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transmission line
I.M. Dudurych, T.J. Gallagher, J. Corbett and M. Val Escudero
Abstract: An accurate analysis of the lightning performance of a HV transmission line using the
EMTP program is presented. By means of simulation using a digital model developed within the
ATP-EMTP program with its MODELS-feature, the performance of a 110 kV unshielded
overhead line under the inuence of a direct lightning stroke is analysed. The simulation includes
an adequate model of the transmission line, while also taking account of other factors such as the
frequency dependence of the line parameters, models of wooden-porcelain insulation, wooden, and
metallic towers and grounding systems including their impulse resistance characteristics. An
impulse corona model (described elsewhere) is used, which, together with an adequate presentation
of the ashover mechanism appropriate to air/porcelain insulation, allows one not only to predict
the crest value of the overvoltages throughout the line, but also to assess accurately the real impact
on the line ttings and substation equipment of the lightning surge travelling over the line. All the
models are thoroughly veried by an extensive comparison of the simulated results with
experiments by previous authors. Practical recommendations based on the simulations are made
for an improvement in the lightning performance of a typical 110 kV transmission line.
Introduction
r IEE, 2003
IEE Proceedings online no. 20030252
doi:10.1049/ip-gtd:20030252
Publication date: 10th April 2003. Paper rst received 26th June 2002 and in
revised form 19th December 2002
I.M. Dudurych and T.J. Gallagher are with the Department of Electronic &
Electrical Engineering, University College Dublin, Beleld, Dublin 4, Ireland
J. Corbett and M. Val Escudero are with the Electrical Power Systems, ESB
International, Stephen Court, 18/21 St. Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 150, No. 4, July 2003
2.1
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steel tower
Fig. 1
6
4
6
6
1
7
3
7
2
2h2t rt2
rt2
ATP-EMTP
R
u1
S
trip
solution
of flashover
model
equations
u2
Fig. 3
2
Rt q
2pR2
1 Esi r0 I
where R0 is the tower footing resistance at low current and
low frequency, Rt is the tower footing resistance, I is the
lightning current owing through the footing resistance, Esi
502
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ttot tc ts tl
crest voltage, MV
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
experiment
simulation
3
4
5
6
time to flashover, s
Fig. 5
2.1.4 Lightning stroke: The lightning stroke is represented in our studies by a single-stroke Heidler-type [4]
current source t1/t ms of negative polarity, with a parallel
impedance equal to the lightning channel surge impedance.
The shape of the surge is described by
it
Im t=t1 2
et=t
Z 1 t=t1 2
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We have modelled the lightning strike purely as a singlestroke ash of negative polarity and we have not considered
the effects of positive polarity or of a multi-stroke lightning
strike for several reasons: rst, the interval between strokes
in a multi-stroke ash is about 30 ms [13], and therefore the
effect of a second, or subsequent, stroke to a line can be
treated as a separate event; second, from limited data
acquired using the EA Technology, UK, lightning location
system for the electrical utility (ESB) in Ireland, it appears
that the ratio of negative to positive strokes, while smaller
than hitherto assumed, is still about four to one, and on
average half of all negative strokes are single-strokes,
whereas only 10% of positive strikes have multiple
components [2]; third, although the current associated with
second strokes of a multi-stroke ash has a much steeper
rate-of-rise than the initial stroke, the fact that they usually
have amplitudes only about 40% of the peak of the rst
stroke means that any overvoltage caused by these second
strokes are signicantly lower than the overvoltage transient
from the rst stroke to a line. In our model we used 4 kO as
the impedance of the lightning channel from a mean value
of measurements presented in [12, 16].
3 EMTP model of 110 kV transmission line and
simulation results
Our EMTP model is applied to a typical 110 kV overhead
line with combined wooden poles and steel towers, which is
located in the north-west region of Ireland. This line was
selected because it had been identied as a lightning hotspot on the system from another study of the lightning
strike density throughout this region. It has no ground wires
and phase conductors are suspended on insulators attached
to steel cross-arms, which are not earthed, as previously
shown in Fig. 1. A sketch of a part of this line is shown in
Fig. 5. The line connects a sub-station from a hydro power
plant with customers in an area some 62 km to the northeast. Some nineteen spans were selected to include steel
towers 1, 6, 14 & 20 in order to take into account the
reected voltage waves from these towers, and a direct
lightning stroke was injected in the middle of the span
between poles 1011 in this Figure. In this case, the wave
travel time between the stricken span and the farthest steel
tower at either side is approximately 6 ms. Thus, the crest
values of induced lightning transients with fronts up to 12 ms
duration can be modelled correctly.
The sections of the 110 kV OH line shown in Fig. 5 are
represented by the frequency-dependent Jmarti-three-phasemodel of a transmission line with distributed parameters
(see element 1 in Fig. 2). These parameters were determined
by the line constants routine using the ATPdraw graphic
interface of the ATP-program, with the phase/modal
transformation matrix being calculated at the frequency of
500 kHz with the skin effect included. The same model
represents each of the nineteen spans of the line of 200 m
length. The rest of the line is congured by three sections of
the same model: the rst section representing the 22 km
504
single-phase
two-phase
three-phase
25
20
15
10
5
0
4.5 5
9 10 12 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 70
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single-phase
two-phase
three-phase
25
20
no. of flashovers
no. of flashovers
30
15
10
5
0
4.5 5
7 8 9 10 12 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 70
peak value of lightning current, kA
no. of flashovers
30
single-phase
two-phase
three-phase
25
20
15
10
5
0
4.5 5
8 9 10 12 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 70
peak value of lightning current, kA
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
steel cross-arms
wooden cross-arms
4.5 6
9 10 12 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 70
lightning current, kA
Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
References
506
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