni is the PresidentManuel Quezon is the
2nd Philippine President under the Commonwealth Government.
Persons affiliated to the university, either as students, faculty members, or
administrators, are known as "Thomasians". Jos Rizal (National Hero of the
Philippines), studied Medicine at UST, and continued it at the University of
Madrid in Madrid, Spain. The University has produced four Presidents of the
Philippines,
namely Manuel
L.
Quezon,Sergio
Osmea,
os
P.
Laurel and Diosdado Macapagal. It has also produced three Philippine Vice
Presidents and six Chief Justices of the Philippine Supreme Court.
Philippine Commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon and Philippine
national hero Jos Rizal are honored by the University as they are displayed
on the pillars of the Arch of the Centuries.