Vol 1 No 3

The
MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. 1 ,
No.3
DEC. 1966
CONTENTS
A Review of t h e North A m e r i c a n S p e c i e s of t h e Genus Otites L a t r i e l l e ,
with D e s c r i p t i o n s of Two New S p e c i e s ( D i p t e r a : O t i t i d a e )
79
G e o r g e C. S t e y s k a l
.......................
S o m e Notes on H e t e r o p t e r a n T r i c h o b o t h r i a
C a r l W. S c h a e f e r
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Another R e c o r d of Williamsonia fletchevi

duliidae)
David F. F o l e y
i n Michigan (Odonata: C o r -
. ~.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
New S p e c i e s of Thvaulodes f r o m New Mexico ( E p h e m e r o p t e r a :

Leptophlebiidae)
.91
R i c h a r d W. K o s s .
.......................
The B e h a v i o r of Atlanticus testaceus ( O r t h o p t e r a : Tettigoniidae) on t h e

E. S. G e o r g e R e s e r v e , Michigan
S. K. G a n g w e r e .
95
........................
Laminating Lepidoptera for Educational Use

D a r r y l Quidort
........................
.lo1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I03
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
C o v e r Photo: A Note About N e t s

R e v i e w s of R e c e n t L i t e r a t u r e
PUBLICATION DATES
Vol. 1 , NO. 1 of The Michigan Entomologist ( J u l y 1966) w a s m a i l e d
on 2 8 J u l y 1966. Vol. 1 . N o . 2 ( S e p t e m b e r 1966) w a s m a i l e d on 9 S e p t e m b e r 1966.
...................................
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T h e P r e s i d e n t and G o v e r n i n g B o a r d of t h e Michigan
E n t o m o l o g i c a l Society announce t h e appointment of Ronald
S. Wilkinson, F.L.S., F.R.E.S., a s E d i t o r of The Michigan
Entomologist, beginning with the p r e s e n t i s s u e . T h e s i n c e r e
g r a t i t u d e of t h e B o a r d is d u e to t h e r e t i r i n g E d i t o r , Julian
P . Donahue, F.R.E.S., f o r h i s e f f o r t s i n t h e conception and
founding of t h e journal. M r . Donahue will continue a s
E x e c u t i v e S e c r e t a r y of the Society and E d i t o r of t h e
f.,
,
L.,
:.:.
$
3,
.::::
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Newslettev.
3...,
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8
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........
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The Michigan E n t o m o l o g i c a l Society t r a c e s i t s o r i g i n s to t h e old

D e t r o i t E n t o m o l o g i c a l Society and w a s o r g a n i z e d on 4 N o v e m b e r 1 9 5 4
to
. p r o m o t e t h e s c i e n c e of entomology i n a l l i t s b r a n c h e s and by a l l
f e a s i b l e m e a n s , and to a d v a n c e c o o p e r a t i o n and good fellowship a m o n g
p e r s o n s i n t e r e s t e d i n entomology." T h e Society a t t e m p t s to f a c i l i t a t e
t h e e x c h a n g e of i d e a s and i n f o r m a t i o n in both a m a t e u r and p r o f e s s i o n a l
c i r c l e s , and e n c o u r a g e s t h e study of i n s e c t s by youth. M e m b e r s h i p i n t h e
S o c i e t y , which s e r v e s t h e North C e n t r a l S t a t e s and a d j a c e n t C a n a d a , is
open to a l l p e r s o n s i n t e r e s t e d i n entomology. T h e r e a r e t h r e e paying
c l a s s e s of m e m b e r s h i p :
". .
Student (including t h o s e c u r r e n t l y e n r o l l e d i n c o l l e g e o r g r a d u a t e
p r o g r a m s ) -- annual d u e s $1.00
Active -- annual d u e s $2.00
Sustaining - - annual c o n t r i b u t i o n $25.00 o r m o r e
D u e s a r e paid on a c a l e n d a r y e a r b a s i s ( J a n . 1 - Dec. 31).
M e m b e r s h i p s a c c e p t e d b e f o r e J u l y 1 s h a l l begin on t h e p r e c e d i n g
J a n u a r y 1; m e m b e r s h i p s a c c e p t e d a t a l a t e r d a t e s h a l l begin t h e following J a n u a r y I u n l e s s t h e e ' a r l i e r d a t e is r e q u e s t e d and t h e r e q u i r e d d u e s
a r e paid. All m e m b e r s i n good standing r e c e i v e the Newslettev of t h e
S o c i e t y , published q u a r t e r l y . All Active and Sustaining M e m b e r s (but
NOT Student M e m b e r s ) r e c e i v e i s s u e s of The Michigan Entomologist
published d u r i n g t h e c a l e n d a r y e a r of t h e i r m e m b e r s h i p . Only Active
and S u s t a i n i n g M e m b e r s m a y vote i n Society a f f a i r s .
~ l l d u e sand c o n t r i b u t i o n s to the Society a r e d e d u c t i b l e f o r F e d e r a l
income tax purposes.
SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION
I n s t i t u t i o n s and o r g a n i z a t i o n s , a s well a s i n d i v i d u a l s not d e s i r i n g t h e
b e n e f i t s of m e m b e r s h i p , m a y s u b s c r i b e to The Michigan Entomologist
a t t h e r a t e of $6.00 p e r volume. T h e f i r s t v o l u m e will c o n s i s t of 1 0
n u m b e r s ; e a c h n u m b e r will b e a t l e a s t 32 p a g e s i n length. S u b s c r i p t i o n s
a r e a c c e p t e d only on a v o l u m e (10 i s s u e ) b a s i s . T h e r e a r e no annual
s u b s c r i p t i o n s . Single c o p i e s of The Michigan Entomologist a r e a v a i l a b l e
a t $0.75 e a c h , with a 20% d i s c o u n t f o r 2 5 o r m o r e c o p i e s s e n t to a
single address.
I n q u i r i e s about b a c k n u m b e r s , s u b s c r i p t i o n s and Society b u s i n e s s
should b e d i r e c t e d to the E x e c u t i v e S e c r e t a r y , J u l i a n P . Donahue, Dep a r t m e n t of Entomology, Michigan S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , E a s t L a n s i n g ,
Michigan 4882 3. M a n u s c r i p t s and r e l a t e d c o r r e s p o n d e n c e should b e
d i r e c t e d to t h e E d i t o r ( s e e i n s i d e b a c k c o v e r ) .
1966
THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGIST
79
A REVIEW OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS

OTITES LATREILLE, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES
(DIPTERA: OTITIDAE)
G e o r g e C. S t e y s k a l
Entomology R e s e a r c h D i v i s i o n , A.R.S.
U.S. D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e
Washington, D. C.
In 1 9 6 1 ( S t e y s k a l , 1 9 6 1 ) , I p l a c e d t h e g e n u s Otites i n a k e y to t h e
N o r t h A m e r i c a n g e n e r a of O t i t i d a e and i n d i c a t e d t h e s y n o n y m y of t h e
g e n u s Ortalimyia. B i b l i o g r a p h y and s y n o n y m y of t h e h i t h e r t o known
s p e c i e s of o u r a r e a will b e found i n t h e Catalog of the Dipteva of
America Novth of Mexico
(Stone e t al., 1965). The only p r e v i o u s l y
p u b l i s h e d k e y t o o u r s p e c i e s was by Hendel (1911, a s Ortalis), w h e r e i n
w e r e included Cevoxys latiusculus ( L o e w ) a n d t h e f o u r s p e c i e s now
known a s Otites bimaculahs ( H e n d e l ) , 0. evythvocephala ( H e n d e l ) ,
0. pyvvhocephala ( L o e w ) , and 0. stigma (Hendel). T h e p r e s e n t t r e a t m e n t e x c l u d e s Cevoxys b u t i n c l u d e s 0. snowi ( C r e s s o n ) and two new
s p e c i e s h e r e d e s c r i b e d a s 0. evythvosceles and 0. michiganus,making
a t o t a l of s e v e n s p e c i e s .
T h e s p e c i e s f o r m two r a t h e r d i s t i n c t g r o u p s b a s e d on t h e width of
t h e f r o n t o - o r b i t a l p r u i n o s i t y and t h e n a t u r e of t h e c l o s u r e of t h e a n a l
c e l l of t h e wing, a s s e t f o r t h i n t h e following key. H o w e v e r , 0. stigma
( H e n d e l ) , while r e f e r a b l e t o t h e s e c o n d g r o u p , s h o w s c h a r a c t e r s indic a t i n g r a p p r o c h e m e n t to t h e f i r s t group.
T h e g e n e r i c n a m e , although not found i n l a r g e G r e e k l e x i c o n s , is
of a f o r m t h a t c o r r e s p o n d s to a r a t h e r l a r g e c l a s s of G r e e k nouns e n d ing i n -ites (.rrorvr(s, a h r l ~ ( s ,~ o h i r q s ) .A s t h e s e w o r d s a r e a l l of m a s c u l i n e
g e n d e r , i t s e e m s r e a s o n a b l e , i n t h e a b s e n c e of o t h e r d e c i s i v e e v i d e n c e ,
t o t r e a t Otites a s m a s c u l i n e .
K E Y TO THE NORTH AMERICAN S P E C I E S O F OTITES L A T R E I L L E

1 (6) F r o n t a l o r b i t s b r o a d l y
white p r u i n o s e , p r u i n o s i t y s u r r o u n d i n g
s e v e r a l h a i r s f o r whole length of f r o n t ; s c u t e l l u m b a r e o r h a i r y
on d i s c ; mesonoturn n e a r l y s h i n i n g to h e a v i l y p r u i n o s e ; a n a l c e l l
with s m a l l p o i n t i n l o w e r c o r n e r e x t e n d i n g s l i g h t l y f a r t h e r a p i c a d
than m e d i a n a r c u a t i o n of a n a l c r o s s v e i n ; l e g s l a r g e l y b l a c k .
2 ( 3 ) D i s c of s c u t e l l u m with m a n y h a i r s , e s p e c i a l l y t o w a r d b a s e ; l e g s
with only k n e e s r e d d i s h ; wings with d i s t i n c t s u b b a s a l b r o w n band
80
Vol. 1, No. 3
f r o m t i p of c o s t a l c e l l to b a s e of d i s c a l c e l l and a l s o s o m e
b r o w n i s h c o l o r a t i o n about e n d of 1 s t vein; a p i c a l wing s p o t conf i n e d to t i p of 2nd vein; m e s o n o t u m m o d e r a t e l y and evenly g r a y i s h
pruinose
0. bimaculatus (Hendel)
3 ( 2 ) D i s c of s c u t e l l u m u s u a l l y b a r e , if with s e v e r a l h a i r s , wing patt e r n d i f f e r e n t ; l e g s with k n e e s and m i d - b a s i t a r s u s r e d d i s h .
4 (5) Wings h y a l i n e , m a r k e d a s i n 0. bimaculatus, but l o w e r p a r t of
a p i c a l s p o t r a t h e r d i f f u s e and extending i n t o a r e a about t i p of 3 r d
vein; d e n s e r p r u i n o s i t y of m e s o n o t u m (viewed f r o m r e a r ) u s u a l l y
c o n c e n t r a t e d into 3 longitudinal s t r i p s i n p r e s u t u r a l a r e a
0. michigunus, n. s p .
.................
........................
....
5 (4) Wings w h i t i s h , s u b b a s a l and a p i c a l m a r k i n g s v e r y f a i n t o r l a c k i n g ; m e s o n o t u m quite heavily whitish to o c h r e o u s p r u i n o s e

0. S ~ O W Z ' ( C r e s s o n )
.........................
...
6 (1) F r o n t with v e r y n a r r o w white p r u i n o s e o r b i t a l m a r g i n s n o t s u r -
rounding m o r e t h a n a 'few h a i r s ( a n t e r i o r l y ) ; s c u t e l l u m b a r e o r
with a few d i s c a l h a i r s ; m e s o n o t u m l a r g e l y s h i n i n g ; a n a l c e l l
with m i n u t e l o w e r point not extending f a r t h e r a p i c a d t h a n d o e s
m e d i a n a r c u a t i o n of a n a l c r o s s v e i n ; l e g s s o m e t i m e s l a r g e l y
reddish.
7 (8) Head with o c c i p u t , u p p e r p a r a f r o n t a l s , antenna1 g r o o v e s , and o r a l
m a r g i n b l a c k i s h ; m e s o n o t u m lightly and diffusely p r u i n o s e ; a p i c a l
wing s p o t extending well i n t o t i p of m a r g i n a l c e l l ; s u b b a s a l wing
m a r k h a r d l y developed; p r u i n o s i t y of f r o n t a l o r b i t s a n t e r i o r l y
s o m e t i m e s involving b a s e s of a few h a i r s - .
0. Stigma (Hendel)
8 ( 7 ) Head n e a r l y wholly r e d d i s h ; m e s o n o t u m wholly s u b s h i n i n g o r with
p r u i n o s e longitudinal s t r i p e s ; a p i c a l wing s p o t v a r i o u s ; s u b b a s a l
m a r k s o m e t i m e s developed; p r u i n o s i t y of f r o n t a l o r b i t s not i n volving b a s e s of h a i r s .
9 (10) L e g s n e a r l y wholly r e d d i s h ; m e s o n o t u m dully shining; s c u t e l l u m
with a f e w d i s c a l h a i r s ; a p i c a l wing s p o t l a r g e and d i f f u s e , extendi n g well into tip of m a r g i n a l c e l l ; d o r s u m of a b d o m e n shining
0. er.ythrosceles, n. sp.
10 (9) L e g s l a r g e l y b l a c k ; m e s o n o t u m subshining o r w i t h p r u i n o s e longitudinal s t r i p e s ; s c u t e l l u m b a r e ; a p i c a l wing s p o t extending no
m o r e than s l i g h t l y into t i p of m a r g i n a l c e l l ; d o r s u m of abdomen
s h i n i n g o r dull.
l l ( l 2 ) L e g s wholly b l a c k ; m e s o n o t u m with 3 n a r r o w longitudinal p r u i n o s e
s t r i p e s ; abdomen p r a c t i c a l l y p o l i s h e d ; s u b b a s a l wing m a r k d i s t i n c t in t i p of c o s t a l c e l l and a c r o s s b a s e s of 2nd and 3 r d v e i n s ;
a p i c a l wing s p o t extending slightly i n t o t i p of m a r g i n a l c e l l
0. pyrrhocephala (Loew)
l 2 ( l l ) K n e e s and m i d - b a s i t a r s u s r e d d i s h ; m e s o n o t u m s u b s h i n i n g , without
p r u i n o s i t y ; d o r s u m of abdomen dulled with v e r y fine b u t d e n s e
s h a g r e e n i n g ; s u b b a s a l wing m a r k i n d i s t i n c t o r l a c k i n g ; a p i c a l
s p o t confined to t i p s of s u b m a r g i n a l and 1 s t p o s t e r i o r c e l l s
0. erythrocefihala (Hendel)
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1966
81
F i r s t Group
Otites bimaculatus (Hendel)

In addition t o t h e c h a r a c t e r s c i t e d i n the k e y , t h e m a l e postabdomen
v e r y s i m i l a r t o t h a t f i g u r e d by m e ( S t e y s k a l , 1 9 6 1 , f i g u r e 4) f o r
Idam mavgimta ( s a y ) , b u t t h e m e s a 1 s i d e of t h e s u r s t y l u s a t i t s b a s e
b e a r s t h r e e s t r o n g s i m p l e t e e t h s p a c e d t h e d i a m e t e r of t h e i r b a s e s
a p a r t and t h e e p i p h a l l u s ( p o s t e r i o r t o b a s e of a e d e a g u s ) c o n s i s t s of a
p a i r of s h o r t b u t r a t h e r n a r r o w p r o c e s s e s , t h e t i p s of which a r e t u r n e d
s h a r p l y l a t e r a d and end in a s h a r p point.
T h e type of 0. bimaculatus i s f r o m S o u t h e r n C o l o r a d o ; t h a t of the
synonym cavbom C r e s s o n f r o m C a r b o n County, Wyoming, and t h a t of
longicauda Hendel f r o m W e l l s , E l k o Co., Nevada. I h a v e e x a m i n e d
m a t e r i a l f r o m t h e following l o c a l i t i e s : C o l o r a d o ( F l o r i s s a n t , T e l l e r
Co.); Wyoming ( C a r b o n C o . , type of carbona; L y m a n , Uintah Co.;
Yellowstone P a r k ) ; Utah (St. G e o r g e , Washington Co.; S a l t L a k e C i t y ,
S a l t L a k e Co.); Washington ( S p r a g u e , L i n c o l n Co.); Oregon,$(Wheeler CO.;
Worden, K l a m a t h C o . ) ; Nevada (Red House R a n c h , E u r e k a Co.; Wells,
Elko Co.; W i n n e m u c c a , Humboldt Co.); C a l i f o r n i a (Big P i n e , Inyo Co.;
H a l l e l u j a h J c t . , Spauldings, and S u s a n v i l l e , L a s s e n Co.; T u l e L a k e
d i s t r i c t and G o o s e L a k e , Modoc Co.; F a l e s Hot S p r i n g s , Mono Co.;
4 m i . w e s t of Quincy, P l u m a s Co.); ~ ~ n i t o b( Baa l d u r ; Stony Mountain).
is
Otites michiganus, new s p e c i e s

Male. L e n g t h of wing. 5.5 - 6.0 m m .
Head l a r g e l y o r a n g e o r r e d d i s h , only p r o b o s c i s , l a r g e a r e a s on u p p e r
o c c i p u t n e x t t o e y e s , o c e l l a r t r i a n g l e , u p p e r p a r a f r o n t a l s , and s o m e t i m e s c l y p e u s b l a c k i s h . T h i r d antenna1 s e g m e n t obovate to a l i t t l e
r e n i f o r m ( d o r s a l m a r g i n c o n c a v e ) , 1.6 - 1.75 t i m e s a s l o n g a s wide,
a p i c a l t w o - t h i r d s t o t h r e e - f o u r t h s often s t r o n g l y i n f u s c a t e d ; a r i s t a 2.2
t i m e s a s long a s t h i r d s e g m e n t .
T h o r a x black. Mesonotum c o v e r e d with r a t h e r thin g r a y i s h p r u i n o s i t y
when viewed f r o m r e a r , with t h r e e longitudinal s t r i p e s of d e n s e r
p r u i n o s i t y ; h a i r s b l a c k , r a t h e r s h o r t and r e c l i n a t e .
L e g s b l a c k , only k n e e s n a r r o w l y and m i d - b a s i t a r s u s , e x c e p t t i p ,
reddish.
Wings s l i g h t l y i n f u m a t e d , n e a r l y h y a l i n e , with brown m a r k i n g s a s
follows: H u m e r a l c e l l and s m a l l b a s a l p a r t of c o s t a l c e l l ; s u b b a s a l
m a r k i n g c o n s i s t i n g of a p i c a l o n e - t h i r d o f c o s t a l c e l l and contiguous a r e a
t a p e r i n g and fading out i n t o b a s e of d i s c a l c e l l ; a n t e r o - a p i c a l s p o t
extending b a s a d t w o - t h i r d s of d i s t a n c e f r o m wing t i p t o p o s t e r i o r
c r o s s v e i n ( t h e r e b y well i n t o t i p of m a r g i n a l c e l l ) , b a s a l m a r g i n
i r r e g u l a r l y t r a n s v e r s e , d a r k e s t a n t e r i o r l y and fading o u t in f i r s t
p o s t e r i o r c e l l ; h a l t e r and s q u a m a e p a l e yellowish.
Abdomen s h i n i n g b l a c k , with s p a r s e and v e r y fine m i c r o s e t a e , d i s tinctly b u t lightly p r u i n o s e only c l o s e to b a s e . P o s t a b d o m e n v e r y s i m i l a r
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Vol, 1, No. 3
t o t h a t of 0. bimaculatus, b u t b a s e of m e s a 1 s i d e of s u r s t y l u s with t h r e e
c l o s e l y s p a c e d s i m p l e s t r o n g t e e t h and f a r t h e r m e s a d a f e w s t r o n g
s e t a e ; e p i p h a l l u s ( p o s t e r i o r t o b a s e of a e d e a g u s ) c o n s i s t i n g of a c l o s e l y
a d j a c e n t p a i r of s h o r t , p a r a l l e l - s i d e d , o b t u s e l y t i p p e d p r o c e s s e s .
Female. L e n g t h of w i n g , 5.6 - 6.2 m m . ; o v i p o s i t o r with f i n e wavy
c r o s s b a n d s of l i g h t p r u i n o s i t y ; o t h e r w i s e s i m i l a r t o m a l e .
Types. H o l o t y p e d , a l l o t y p e , a n d o n e p a i r of p a r a t y p e s , M a c k i n a w
C o u n t y , M i c h i g a n , J u l y 5 , 1937 (R. R. D r e i s b a c h ) , no. 57887 i n U.S. Natl.
M u s . P a r a t y p e s : d , s a m e d a t a a s h o l o t y p e , i n C . W. S a b r o s k y c o l l e c tion;
M a c k i n a w Co., M i c h . , J u l y 4 , 1 9 3 6 (R. R. D r e i s b a c h ) ; ? s a m e
l o c a l i t y , Aug. 3 , 1 9 3 6 (R. R. D r e i s b a c h ) ; 3 d M a s o n C o . , M i c h . , J u n e 1 4 ,
1 9 4 1 (R. R. D r e i s b a c h ) ; 2 p a i r s , E d m o n t o n , A l t a . l o t 3 0 1 , 1932 (Owen
B r y a n t ) ; d M e d i c i n e H a t , Alta., June 1 4 , 1 9 3 0 (F. S. C a r r ) ; o n e p a i r ,
"Colorado";
one p a i r , P l a t t e Canyon, n r . Idlewild, P a r k Co., Colo.,
J u n e 1 0 , 1 9 2 7 ( J . M. A l d r i c h ) ; d S a l i n a , S e v i e r Co., U t a h , J u n e 2 4 , 1946
(G. F . K n o w l t o n ) ; 2 d K a m i a c B u t t e , W h i t m a n C o . , W a s h . , A. L . M e l a n d e r
c o l l e c t i o n ; a l l i n U.S. Natl. M u s . ; 7 d 1 3 S i l v e r L a k e , O c e a n a Co.,
M i c h . , i n C . W. S a b r o s k y c o l l e c t i o n . T h e l a t t e r s p e c i m e n s i n c l u d e
f e m a l e s t h a t a r e s o m e w h a t t e n e r a l , with t h e w i n g m a r k i n g s r a t h e r
f a i n t , s e e m i n g l y i n d i c a t i n g r e c e n t e m e r g e n c e . A p a i r i n U.S. N a t l .
Museum, f r o m B u r n s , Harney Co., Oregon have blackish parafrontals
i n n e a r l y whole f r o n t a l length, but o t h e r w i s e s e e m to belong h e r e .
Otites snowi ( C r e s s o n )
A s t h i s s p e c i e s is v e r y s i m i l a r t o p o o r l y c o l o r e d s p e c i m e n s of t h e
f o r e g o i n g s p e c i e s , I e x a m i n e d t h e p o s t a b d o m e n o f a m a l e of 0. snowi f o r
c o m p a r i s o n with t h e o t h e r s i n t h i s g r o u p . T h e r e a r e f i v e s t r o n g b u t
r a t h e r s h o r t teeth mesobasally on the surstylus, r a t h e r closely spaced,
and t h e e p i p h a l l u s c o n s i s t s of a p a i r of s h o r t , a c u t e l y t r i a n g u l a r p r o cesses.
T h e t y p e of 0. snowi is f r o m H a m i l t o n C o u n t y , K a n s a s . I h a v e e x a m ined m a t e r i a l f r o m the following localities: K a n s a s (ClarkCo.; Hamilton
C o . , m e t a t o p o t y p e ) ; N e b r a s k a ( M i t c h e l l , S c o t t s Bluff C o . ) ; U t a h ( H a n k s v i l l e , W a y n e C o . ) ; N e w M e x i c o ( L a s C r u c e s , D o n a Ana C o . ) ; S.W.
S a n t a F e , S a n t a F e Co.; S o c o r r o , S o c o r r o C o . ) ; C a l i f o r n i a ( N e e d l e s ,
S a n B e r n a r d i n o Co.).
Second Group
Otites evythvocepkala ( H e n d e l )
T h i s is a p p a r e n t l y a r a r e s p e c i e s i n o u r a r e a . I h a v e s e e n o n l y a
t o p o t y p e f r o m P i n e L a k e (San B e r n a r d i n o C o . ) , C a l i f o r n i a , and s e v e r a l
s p e c i m e n s c o l l e c t e d b y A. L . M e l a n d e r "Up S t a . A n a R i v e r k ~ a nB e r n a r d i n o CO.), Calif."
1966
83
Otites evythvosceles , new s p e c i e s

Male. L e n g t h of wing 4.2 - 5.2 m m .
H e a d l a r g e l y o r a n g e o r r e d d i s h , only p r o b o s c i s , o c e l l a r t r i a n g l e ,
l a r g e a r e a s on u p p e r o c c i p u t n e x t t o e y e s , and s o m e t i m e s antenna1
g r o o v e s b l a c k i s h . Antenna with t h i r d s e g m e n t s o m e t i m e s weakly i n f u s c a t e d a p i c a l l y ; t h i r d s e g m e n t obovate t o s o m e w h a t r e n i f o r m ( d o r s a l
m a r g i n c o n c a v e ) , 1.4 - 1.6 t i m e s a s long a s b r o a d ; a r i s t a t h r e e t i m e s
a s long a s t h i r d s e g m e n t .
T h o r a x b l a c k , only l o w e r e d g e of h u m e r u s , p r o p l e u r o n , and s m a l l
a r e a above f o r e c o x a r e d d i s h . M e s o n o t u m s h i n i n g , c o v e r e d with r a t h e r
long, nearly e r e c t black h a i r s .
L e g s r e d d i s h , only a p i c a l half of f o r e t i b i a , a p i c a l f o u r s e g m e n t s
of m i d d l e t a r s u s , and n e a r l y a l l of o t h e r t a r s i d a r k b r o w n t o b l a c k i s h .
Wings y e l l o w i s h h y a l i n e , only m a r k i n g c o n s i s t i n g of b r o w n a n t e r o a p i c a l s p o t e x t e n d i n g b a s a d t w o - t h i r d s of d i s t a n c e f r o m wing t i p to
p o s t e r i o r c r o s s v e i n ( t h e r e b y well i n t o tip of m a r g i n a l c e l l ) , b a s a l
m a r g i n i r r e g u l a r l y t r a n s v e r s e , d a r k e s t a n t e r i o r l y and fading o u t in
m i d d l e of f i r s t p o s t e r i o r c e l l .
Abdomen s h i n i n g b l a c k , s o m e t i m e s a l i t t l e b r o w n i s h n e a r b a s e .
Female. L e n g t h of wing, 4.7 - 5.7 m m . ; o t h e r w i s e s i m i l a r t o m a l e .
Types. Holotype d and allotype 9 in c o p u l a on o n e p i n , two p a i r s of
p a r a t y p e s , W e l l s , E l k o Co., N e v a d a , J u n e 2 4 , 1927 ( J . M. A l d r i c h ) ;
2 d 1 9 s a m e l o c a l i t y , J u l y 1 2 , 1 9 1 1 ( J . M. A l d r i c h ) ; o n e p a i r i n c o p u l a ,
B r i d g e p o r t , Mono Co., C a l i f o r n i a , J u l y 1 8 , 1936 (G. E . and R. M.
B o h a r t ) ; no. 57888 i n U.S. Natl. Mus.
T h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s of t h i s s p e c i e s m a y b e g l e a n e d f r o m t h e key.
Otites pyvvhocephala ( L o e w )
Although 0. pyvvhocephala ( L o e w ) w a s t h e f i r s t s p e c i e s d e s c r i b e d
f r o m N o r t h A m e r i c a i n 1876 and h a s often b e e n m i s t a k e n l y identified
with o t h e r s p e c i e s , t h e only s p e c i m e n s I h a v e s e e n a r e o n e e a c h f r o m
B l a i r s d e n , P l u m a s C o . , C a l i f . ; J a m e s b u r g , M o n t e r e y C o . , Calif.; 4 m i .
w e s t of Quincy, P l u m a s Co., Calif.; and O r m s b y C o . , Nevada. T h e type
is f r o m " C a l i f o r n i a ; " I h a v e n o t s e e n it.
Otites stigma (Hendel)
C o t y p e s of t h i s s p e c i e s a r e f r o m "Colo." and E r w i n , K i n g s b u r y Co.,
South Dakota. I h a v e s e e n m a t e r i a l f r o m t h e following l o c a l i t i e s :
Nebraska (Sheridan Co.); Minnesota (Crookston, PolkCo.); NorthDakota
( B i s m a r c k , B u r l e i g h Co.; B e a c h , Golden Valley Co.; E d g e l e y , L a M o u r e
Co.; G r a f t o n , Walsh Co.; L a k e M e t i g o s h e , T u r t l e M o u n t a i n s , B o t t i n e a u
Co.; T o w e r C i t y , C a s s Co.); C o l o r a d o ("Colo.";
Platte Canyon, P a r k
Co.); Wyoming ( L a n d e r , F r e m o n t Co.; L a r a m i e , Albany Co.; L y m a n ,
Uintah Co.; S h e r i d a n , S h e r i d a n C o . ) ; Washington ( K a m i a c B u t t e , Whitm a n C o . ) ; Manitoba ( A w e m e ; D e l o r a i n e ; D o u g l a s L a k e ; T r e e s b a n k ;
84
Vol. 1, No. 3
Winnipeg); A l b e r t a ( L e t h b r i d g e ; M e d i c i n e H a t ; St. P a u l ) ; S a s k a t c h e w a n
(Abernethy; B e s t v i l l e ; Dundurn; Indian Head; P h e a s a n t C r e e k ; R a d i s s o n ;
Rut1and).
LITERATURE C I T E D
H e n d e l , F. 1911. U e b e r von P r o f e s s o r J. M . A l d r i c h e r h a l t e n e und
e i n i g e a n d e r e a m e r i k a n i s c h e D i p t e r e n . Wien. Entomol. Zeit. 30:
19-46.
S t e y s k a l , G. C. 1961. T h e g e n e r a of P l a t y s t o m a t i d a e and Otitidae known
to o c c u r i n A m e r i c a n o r t h of Mexico ( D i p t e r a , A c a l y p t r a t a e ) . Ann.
E n t o m o l . Soc. Am. 54: 401-410.
S t o n e , A. et a4 1965. A c a t a l o g of the D i p t e r a of A m e r i c a n o r t h of
Mexico. U.S. Dep. A g r . , A g r . Handbook no. 276.
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We n o t e with r e g r e t t h a t t h e B r o o k l y n E n t o m o l o g i c a l
Society h a s s u s p e n d e d publication of t h e Bulletin "indefin i t e l y J ' a f t e r i s s u i n g t h e v o l u m e s f o r 1964-65 i n J u n e , 1966.
T h e h i s t o r i c Bulletin h a s b e e n a m a j o r f o r c e i n A m e r i c a n
entomology f o r e i g h t y - s e v e n y e a r s , and a l l t h o s e i n t e r e s t e d
in t h e h i s t o r y of o u r s u b j e c t will l a m e n t its a b s e n c e . We
hope t h a t t h e S o c i e t y will s o o n r e s u s c i t a t e t h e Bulletin,
and continue a t r a d i t i o n t h a t should not b e allowed to end.
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.-C..
1966
85
C a r l W. S c h a e f e r
D e p a r t m e n t of Biology, Brooklyn College
Brooklyn, New York, 11210'
T h e r e h a s been much r e c e n t i n t e r e s t in the c o m p a r a t i v e morphology

of the H e t e r o p t e r a . This work h a s e m p h a s i z e d the land b u g s , o r
G e o c o r i s a e , and h a s been concerned with working out the r e l a t i o n s h i p s
and taxonomic p l a c e m e n t of the higher c a t e g o r i e s ( c a t e g o r i e s above the
g e n u s ) , and with the phylogenetic l i n e s and s e q u e n c e s of t h e s e higher
c a t e g o r i e s . The g e o c o r i s i n e g r o u p s with which I have been m o s t conc e r n e d a r e i n the c l o s e l y r e l a t e d s u p e r f a m i l i e s Lygaeoidea, P y r r h o c o r o i d e a , and C o r e o i d e a ( s e e S c h a e f e r , 1 9 6 4 , f o r a d i s c u s s i o n of the
r e l a t i o n s h i p s among t h e s e g r o u p s ) . Another s u p e r f a m i l y , the P e n t a tomoidea, i s l e s s c l o s e l y r e l a t e d . All four of t h e s e s u p e r f a m i l i e s have
a r o l i a and p s e u d a r o l i a , and all four have t r i c h o b o t h r i a . B e c a u s e they
p o s s e s s this l a s t c h a r a c t e r i n c o m m o n , the f o u r a r e grouped together
u n d e r t h e n a m e H e t e r o p t e r a T r i c h o p h o r a ( T u l l g r e n , 1 9 1 8 ) , a n a m e of no
nomenclatorial standing but n e v e r t h e l e s s convenient.
T r i c h o b o t h r i a a r e long h a i r s a r i s i n g f r o m often d a r k e n e d s o c k e t s on
the r e l a t i v e l y bald abdominal v e n t e r . They a r e usually e a s y to distinguish f r o m o t h e r h a i r s , b e c a u s e they a r e l o n g e r , have a d a r k e n e d b a s e ,
and a r e a r r a n g e d s y m m e t r i c a l l y in a distinctive p a t t e r n on e a c h s e g ment.
T h e s e p a t t e r n s and the n u m b e r of t r i c h o b o t h r i a in them a r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of the higher c a t e g o r i e s of the Trichophora. Since the t r i chophoran f a m i l i e s a r e c l o s e l y r e l a t e d , and s i n c e this c l o s e r e l a t i o n s h i p h a s b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d on evidence f r o m o t h e r morphological
f e a t u r e s than t r i c h o b o t h r i a , one might look f o r phylogenetic significance
i n the v a r i e t y of p a t t e r n s . However, v e r y l i t t l e i s known about the function and phylogenetic origin of t r i c h o b o t h r i a . I s h a l l s p e c u l a t e h e r e on
t h e i r function and t h e i r phylogenetic significance, but m o r e m u s t be
l e a r n e d about t r i c h o b o t h r i a b e f o r e speculation b e c o m e s knowledge.
The v e n t r a l position of t r i c h o b o t h r i a s u p p o r t s the i d e a that they a r e
t a c t i l e , telling the i n s e c t s o m e t h i n g about the s u b s t r a t e o v e r which i t
i s moving. Another possibility i s that they aid in flight, by detecting
changes in the f o r c e and d i r e c t i o n of a i r c u r r e n t s . However, many of
t h e i r p o s s e s s o r s fly only r a r e l y and c l u m s i l y ; o t h e r s do not fly a t a l l ,
and t h e r e i s no c o r r e l a t i o n between p r e s e n c e of t r i c h o b o t h r i a and
b r a c h y p t e r y , a s t h e r e i s , f o r e x a m p l e , between the a b s e n c e of ocelli
and b r a c h y p t e r y .
*A shorter version of this paper was readat the annual meeting of the Entomological Society of America,
December,
1965.
-' ~ r e s e n t address: Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Connecticut. Storrs, Connecticut
86
Vol. 1, No. 3
S e v e r a l people, m o s t r e c e n t l y L e s t o n and P r i n g l e (1964), have sugg e s t e d that t r i c h o b o t h r i a a r e s o u n d - r e c e p t o r s . Some objections c a n b e

r a i s e d to t h i s i d e a , but they may not b e valid. One objection i s t h a t all
m e m b e r s of the T r i c h o p h o r a have t r i c h o b o t h r i a , although s o m e t i m e s few
in n u m b e r ; yet only i n r e l a t i v e l y few t r i c h o p h o r a n s have sound-producing
s t r u c t u r e s been discovered. T h e r e a r e two p o s s i b l e a n s w e r s to t h i s
objection. F i r s t , s t r i d u l a t o r y d e v i c e s have been found in many hete r o p t e r a n s h e r e t o f o r e thought to l a c k them. Second, the sounds may b e
produced not by s p e c i a l m e c h a n i s m s but by the i m p a c t of s o m e p a r t of
the body against the s u b s t r a t e ( H a s k e l l , 1961). This l a t t e r method might
explain why t r i c h o b o t h r i a a r e v e n t r a l . If they w e r e designed to r e c e i v e
a i r b o r n e s o u n d s , one would e x p e c t them to b e d o r s a l , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n
t h e s e r a r e l y flying i n s e c t s .
Another objection to the i d e a t h a t t r i c h o b o t h r i a a r e s o u n d - r e c e p t o r s
i s the p r e s e n c e of s t r i d u l a t o r y d e v i c e s in h e t e r o p t e r a n s lacking t r i chobothria (non-trichophorans). This objection too i s not wholly valid.
S o m e of the Aradidae and Reduvioidea have s t r i d u l a t o r y d e v i c e s and
a p p e a r to lack trichobothria. H o w e v e r , t r i c h o b o t h r i a have been found
by Stys (1964, in e p i s t . ) in s o m e r e d u v i i d s , and t r i c h o b o t h r i a will p e r haps b e found i n o t h e r s . M o r e o v e r , i t is p o s s i b l e that v a r i o u s s e t a e ,
not e x t e r n a l l y modified to a p p e a r a s t r i c h o b o t h r i a , m a y function a s
s o u n d - r e c e p t o r s . T h e r e i s no doubt t h a t a g r e a t many land H e t e r o p t e r a
produce sounds, but a s f a r a s I a m a w a r e no "hearing" m e c h a n i s m h a s
been d i s c o v e r e d , u n l e s s i t b e the t r i c h o b o t h r i a .
L e s t o n and P r i n g l e (1964) hypothesize t h a t t r i c h o b o t h r i a r e c e i v e
s p e c i e s - s p e c i f i c sounds and thereby p r e v e n t hybridization of c l o s e l y
r e l a t e d s p e c i e s . T h i s s e e m s unlikely a s the s o l e p u r p o s e of t h e s e
sounds and t h e i r r e c e p t i o n , f o r t r i c h o b o t h r i a a r e found in i m m a t u r e a s
well a s adult t r i c h o p h o r a n s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , I know of no i m m a t u r e t e r r e s t r i a l t r i c h o p h o r a n t h a t p r o d u c e s sound, and indeed many soundproducing s t r u c t u r e s a r e a s s o c i a t e d with adult f e a t u r e s (like wings);
p e r h a p s , then, t r i c h o b o t h r i a s e r v e different functions in nymphs and
adults. If s o , adult sound might well have a c o u r t i n g function and s e r v e
a l s o a s an isolating device.
Whatever t h e i r function--and sound-reception s e e m s the m o s t likely
one--the s y m m e t r i c a l a r r a n g e m e n t of t r i c h o b o t h r i a i s c e r t a i n l y of
functional significance. The s y m m e t r y i m p l i e s directionality. I t i m p l i e s ,
that i s , an ability of the i n s e c t to t e l l the d i r e c t i o n f r o m which the
s t i m u l u s i s a r r i v i n g . T h i s of c o u r s e would b e highly useful in sound
r e c e p t i o n ; i t would b e n e c e s s a r y f o r detecting a i r c u r r e n t s ; and the
s y m m e t r y would even b e useful if t r i c h o b o t h r i a a r e d e v i c e s f o r the
exploration, of t h e s u b s t r a t e , s i n c e i t would allow b e t t e r judging of
g r a d i e n t s of humidity, c h e m i c a l s , e t c . T h i s a t t r i b u t e of directionality
does not distinguish between p o s s i b l e functions.
C l o s e l y c o n t r o l l e d b e h a v i o r a l and electrophysiological e x p e r i m e n t s
a r e needed b e f o r e one c a n do m o r e than s p e c u l a t e on the function(s) of
trichobothria.
1966
87
The p a t t e r n s of t r i c h o b o t h r i a on the abdominal v e n t e r a r e quite cons t a n t a t the higher taxonomic l e v e l s . The P e n t a t o m o i d e a ( F i g s . 7-8)
have two t r i c h o b o t h r i a l a t e r a l l y on s t e r n a t h r e e through seven. In m e m b e r s of the lygaeoid-pyrrhocoroid-coreoid c o m p l e x ( F i g s . 1 - 4 ) , t h e r e
a r e usually t h r e e t r i c h o b o t h r i a on s e g m e n t s t h r e e through s i x , and two
on the seventh. In addition, the c l u s t e r s on s e g m e n t s t h r e e and f o u r
a r e m e d i a l , while the r e m a i n d e r a r e l a t e r a l , n e a r the s p i r a c l e . The
i m p o r t a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n m e m b e r s of t h i s c o m p l e x a r e in the a r r a n g e m e n t of t r i c h o b o t h r i a , and the a r r a n g e m e n t of the c l u s t e r s r e l a t i v e to
the s p i r a c l e . ( S p i r a c l e s a r e usually v e n t r a l in the T r i c h o p h o r a . Occasionally s o m e a r e d o r s a l , a s i n the S l a t e r e l l i n a e , but the phylogenetic
significance of t h i s i s not c l e a r . )
F i g u r e 5 shows the t r i c h o b o t h r i a l p a t t e r n of Idiostolus. T h i s and the
g e n u s TYisecus w e r e placed in a s e p a r a t e subfamily (Idiostolinae) of
the Lygaeidae by Scudder in 1962; in 1964 Stys r a i s e d t h e m to a s u p e r f a m i l y , p r i m a r i l y on the b a s i s of t h e i r t r i c h o b o t h r i a l n u m b e r s and patt e r n s . In a recently completed morphological study, I have taken a
middle view and have placed the two g e n e r a i n a f a m i l y , Idiostolidae,
i n the s u p e r f a m i l y Lygaeoidea ( S c h a e f e r , 1966). Idiostolus shows s o m e
v e r y advanced morphological f e a t u r e s and s o m e v e r y g e n e r a l i z e d ( o r
p r i m i t i v e ) o n e s , among which i s the t r i c h o b o t h r i a l number.
All t r i c h o p h o r a n s with f e w e r than the u s u a l n u m b e r of t r i c h o b o t h r i a
a r e advanced with r e s p e c t to many o t h e r morphological c h a r a c t e r s . It
i s r e a s o n a b l e , then, if f a r f r o m c o n c l u s i v e , that the l a r g e n u m b e r of
I ) COREIDAE
5 ) IDIOSTOLIDAE
2 I m o l l LYGAEIDAE
61
SLATERELLINAE
3 ) LARGIDAE
i' )
THAUMASTELLIDAE
PYRRHOCORIDAE
PENTATOMIDAE
Figures 1-8. Trichobothrial patterns of .representative Heteroptera Trichophora. The diagrams (adopted
from Scudder, 1963) represent the left side of abdominal sterna 11 through VII. The left-hand border of
each diagram represents the ventral midline of the abdomen. The diagrams a r e not to scale.
Symbols: x =trichobothrium: o= spiracle
88
Vol. 1, No. 3
Idiostolus t r i c h o b o t h r i a i s p r i m i t i v e . Another indication t h a t t h i s l a r g e

n u m b e r is p r i m i t i v e i s t h e p l a s t i c i t y of position of s e v e r a l of t h e t r i c h o b o t h r i a . In t h e l a r g e c l u s t e r s of s e g m e n t s t h r e e and f o u r t h e a r r a n g e m e n t w a s e x t r e m e l y v a r i a b l e i n m y s p e c i m e n s , and o c c a s i o n a l l y a
t r i c h o b o t h r i u m was e v e n m i s s i n g . I e m p h a s i z e t h e a b s e n c e of direct
proof t h a t t h i s l a r g e n u m b e r is a p r i m i t i v e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , but t h e r e is
no e v i d e n c e , d i r e c t o r i n d i r e c t , t h a t i t i s not.
Although i t a p p e a r s t h a t m a n y o t h e r t r i c h o p h o r a n p a t t e r n s could b e
d e r i v e d f r o m t h e i d i o s t o l i d p a t t e r n by e l i m i n a t i n g s e l e c t e d t r i c h o b o t h r i a , t h e Idiostolus t r i c h o b o t h r i a l a r r a n g e m e n t on t h e fifth s t e r n u m
cannot b e d i r e c t l y a n c e s t r a l to any o t h e r . T h e r e a r e only two t r i c h o b o t h r i a on t h e fifth s t e r n u m of Idiostolus and t h r e e i n m o s t o t h e r m e m b e r s of t h e lygaeoid-pyrrhocoroid-coreoid c o m p l e x .
Idiostolus m a y b e advanced with r e s p e c t t o t h i s c h a r a c t e r on t h e
fifth s t e r n u m , and p r i m i t i v e e l s e w h e r e . T h i s s e e m s unlikely. If t h e
Idiostolus p a t t e r n d o e s r e s e m b l e t h a t of t h e p r e s u m e d c o m m o n a n c e s t o r
of t h e c o m p l e x , a t h i r d l a t e r a l t r i c h o b o t h r i u m m a y h a v e b e e n developed
in e i t h e r of two ways. An e x i s t i n g s e t a m a y h a v e b e e n modified t o a
t r i c h o b o t h r i u m , o r a m e d i a l t r i c h o b o t h r i u m m a y have been s h i f t e d
l a t e r a l l y . Such a m e d i a l t r i c h o b o t h r i u m would have b e e n homologous t o
o n e of t h e two found i n Idiostolus b u t now a b s e n t e l s e w h e r e i n t h e c o m plex. T h e v a r i a b i l i t y of t r i c h o b o t h r i a l p o s i t i o n in Idiostolus i n d i c a t e s
that such a shift might have o c c u r r e d before these positions became
"fixed."
A l s o , o t h e r m i g r a t i o n s of a t r i c h o b o t h r i u m and p a r t of t h e
fifth s t e r n u m o c c u r n o r m a l l y in t h e L e t h a e i n i (Lygaeidae) and a t l e a s t
o n c e a n o m a l o u s l y i n t h e c o r e i d Amsa tristis D e G e e r ( S c h a e f e r , i n
press).
In o n e s m a l l g r o u p of t h e lygaeoid-pyrrhocoroid-coreid c o m p l e x t h e
f i f t h - s t e r n a l p a t t e r n r e s e m b l e s t h e i d i o s t o l i d p a t t e r n . M e m b e r s of t h e
l y g a e i d s u b f a m i l y S l a t e r e l l i n a e h a v e two l a t e r a l t r i c h o b o t h r i a and no
m e d i a n o n e s on t h e fifth s t e r n u m ( F i g . 6). H o w e v e r , t h e n u m b e r of
t r i c h o b o t h r i a on the o t h e r s e g m e n t s is a l s o much r e d u c e d . If t h i s r e duction of t r i c h o b o t h r i a on t h e fifth s t e r n u m in t h e S l a t e r e l l i n a e i s
advanced ( a s I have s u g g e s t e d above i t i s ) , and if t h e r e d u c t i o n i n t h e
I d i o s t o l i d a e i s p r i m i t i v e ( a s I b e l i e v e it i s ) , t h e s i m i l a r i t y between t h e
two p a t t e r n s on t h e fifth s t e r n u m is not phylogenetically significant.
It s e e m s c l e a r , then, that the idiostolid trichobothrial pattern, although c e r t a i n l y p r i m i t i v e , is not d i r e c t l y a n c e s t r a l to any e x i s t i n g
p a t t e r n . At l e a s t o n e i n t e r m e d i a t e f o r m m u s t b e p o s t u l a t e d t o p r o v i d e
e v i d e n c e f o r a l a t e r a l m i g r a t i o n of one of t h e two m e d i a n t r i c h o b o t h r i a
on s t e r n u m five. B u t t h e i d i o s t o l i d p a t t e r n v e r y p r o b a b l y c o m e s t h e
c l o s e s t t o r e p r e s e n t i n g t h a t of t h e t r i c h o p h o r a n a n c e s t o r . Much o t h e r
e v i d e n c e s u g g e s t s s t r o n g l y t h a t t h a t a n c e s t o r was l y g a e i d - l i k e ( S c h a e f e r ,
1 9 6 4 ) ; and i t is s i g n i f i c a n t t h a t t h e g e n e r a l m o r p h o l o g y of t h e I d i o s t o l i d a e
i s v e r y s i m i l a r t o t h a t of t h e L y g a e i d a e ( S c h a e f e r , 1966).
The o t h e r g r o u p of t h e H e t e r o p t e r a T r i c h o p h o r a i s t h e P e n t a t o m o i d e a .
T h e o r i g i n s , r e l a t i o n s h i p s , and phylogeny of t h e m a j o r g r o u p s i n t h i s
s u p e r f a m i l y a r e v e r y p o o r l y known. T h e pentatomoid t r i c h o b o t h r i a l
1966
89
p a t t e r n s a r e m o r e advanced than m o s t of those i n the lygaeoidp y r r h o c o r o i d - c o r e o i d c o m p l e x e s , a s t h e r e a r e no m o r e than two t r i c h o b o t h r i a p e r segment. T h i s i s t r u e even of the m o s t p r i m i t i v e g r o u p s ,
the T h a u m a s t e l l i d a e (Stys, 1964) and (probably) the G a r s a u r i i n a e
(Cydnid,ae). T h e s e two t r i c h o b o t h r i a a r e a r r a n g e d in v a r i o u s ways-t r a n s v e r s e , oblique, longitudinal--and they m a y b e a r varying r e l a t i o n s h i p s to the s p i r a c l e . The t h a u m a s t e l l i d p a t t e r n (Fig. 7) m a y well b e
the p r i m i t i v e o n e , and t h a t of the P e n t a t o m i d a e (Fig. 8) the m o r e
advanced. Ruckes (1962) h a s d e s c r i b e d t h e s e p a t t e r n s , and, f r o m h i s
d e s c r i p t i o n s , i t m a y be p o s s i b l e to work out s o m e g e n e r a l evolutionary
t r e n d s . I s h a l l do t h i s soon a s p a r t o f a g e n e r a l study of the morphology
and r e l a t i o n s h i p s of the Pentatomoidea.
F u r t h e r s t u d i e s of the r e l a t i o n s h i p s between the m a j o r t r i c h o p h o r a n
g r o u p s will contribute much t o a b e t t e r understanding of the o r i g i n and
evolution of t r i c h o b o t h r i a . B u t a knowledge of s t r u c t u r e i s not enough,
and, a s I have s a i d , final understanding awaits e x p e r i m e n t a l evidence
f o r t r i c h o b o t h r i a l function.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I thank D r s . M. H. Sweet ( T e x a s A&M U n i v e r s i t y , College Station)
and D. E . L e o n a r d (Connecticut A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e r i m e n t Station, New
Haven) f o r suggesting i m p r o v e m e n t s i n t h i s p a p e r and f o r f r u i t f u l conv e r s a t i o n s on the i d e a s in i t . I thank D r . Sweet f u r t h e r f o r providing
s o m e p a p e r s unavailable to me.
F i n a l l y , I a m g r a t e f u l to m y w i f e , S t e p h a n i S c h a e f e r , f o r the d i a g r a m s .
LITERATURE CITED
I
1
H a s k e l l , P.T. 1961. I n s e c t Sounds. Chicago.

L e s t o n , D. and J.W.S. P r i n g l e 1964. Acoustical behaviourof H e m i p t e r a .
Acoustic Behaviour of Animals (R.-G. B u s n e l , ed.) P p . 392-411,
798-799.
R u c k e s , H. 1961 (1962). The diagnostic value of t r i c h o b o t h r i a i n pentatomid taxonomy. Verh. XI. Internat. Kongr.Entomo1. (Wien) 1:35-37.
S c h a e f e r , C. W. 1964. The morphology and h i g h e r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of the
C o r e o i d e a (Hemiptera-Heteroptera): P a r t s I and 11. Ann.Entomo1. Soc.
A m e r . 57:670-684.
1966. The morphology and higher s y s t e m a t i c s of the
Idiostolinae (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. A m e r .
59:602-613.
An abdominal anomaly in a c o r e i d (Hemiptera: H e t e r o p t e r a ) , with s o m e phylogenetic notes. Bull. Brookl. Entomol. Soc.,
in p r e s s .
S c u d d e r , G.G.E. 1962. R e s u l t s of the Royal Society Expedition to Southe r n C h i l e , 1958-59; Lygaeidae ( H e m i p t e r a ) , with the d e s c r i p t i o n of a
new subfamily. Can. Entomol. 94:1064-1075.
90
Vol, 1, No. 3
1963. Adult abdominal c h a r a c t e r s in the lygaeoidc o r e o i d c o m p l e x of t h e H e t e r o p t e r a , and the c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of the

group. Can. J. Zool. 41:l-14.
S t y s , P. 1964. T h a u m a s t e l l i d a e - - a n e w f a m i l y of pentatomoid H e t e r o p t e r a . Acta Soc. Entomol. Cechoslov. 61:236-253.
T u l l g r e n , A. 1918. Z u r Morphologie und S y s t e m a t i k d e r H e m i p t e r a . I.
Ueber d a s Vorkommen von s.g. T r i c h o b o t h r i e n b e i H e m i p t e r a H e t e r o p t e r a und i h r e m u t m a s s l i c h e Bedeutung fiir d a s H e t e r o p t e r e n s y s t e m . Entomol. T i d s k r . 39:113-133.
ANOTHER RECORD OF WlLLlAMSONlA FLETCHER1 IN MICHIGAN

(ODONATA: CORDULIIDAE)
David F. F o l e y
414 State S t r e e t
T r a v e r s e C i t y , Michigan, 49684
Williamsonia fletchevi Williamson was f i r s t t a k e n i n the United

S t a t e s in the u p p e r peninsula of Michigan n e a r Manistique, Schoolcraft
County (Gloyd, 1932). On J u n e 4 , 1966, I c o l l e c t e d two m a l e s of t h i s
r a r e s p e c i e s a t Island L a k e , a s m a l l l a k e heavily o v e r g r o w n with jack
pine and p o p l a r in s o u t h e a s t e r n G r a n d T r a v e r s e County. The s p e c i m e n s
w e r e identified by M r s . L e o n o r a Gloyd of t h e University of Michigan.
T h i s i s the f i r s t r e p o r t of t h i s s p e c i e s f r o m t h e l o w e r peninsula of
Michigan, and the second f o r the United S t a t e s .
LITERATURE CITED
Gloyd, L e o n o r a K. 1932. F o u r new dragonfly r e c o r d s f o r t h e United
S t a t e s . Entomol. News 43: 189-190.
1966
91
A NEW SPECIES OF THRAULODES FROM NEW MEXICO

(EPHEMEROPTERA: LEPTOPHLEBIIDAE)
R i c h a r d W. K o s s
Dept. of Entomology, Michigan State U n i v e r s i t y
E a s t L a n s i n g , Michigan 48823
While working on the E p h e m e r o p t e r a collection in the Entomology

Museum a t Michigan State U n i v e r s i t y , the author c a m e upon a single
s p e c i m e n of Thraulodes which a p p e a r e d to b e a new s p e c i e s . Although
i t i s only in f a i r condition (the p r e s e r v i n g fluid having d i s s i p a t e d under
field conditions), the c o l o r s a r e well p r e s e r v e d and v e r y distinctive.
The s p e c i m e n was s e n t to D r . J a y R. T r a v e r , University of Massachus e t t s , who c o n f i r m e d s u s p i c i o n s that the s p e c i m e n was new. I have been
informed by D r . T r a v e r that s h e and D r . G e o r g e F. Edmunds Jr. a r e
p r e s e n t l y engaged i n a r e v i s i o n a r y study of the genus f o r North and
South A m e r i c a , and i t should be i n p r e s s s h o r t l y .
THRAUL ODES BRUNNE US
sp. nov.
( F i g s . 1-3)
MALE IMAGO.
Size. Body 8 1 / 2 m m . ; forewing 9 m m .
Head. B l a c k i s h brown with l a r g e pale a r e a s m e s a d to b a s e s of
antennae; f r o n t a l m a r g i n of head hyaline. Antennae light brown; l o w e r
e y e s b l a c k , u p p e r e y e s red-brown.
Thorax. O v e r a l l light brown, excepting pronotum black on a n t e r i o r
and l a t e r a l m a r g i n s , and with a distinct full-length, m e d i a n black
s t r i p e ; m e s o - and m e t a n o t a light yellow-brown, apex of s c u t e l l u m d a r k
brown; p r o p l e u r a a l m o s t completely blackened by a m a r k extending
f r o m b a s e of forewing to forecoxa. Black m a r k i n g s a l m o s t completely
e n c i r c l i n g m e s o c o x a l cavity, p r e s e n t d o r s a l l y a t m e t a c o x a l c a v i t y , and
a l s o extending between the two c a v i t i e s . P r o s t e r n u m p u r p l i s h ; m e s o and m e t a s t e r n a light yellow-brown.
Legs. F i r s t and t h i r d p a i r s m i s s i n g beyond the t r o c h a n t e r s . All c o x a e
light brown with black m a r k i n g s ; p r o t r o c h a n t e r s d a r k brown, m e s o and m e t a t r o c h a n t e r s pale. B a s a l two-thirds of m e s o f e m u r p a l e , a p i c a l
t h i r d with a r e d d i s h brown band, the p r o x i m a l m a r g i n of which i s not
darkened. Mesotibia and t a r s u s p a l e , c l a w s and apical half of d i s t a l
t a r s a l s e g m e n t r e d d i s h brown a s in T. speciosus.
Wings. (Fig. 1 ) . Hyaline. Forewing with longitudinal veins p a l e
brown, c r o s s v e i n s and b a s e of f o r k of MA d a r k e r brown. B a s a l c r o s s veins in c o s t a l and s u b c o s t a l s p a c e s , and i n following s p a c e s in b a s a l
half of wing d i s c d a r k e s t ; m o s t of t h e s e c r o s s v e i n s a l s o m a r g i n e d with
92
Vol. 1, No. 3
Fig. 1 , r i g h t forewing of Thraulodes bncnneus,holotype.
.brown. H u m e r a l c r o s s v e i n , b a s e of R , , and bullae on s u b c o s t a ana on

second r a d i a l a r e s u r r o u n d e d by a smoky cloud. Stigmatic a r e a white,
c r o s s v e i n s slanting and slightly a n a s t o m o s e d ( m o r e s o in l e f t wing than
i n r i g h t ) . The second anal vein of the r i g h t wing forked. B a s a l t h i r d of
hindwing with c r o s s v e i n s and longitudinal veins pale brown; apical twot h i r d s with a l l veins hyaline. H u m e r a l c r o s s v e i n and portion of subc o s t a s u r r o u n d i n g i t s point of a t t a c h m e n t a r e d a r k blackish brown.
.Abdomen. ( F i g s . 2 , 3 ) . T e r g i t e s 1-3 d a r k chocolate brown; t e r g i t e
2 with t h r e e s m a l l hyaline a r e a s on a n t e r i o r m a r g i n , and t e r g i t e 3 with
two s m a l l hyaline a r e a s on the a n t e r i o r m a r g i n . T e r g i t e s 4-6 hyaline,
e a c h with l a r g e d a r k chocolate brown p o s t e r o l a t e r a l t r i a n g l e s connected
p o s t e r i o r l y by a n a r r o w band of the s a m e c o l o r . T e r g i t e s 7-10 a l i g h t e r
r e d - b r o w n , with p o s t e r i o r m a r g i n on t e r g i t e 10 white, and anterol a t e r a l c o r n e r s of s e g m e n t 7 hyaline. All t e r g i t e s black on p o s t e r i o r
margins.
S t e r n i t e 1 light chocolate b r o w n , s t e r n i t e s 2 and 3 d a r k chocolate
brown. S t e r n i t e s 4-6 d a r k chocolate brown on p o s t e r i o r t h r e e - f o u r t h s
to four-fifths; the n a r r o w a n t e r i o r portionhyaline. S t e r n i t e s 7-9 r e d d i s h
brown a s i n t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e t e r g i t e s . Black p o s t e r i o r m a r g i n a l c o l o r ation f a d e s medially on a l l s t e r n i t e s .
Genitalia. T e r m i n a l two s e g m e n t s of f o r c e p s m i s s i n g . F o r c e p s b a s e
v e r y p a l e brown. B a s a l s e g m e n t of f o r c e p s v e n t r a l l y with apical t h i r d ,
and d o r s a l l y with apical two-thirds d a r k smoky; b a s a l portion white.
P e n e s s i m i l a r to those of T. s p e c i o s u s and T. a r i z o n i c u s .
Caudal F i l a m e n t s . Absent.
FEMALE. Unknown
- -
F i g s . 2-7, d o r s a l (even n u m b e r s ) and l a t e r a l (odd n u m b e r s ) abdominal

c o l o r p a t t e r n s . F i g s . 2 and 3 , T. bmnneus, holotype ( t e r m i n a l two s e g m e n t s of f o r c e p s m i s s i n g ) ; Figs. 4 and 5 , T. s p e c i o s u s ; F i g s . 6 and 7 ,
T. a r i z o n i c u s .
1966
93
94
Vol. 1, No. 3
Holotype. --Male imago. Collected by R. E. Tuck i n G r a n t Co., New
Mexico, 1 4 m i l e s n o r t h of S i l v e r City, 7 July 1961. Deposited in the
Entomology M u s e u m , University of Utah.
Diagnosis. The abdominal c o l o r p a t t e r n of Thvaulodes bmnneus i s
quite d i s t i n c t f r o m that of Thvaulodes speciosus d e s c r i b e d by T r a v e r
(1934; F i g s . 4, 5) and Thvaulodes avizonicus d e s c r i b e d by McDunnough
(1942; F i g s . 6 , 7 ) , the only o t h e r North A m e r i c a n Thvaulodesknown a t
the p r e s e n t t i m e . The a l m o s t completely d a r k e n e d v e n t e r and the l a r g e
p o s t e r o - l a t e r a l d a r k t r i a n g l e s on t e r g i t e s 4-6 a r e sufficient to s e p a r a t e
T. bmnneus f r o m the o t h e r two s p e c i e s , both of which have v e r y light
v e n t e r s and much s m a l l e r t r i a n g l e s . Also, the d a r k e n e d t h i r d t e r g i t e
s e r v e s to s e p a r a t e T. bmnneus f r o m T. speciosus; and the d a r k e n e d
second and t h i r d t e r g i t e s s e p a r a t e T. bmnneus f r o m T. avizonicus (the
r e s p e c t i v e t e r g i t e s a r e m o s t l y hyaline in T. speciosusandT. arizonicus).
Abdominal s e g m e n t s 7-10 a r e much l i k e those of T, speciosus, lacking
t h e c r e a m y c o l o r s found i n T. avizonicus. The new s p e c i e s , t h e r e f o r e ,
i s n a m e d T. bmnneus b e c a u s e of i t s d a r k brown coloration. Although
t h e p e n e s a r e of the s a m e type found i n the o t h e r two s p e c i e s , the
f o r c e p s a r e d i s t i n c t i v e in having the apical one to two-thirds of t h e
b a s a l s e g m e n t quite darkened. C o l o r p a t t e r n s about the t h o r a x will a l s o
aid in distinguishing the s p e c i e s .
The wing of T. bmnneus, l i k e that of T. speciosus, d i f f e r s f r o m T.
avizonicus by the p r e s e n c e of m a r g i n e d c r o s s v e i n s . The wing venation
of T. bmnneus i s a l s o m o r e like t h a t of T. speciosus than T. avizonicus.
Morphologically, T. bmnneus i s m o r e like T. speciosus than T.
avizonicus, and t h i s p a r a l l e l s t h e i r geographic distribution. The only
known locality f o r T. speciosus i s i n the C h i r a c a h u a Mountains, A r i z o n a ,
about 75 m i l e s southwest of the T. bmnneus s i t e , while the only known
locality f o r T. avizonicus i s n e a r F l a g s t a f f , A r i z o n a , s o m e 250 m i l e s
northwest of the T. brunneus s i t e .
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I a m g r e a t l y indebted to D r . J a y R. T r a v e r , who h a s given m e much
help and i n s p i r a t i o n e v e r s i n c e I b e c a m e i n t e r e s t e d i n the Ephemeropt e r a . H e r help and c r i t i c a l r e a d i n g of the m a n u s c r i p t a r e v e r y much
appreciated.
I thank the following individuals f o r load of s p e c i m e n s under t h e i r
c a r e , a s indicated: V. K. Mayo ( T , ~peciosus, p e r s o n a l collection),
L. L. Pechuman ( T . speciosus, t y p e s , C o r n e l l U n i v e r s i t y ) , and J. E. H.
M a r t i n ( T. arizonicus, t y p e s , Canadian National Collection).
I also wish to thank R i c h a r d J. Snider f o r h i s e x c e l l e n t abdominal
d r a w i n g s and help i n a r r a n g e m e n t and p r e p a r a t i o n of the p l a t e , and
Julian P . Donahue f o r r e a d i n g the m a n u s c r i p t .
LITERATURE CITED
McDunnough, J. 1942. An apparently new Thvaulodes f r o m Arizona
( E p h e m e r i d a ) . Can. Entomol. 74:117.
T r a v e r , J. R. 1934. New North A m e r i c a n s p e c i e s of m a y f l i e s (Ephem e r i d a ) . E l i s h a Mitchell Sci. Soc. Jour. 50: 189-254, 16 p l a t e s .
1966
95
THE BEHAVIOR OF ATLANTICUS TESTACEUS (ORTHOPTERA:
S. K. Gangwere
D e p a r t m e n t of Biology, Wayne State University
S e v e r a l r e p o r t s d e a l i n p a r t with the s y s t e m a t i c s , d i s t r i b u t i o n , o r
h a b i t s of one o r another of the shield-backedkatydids of the o r t h o p t e r a n
genus Atlanticus. Included a r e Blatchley (1920), C a n t r a l l (1943), C audell
(1907), Davis (1893), Hebard (1934), McNeill (1891), Rehn and H e b a r d
(1916), and Scudder (1894). One s p e c i e s of the g e n u s , A. testaceus
(Scudder), i s found commonly throughout Michigan and h a s i n t e r e s t i n g
habits. As the s p e c i e s ' feeding behavior was poorly u n d e r s t o o d , the
author undertook an investigation dealing with that subject. The r e s u l t s
a r e i n p r e s s . During t h e c o u r s e of t h a t study much information was
obtained on c e r t a i n non-feeding a s p e c t s of the s p e c i e s ' behavior.
Findings with r e s p e c t to the l a t t e r a r e given below.
The p r o j e c t was c a r r i e d out d u r i n g the 1958-1961 field s e a s o n s a t
the University of Michigan's Edwin S. George R e s e r v e , a biological
p r e s e r v e n e a r the village of Pinckney, Livingston County, Michigan.
The g e n e r a l a r e a i s d e s c r i b e d i n detail i n C a n t r a l l ' s excellent r e p o r t
on the R e s e r v e ' s O r t h o p t e r a (1943) and i n l e s s d e t a i l in the a u t h o r ' s
monograph on food s e l e c t i o n i n O r t h o p t e r a (1961). The specific s i t e s
of study, Southwest Field and Southwest Woods, a r e d e s c r i b e d in Gangw e r e (1965) and Gangwere (in p r e s s ) , r e s p e c t i v e l y . The l a t t e r two r e p o r t s may a l s o b e consulted f o r information on the techniques u s e d
during t h e study.
DAILY AC TIVITIES
Nymphs. The b e h a v i o r of Athnticus testaceus v a r i e s with a g e , t i m e

of d a y , and o t h e r f a c t o r s . The juveniles a r e geophilous and always in
c l o s e a s s o c i a t i o n with d r y leaf l i t t e r . T h e i r daily r e g i m e i s a s follows.
They spend much t i m e i n the s h a d e of fallen l e a v e s , m o t i o n l e s s , t h e i r
antennae s o m e t i m e s twirling. Occasionally they walk b r i s k l y a s h o r t
d i s t a n c e (twirling t h e i r antennae and using t h e i r palpi a s they m o v e ) ,
o r they hop r a t h e r than walk. Then they p a u s e f o r a t i m e but eventually
r e s u m e t h e i r infrequent m o v e m e n t s until they find t h e m s e l v e s i n a
c l u m p of vegetation, where they a r e likely to r e s t f o r a m o r e p r o t r a c t e d
'contribution No. 147 from the Department of Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202.
' ~ e s e a r c h supported by awards from the AmericanPhilosophicalSociety (Grant No. 2408, Penrose Fund,
1958, and No. 242, Johnson Fund, 1959), the National Academy of Sciences (Bache Fund, 1959). and the
Graduate School of Wayne State University (1958).
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period. Always they r e m a i n a l e r t . If they encounter suitable food and

a r e hungry, they e a t f o r a period of t i m e usually l e s s than 15 minutes.
The above pattern of alternate activity and inactivity i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
of their daytime period. Toward dusk, the nymphs gradually a c c e l e r a t e
t h e i r activities until movement i s maximal and a l m o s t constant during
e a r l y evening, but always the young animals r e m a i n n e a r the ground.
Finally, in e a r l y morning (2:OO A. M. o r l a t e r ) , they become completely
inactive, not to r e s u m e movement until l a t e the following morning.
Adults and Last-Stage Nymphs. The behavior of adults i s s i m i l a r to
that of young juveniles, except that they a r e slower in their movements.
undergo a nocturnal a s c e n t of the vegetation, and have c e r t a i n activi t i e s peculiar to the sexually m a t u r e . Adults, like juveniles, have a
periodicity b e s t d e s c r i b e d a s incompletely nocturnal (Gangwere, 1958);
they a r e most active a t night but a l s o m o v e significantly during the d a y ,
especially under cloudy conditions. They spend the daylight hours
hiding beneath l e a v e s and d e b r i s , often a t the b a s e of s h r u b s o r stout
h e r b s and only occasionally move o v e r the s u r f a c e s of the leaves.
(Caged animals p e r c h on the s i d e s of t h e i r container unless crumpled
paper o r dried leaves a r e placed on the cage f l o o r , in which c a s e they,
too, hide during the day.) By late morning (approximately 10:OO-11:OO
A. M.) the adults exhibit a slight, t e m p o r a r y i n c r e a s e in movement
and perhaps engage in light feeding and stridulation, always followed
by resumption of inactivity. Toward late afternoon (3:OO-5:00 P. M.),
the m a l e s (still c l u s t e r e d on the ground n e a r the b a s e s of plants) begin
a period of m o r e accelerated stridulation. Then a t dusk the l a s t - s t a g e
nymphs and adults of both s e x e s become phytophilous; they climb the
vegetation and p e r c h horizontally atop leaves o r b r a n c h e s o r vertically
on s t e m s , f r o m which position the m a l e s begin intensive and practically
uninterrupted stridulation f o r the r e s t of the evening. They stop s t r i d u l ating occasionally, move a s h o r t distance to the next higher position
f r o m which they r e s u m e calling, until eventually they r e a c h the top
of the plant ( s o m e t i m e s a height up to 10 o r 1 5 f e e t f r o m the ground).
The m a l e s c a l l f r o m v a r i o u s positions on a limited number of plants,
while the f e m a l e s move about f r o m plant to plant, occasionally stopping
to r e s t o r eat. F e m a l e s that climb plants holding perching m a l e s may
mate. After midnight both s e x e s become increasingly inactive (though
they r e m a i n a l e r t and t h e i r antennae continue to t w i r l ) , and calling
becomes d e p r e s s e d . Descent f r o m the vegetation i s initiated by 2:OO o r
3:00 A. M., i s m o s t marked about 4:00 A. M., and i s completed before
dawn, when the animals come to r e s t on the ground and under leaf
l i t t e r . The cycle begins anew the next day.
The stridulation of Atlanticus t e s t a c e u s has been d e s c r i b e d in the
l i t e r a t u r e ( C a n t r a l l , 1943, Davis, 1893, e t al.), s o i t s g e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r
i s well known. Other a s p e c t s of the stridulation and associated behavior a r e not a s well known. The pitch of the c a l l i s a l t e r e d under
cool conditions and b e c o m e s a s h o r t , s p u t t e r y c r e a k r a t h e r than i t s
usual zzzzp-zzzzp-zzzzp-zzzzp e x p r e s s e d again and again. It a p p e a r s
1966
97
t h a t m o r e t h a n o n e kind of c a l l c h a r a c t e r i z e s t h e s p e c i e s . T h e r e m a y
possibly b e a distinct mating sound, f o r a mature female approaching a
c a l l i n g m a l e m a y e l i c i t a c h a n g e i n h i s e v e n t r i l l to a s l o w e r , i n t e r r u p t e d c l a t t e r . T h e r e is s o m e t i m e s an a l a r m c a l l . Atlanticus m a l e s ,
when picked up o r o t h e r w i s e d i s t r u b e d , s o m e t i m e s e m i t a s i n g l e loud
zik, often i n a s s o c i a t i o n with e s c a p e b e h a v i o r . T h e s e Atlanticus p e r c h e d
on v e g e t a t i o n e i t h e r dodge behind a l e a f o r s t e m o r e l s e l e a p to the ground
w h e r e they hide. T h o s e a n i m a l s on t h e g r o u n d l e a p violently s e v e r a l
t i m e s until they l o c a t e a hiding p l a c e , w h e r e they c r o u c h m o t i o n l e s s l y .
If p r o d d e d , they c r o u c h m o r e deeply on t h e i r flexed hind l e g s and m a k e
r e a d y to l e a p . T h e y b i t e viciously if given t h e o p p o r t u n i t y , b u t a r e not
a b l e to b r e a k t h e h u m a n skin.
P E RIODISM
In s o u t h e r n Michigan Atlanticus testaceus is nymphal i n e a r l y s p r i n g
and m a t u r e s d u r i n g l a t e s p r i n g and e a r l y s u m m e r . Within a week o r
two a f t e r t h e o n s e t of m a t u r a t i o n in t h e population, p e a k n u m b e r s of
a d u l t s a r e e n c o u n t e r e d , and t h e m a l e s b e g i n t o s t r i d u l a t e . T o w a r d l a t e
s u m m e r and f a l l t h e i n s e c t s g r a d u a l l y d e c l i n e i n n u m b e r s until t h e
killing f r o s t s , when they d i s a p p e a r e n t i r e l y . On t h e R e s e r v e t h e a u t h o r
h a s t a k e n n y m p h s a s e a r l y a s A p r i l 8; t h e f i r s t a d u l t s a s e a r l y a s
J u n e 4; and the l a s t a d u l t s i n f a l l a s l a t e a s O c t o b e r 26.
HABITAT OCCUPANCY
T h e r e i s unanimity i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e t h a t Atlanticus testaceus is a
woodland s p e c i e s o r a t l e a s t is c l o s e l y a s s o c i a t e d with woodland. B l a t c h l e y ' s s t a t e m e n t (1920) t h a t it " f r e q u e n t s f o r t h e m o s t p a r t d r y open
woodland, thinly wooded r o c k y s l o p e s , and b o r d e r s of thickets" is
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of a c c o u n t s given i n t h e o l d e r l i t e r a t u r e . C a n t r a l l
(1943) r e f i n e d t h e s e o b s e r v a t i o n s with r e s p e c t to the Atlanticus of t h e
G e o r g e R e s e r v e but c o n c u r r e d i n h i s e m p h a s i s on t h e i n s e c t ' s dep e n d e n c e on woodland conditions. He noted t h a t e a r l y juveniles a r e
n e a r l y always l o c a t e d in sunny s p o t s i n r a t h e r open f o r e s t , o l d e r
nymphs in woodland and i n f i e l d m a r g i n s s e l d o m m o r e than twenty
y a r d s f r o m woodland, and a d u l t s in woodland including e v e n s h a d y
f o r e s t s i t u a t i o n s . He concluded t h a t , with m a t u r i t y , t h o s e k a t y d i d s t h a t
s t r a y f r o m t h e i r woodland h a b i t a t i o n s p r o m p t l y die o r m a k e r e t u r n
m i g r a t i o n s to the m o r e f a v o r a b l e woodland e n v i r o n m e n t .
R e s u l t s of t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y s u g g e s t t h e need f o r a d i f f e r e n t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e s p e c i e s ' h a b i t a t occupancy ( a t l e a s t with r e s p e c t to
t h e G e o r g e R e s e r v e ) . Young n y m p h s i n S o u t h w e s t F i e l d and Southwest
Woods a r e c l o s e l y l o c a l i z e d i n t h e field-wood ecotone and i n an extens i o n of t h i s e c o t o n e , the mouth of a r o a d l e a d i n g into Southwest Woods.
(A s i m i l a r d i s t r i b u t i o n is noted i n o t h e r a r e a s of t h e R e s e r v e . ) The
young k a t y d i d s f r e q u e n t s u n n y p l a c e s w h e r e t h e r e is s p a r s e v e g e t a t i o n ,
b a r e g r o u n d , and d r y leaf l i t t e r . At t h i s s t a g e they a r e not found i n
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S o u t h w e s t Woods, i n i t s "oak openings" (open p l a c e s w h e r e t h e s u n l i g h t s h i n e s t h r o u g h onto t h e l e a f l i t t e r ) , i n t h e u p l a n d s of S o u t h w e s t

F i e l d , o r i n t h e field d e p r e s s i o n s . O l d e r n y m p h s and a d u l t s , i n c o n t r a s t ,
w a n d e r . T h e y m a y b e found i n t h e e c o t o n e b u t a l s o a r e e n c o u n t e r e d
t h r o u g h o u t t h e f i e l d a n d , to a l e s s e r e x t e n t , within t h e w o o d s , t h e
o r c h a r d , and e v e n i n n e i g h b o r i n g S o u t h w e s t M a r s h ( w h e r e t h e y c a n n o t
l i v e f o r long). T o w a r d l a t e s u m m e r t h e a d u l t s a r e m o s t c o m m o n i n t h e
f i e l d , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n i t s d e p r e s s i o n s , though s o m e c a n b e h e a r d c a l l i n g
f r o m within t h e woods and o r c h a r d .
T h i s f l u c t u a t i n g h a b i t a t o c c u p a n c y is a c o n s e q u e n c e of t h e s p e c i e s '
c h a n g i n g n e e d s a t d i f f e r e n t t i m e s d u r i n g t h e l i f e c y c l e . B a s e d on d a t a
of t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n (viz., o c c u r r e n c e of t h e y o u n g e s t n y m p h s and a
s i n g l e o v i p o s i t i o n r e c o r d i n n a t u r e ) , t h e Atlanticus of S o u t h w e s t F i e l d
and S o u t h w e s t Woods o v i p o s i t i n t h e e c o t o n e . (If t h e y d o s o e l s e w h e r e ,
i t is doubtful t h a t t h e e g g s hatch.) O n c e h a t c h e d , t h e young n y m p h s find
the ecotone a suitable habitation where the requisite sunlight, s p a r s e
v e g e t a t i o n , and d r y l e a f l i t t e r a r e p r o v i d e d . T h e y a r e l i m i t e d to t h e
e c o t o n e a t t h i s s t a g e , f o r t h e y c a n n o t long s u r v i v e t h e r i g o r s of e i t h e r
open f i e l d c o n d i t i o n s ( w h e r e t h e r e is no l e a f l i t t e r o r o t h e r p r o t e c t i v e
d e b r i s ) o r s h a d y woodland c o n d i t i o n s ( w h e r e t h e r e i s l e a f l i t t e r but no
s u n l i g h t ) . T h e y a r e p o s s i b l y a b l e to e x i s t i n " o a k o p e n i n g s 7 ' of t h e
woods, but this distribution involves d e p a r t u r e f r o m the m o r e optimal
c o n d i t i o n s of t h e e c o t o n e and t r a v e l t h r o u g h t h e s h a d y woods. As t h e
n y m p h s a p p r o a c h m a t u r i t y , they b e c o m e l e s s d e p e n d e n t o n p r o t e c t i o n
a f f o r d e d by l e a f l i t t e r and c a n m i g r a t e t o s p a c e t h e m s e l v e s ( t e r r i t o r i ality?) o r to s e e k m a t e s on perching sites. They need not r e t u r n to the
ecotone p r o p e r except to oviposit.
What e x p l a i n s t h e d i s p a r i t y b e t w e e n t h e s e r e s u l t s and t h o s e of C a n t r a l l ,
o b t a i n e d i n t h e s a m e g e n e r a l a r e a twenty y e a r s e a r l i e r ? T h e e x p l a n a t i o n c a n b e found i n t h e e f f e c t s of s u c c e s s i o n . I t a p p e a r s t h a t Atlanticus
testaceus is r e a l l y a n e c o t o n a l - - n o t a w o o d s - d w e l l i n g - - s p e c i e s . In
t h e l a t e 1 9 3 0 s , when C a n t r a l l s t u d i e d t h e i n s e c t , t h e c h a r a c t e r of t h e
f i e l d w a s s t i l l l a r g e l y d e t e r m i n e d by t h e c u l t i v a t i o n and g r a z i n g p r a c t i c e s t o which i t h a d s o r e c e n t l y b e e n s u b j e c t e d ; i t had p r o g r e s s e d
l i t t l e beyond t h e s t a g e of o p e n p a s t u r e . T h e woods, t o o , w e r e c o m p a r a t i v e l y open and s u b j e c t to t h o r o u g h g r a z i n g b y a l a r g e d e e r population
t h a t k e p t t h e u n d e r g r o w t h m i n i m a l l y developed. T h e field-wood e c o t o n e
w a s c o m p l e t e l y l a c k i n g . T h e e x t e n s i v e " o a k openings" p r e s u m a b l y
o f f e r e d t h e only s i t e s f o r o v i p o s i t i o n by a d u l t f e m a l e s and o c c u p a t i o n
by newly h a t c h e d j u v e n i l e s . Though t h e o l d e r n y m p h s and a d u l t s often
m i g r a t e d , they w e r e o b l i g e d t o r e t u r n t o t h e woods f o r oviposition a n d ,
above a l l , f o r p e r c h i n g . Both S o u t h w e s t Woods and Southwest F i e l d
w e r e , t h e r e f o r e , i n a s t a t e of s t r e s s , f r o m which t h e y h a v e now r e c o v e r e d . T o d a y a d i s t i n c t e c o t o n e is d e v e l o p e d f o r n y m p h a l o c c u p a t i o n
and a d u l t p e r c h i n g and oviposition. F u r t h e r m o r e , m a n y p a r t s o f t h e
f i e l d , now s o o v e r g r o w n t h a t t h e y t h e m s e l v e s a r e a l m o s t e c o t o n a l i n
n a t u r e , a l s o a f f o r d s u i t a b l e p e r c h i n g s i t e s and h a b i t a t i o n s f o r o l d e r
n y m p h s and a d u l t s .
1966
99
Such an hypothesis r e q u i r e s d e m o n s t r a t i o n t h a t the s l u g g i s h , flightl e s s Atlanticus l a s t - s t a g e nymphs and adults a r e capable both of
m i g r a t i o n s of the magnitude d i s c u s s e d above and of r e s i d e n c e i n one
p l a c e o v e r an extended p e r i o d of t i m e . Marking and r e c a p t u r e e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e c a r r i e d out. A t o t a l of 231 adult Atlanticus w e r e m a r k e d
by daubing the pronotum with paint. Of t h e s e , 40 individuals w e r e r e c a p t u r e d one o r m o r e t i m e s . M a x i m a l , a v e r a g e , and m i n i m a l d i s t a n c e s
t h a t m a r k e d i n s e c t s moved o v e r a p e r i o d of s e v e r a l weeks w e r e , r e s p e c t i v e l y , 550, 1 2 0 , and 0.0 feet. All m o v e m e n t s of individuals s e e m e d
r a n d o m ; no c o n c e r t e d m i g r a t i o n s of m a j o r s e g m e n t s of the population
f r o m one habitat to another w e r e detected. T h e r e s u l t s c o n f i r m the
f a c t t h a t individual a n i m a l s c a n r e a d i l y move throughout the two c o m m u n i t i e s when the o c c a s i o n d e m a n d s o r , on the o t h e r hand, may r e m a i n
a s s o c i a t e d with a s i n g l e plant f o r many d a y s a t a t i m e .
The h a b i t a t s e l e c t i o n outlined above f o r Atlanticus testaceus i n
Southwest Field and Southwest Woods is not n e c e s s a r i l y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
of t h e s p e c i e s a t o t h e r p l a c e s i n i t s r a n g e , though i t could well b e
typical. According to C a n t r a l l ( p e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n ) , l a r g e popul a t i o n s of ny'mphs have been o b s e r v e d i n o t h e r s t a t e s i n such p l a c e s a s
along a fence r o w s e p a r a t i n g p a s t u r e s of blue g r a s s and i n open p a s t u r e s
containing b r a m b l e . In s u c h c a s e s s o m e f a c t o r o t h e r than leaf l i t t e r
m u s t provide the protection needed by the young Atlanticus. The f e n c e
and t h e t a l l e r vegetation growing i n i t s s h a d e could b e the f a c t o r i n
the f i r s t e x a m p l e ; n u m e r o u s p i l e s of cow dung, eminently suitable f o r
p r o t e c t i o n , could b e the f a c t o r i n the second.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
P r o f e s s o r I. J. C a n t r a l l , Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan,
Ann A r b o r , Michigan, kindly r e a d the m a n u s c r i p t of t h e foregoing r e port. P r o f e s s o r A. M. W e n n e r , D e p a r t m e n t of Biology, University of
C a l i f o r n i a a t Santa B a r b a r a , and Mr. J. K. Hiltunen, U. S. F i s h and
Wildlife S e r v i c e , Ann A r b o r , gave invaluable a s s i s t a n c e d u r i n g completion of many of the o b s e r v a t i o n s and e x p e r i m e n t s . M r s . P a t r i c i a
D e B l o i s , D e p a r t m e n t of Biology, Wayne S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , typed the
f i n a l copy of the m a n u s c r i p t . To t h e s e p e r s o n s the a u t h o r i s indebted.
LITERATURE CITED
B l a t c h l e y , W. S. 1920. O r t h o p t e r a of n o r t h e a s t e r n A m e r i c a with e s p e c i a l
r e f e r e n c e to the f a u n a s of Indiana and F l o r i d a . Indianapolis.
C a n t r a l l . I. J. 1943. The ecology of the O r t h o p t e r a and D e r m a p t e r a of
the G e o r g e R e s e r v e , Michigan. Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool., Misc.
Publ. 54.
Caudell, A. N. 1907. The Decticinae of North A m e r i c a . U. S. Nat. Mus.,
P r o c . 32: 285-410.
100
THE MICHIGAN .ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. 1, No. 3
D a v i s , W. T. 1 8 9 3 . T h e s o n g of Thyreonotus. C a n a d . E n t o m o l . 2 5 :
108-109.
G a n g w e r e , S. K. 1 9 5 8 . N o t e s o n t h e f e e d i n g p e r i o d i c i t y of v a r i o u s
O r t h o p t e r a . P a p e r s M i c h i g a n A c a d . Sci:,, A r t s , a n d L e t t e r s 43:
119-132.
1961. A m o n o g r a p h o n food s e l e c t i o n i n O r t h o p t e r a .
A m e r . E n t o m o l . S o c . , T r a n s . 87: 67-230.
1965. Food s e l e c t i o n i n t h e oedipodine g r a s s h o p p e r
Arphia sulphurea ( F a b r i c i u s ) . A m e r . Midl. N a t . 74: 67-75.
] T h e f e e d i n g b e h a v i o r of Atlanticus testaceus ( O r t h o p t e r a : ~ e t t i ~ o n i i d a ei)n, p r e s s .
H e b a r d , M . 1 9 3 4 . T h e D e r m a p t e r a a n d O r t h o p t e r a of I l l i n o i s . B u l l .
I l l i n o i s Nat. H i s t . S u r v . 20: 1 2 5 - 2 7 9 .
M c N e i l l , J. 1 8 9 1 . A list of t h e O r t h o p t e r a of I l l i n o i s . P s y c h e 6: 3 - 9 ,
2 1 - 2 7 , 6 2 - 6 6 , 73-78.
R e h n , J. A. G., a n d M. H e b a r d . 1 9 1 6 . A r e v i s i o n of t h e s p e c i e s of t h e
g e n u s Atlanticus. A m e r . E n t o m o l . S o c . , T r a n s . 42: 33-100.
S c u d d e r , S. H. 1 8 9 4 . A p r e l i m i n a r y r e v i e w of t h e N o r t h A m e r i c a n
D e c t i c i d a e . C a n a d . E n t o m o l . 2 6 : 177-184.
1966
101
LAMINATING LEPIDOPTERA FOR EDUCATIONAL USE

D a r r y l Quidort
R u r a l Route 1, St. L o u i s , Michigan 48880
A convenient method of teaching f a r m e r s , 4-H m e m b e r s and students
to r e c o g n i z e v a r i o u s s p e c i e s of L e p i d o p t e r a i s now being u s e d i n
Michigan with wide s u c c e s s . In the p r o c e s s , i n s e c t wings a r e mounted
on c a r d b o a r d and s e a l e d between l a y e r s of c l e a r plastic. The r e s u l t i n g
"laminations" have s e v e r a l advantages o v e r pin-mounted L e p i d o p t e r a ,
and a r e a d m i r a b l y suited f o r any u s e that r e q u i r e s constant handling.
The finished mounts a r e i m p e r v i o u s to m u s e u m p e s t s , a r e dust-proof,
may b e cleaned with e a s e , and a r e e a s i l y s t o r e d i n a loose-leaf b i n d e r .
The p l a s t i c i s flexible, thus d a n g e r of d a m a g e f r o m bending i s slight.
S p e c i m e n s chosen f o r the lamination p r o c e s s should be typical o n e s ,
in f i r s t - c l a s s condition. The i n s e c t s a r e mounted on p i n s , s p r e a d and
d r i e d in the n o r m a l fashion. A thin c o a t of c l e a r nail polish i s then
applied to the u n d e r s i d e s of the wings w h e r e the p r i m a r i e s o v e r l a p
the s e c o n d a r i e s ; thus they a r e held t o g e t h e r i n the position in which
they w e r e mounted (Fig. 1). When the polish i s d r y , e a c h p a i r of wings
i s gently s e i z e d n e a r the t h o r a x w i t h e n t o m o l o g i c a l f o r c e p s , and s e v e r e d
f r o m the body with a s l i g h t twisting motion.
Figures 1-4, steps in the process of laminating wings of Lepidoptera. Fig. 1, applying nail polish to glue
fore- and hindwings together. Figure 2, affixing the wings to the card. Fig. 3, inserting the c a r d in the
laminating machine. Fig. 4, the finished product, in this case one of the many cards produced to illustrate
economic pests. Photos by Julian P. Donahue.
102
Vol. 1, No. 3
The wings a r e now fixed to a s h e e t of light white c a r d b o a r d which

s e r v e s a s the c e n t r a l e l e m e n t i n the l a m i n a t e d "sandwich" (Fig. 2).
They m a y b e held i n p l a c e by a few d r o p s of nail p o l i s h , and should b e
c l o s e t o g e t h e r s o a s to s i m u l a t e a pin-mounted a p p e a r a n c e . If d e s i r e d ,
faint pencil l i n e s m a y b e drawn on the c a r d b o a r d to f a c i l i t a t e n e a t and
s y m m e t r i c a l mounting; t h e s e m a y b e c a r e f u l l y e r a s e d a f t e r w a r d s .
T h e s c i e n t i f i c and common n a m e s of the i n s e c t a r e written i n India ink
below t h e s p e c i m e n , the p r o c e s s i s r e p e a t e d f o r e a c h butterfly o r moth
to b e included, and the mount i s r e a d y f o r laminating.
The p r o c e d u r e f o r t h i s final s t e p depends upon the type of machine
used. T h e mounts produced a t Michigan State U n i v e r s i t y f o r 4-H u s e
and p e s t identification a r e p r o c e s s e d in an Apeco "Ply-on" l a m i n a t o r .
The c a r d b o a r d s h e e t containing the s p e c i m e n s i s i n s e r t e d between two
r o l l e r s a t the f r o n t (Fig. 3) and the finished mount a p p e a r s s h o r t l y
behind. After t r i m m i n g with a p a i r of s h e a r s , the lamination i s r e a d y
f o r u s e (Fig. 4).
L a m i n a t i o n s a r e not designed to r e p l a c e the s t a n d a r d method of
mounting and s t o r i n g L e p i d o p t e r a , and i t should b e r e m e m b e r e d t h a t
only a well-labeled collection of pinned i n s e c t s h a s l a s t i n g scientific
value. N e v e r t h e l e s s , p l a s t i c mounts a r e v e r y convenient and inexpens i v e teaching aids (an 8 1/2" x 11" lamination c o s t s approximately
twenty c e n t s ) and c e r t a i n l y o t h e r u s e s will b e found f o r t h e m ; the
method i s even now being adapted to the m o r e f r a g i l e i n s e c t o r d e r s .
F u r t h e r information may b e had f r o m the c o o r d i n a t o r of the p r o g r a m ,
John H. Newman, D e p a r t m e n t of Entomology, MichiganState U n i v e r s i t y ,
E a s t L a n s i n g , Michigan 48823.
ERRATA, VOL. 1, NO. 2

We r e g r e t t h a t s e v e r a l e r r o r s a p p e a r e d in o u r p a p e r on PhvagT h e additions and c o r r e c t i o n s a r e a s follows. P . 38, between
PM and UMMZ, i n s e r t "ROM Royal Ontario M u s e u m , Toronto, Ontario
(Glenn B. Wiggins and J.C.E. Riotte)." P. 46, l a s t l i n e u n d e r Illinois,
change "29" to "39"; the t h i r d s p e c i m e n , e r r o n e o u s l y r e f e r r e d to in
the p a p e r a s P. uiidiginosa, i s not designated a s a p a r a t y p e . P . 46, l a s t
l i n e , add " C l a r k e , 21 May 1905, A. K. Wyatt, 1 9 (CNHM)"; t h i s s m a l l
s p e c i m e n was mistakenly l i s t e d a s P. fuliginosa on p. 52. P . 52, 4th
l i n e u n d e r C o l o r a d o , the Hayden Mts. s p e c i m e n i s f r o m Ouray Co.
P . 52, l a s t l i n e u n d e r Illinois, d e l e t e P e o r i a Co. r e c o r d . P. 52, f i r s t
line under Indiana, d e l e t e C l a r k e r e c o r d . P . 73,fig. 36, delete s o u t h e r n m o s t c i r c l e in Illinois.
matobia.
Julian P . Donahue and John H. Newman
1966
103
COVER PHOTO: A NOTE ABOUT NETS

T h i s i s s u e ' s c o v e r i l l u s t r a t i o n is t h e f r o n t i s p i e c e t o an anonymous
E n g l i s h History of Insects, published a t London i n 1839. T h e top-hatted
g e n t l e m a n p u r s u i n g t h e b u t t e r f l y is u s i n g a c l a p - n e t , s o c a l l e d b e c a u s e
o n c e t h e i n s e c t w a s within t h e g a u z e b a g , t h e o p e r a t o r "clapped" t h e
f r a m e s together, thus securing his prey.
T h e p e c u l i a r d e v i c e w a s c o n s t r u c t e d of two jointed r o d s , s i m i l a r i n
p r i n c i p l e to t h o s e u s e d today f o r f l y - c a s t i n g , not joined a t t h e t i p s but
e n c l o s e d within t h e h e m of a net. T h e c l a p - n e t o r i g i n a t e d i n t h e s e v e n t e e n t h c e n t u r y and w a s f i r s t u s e d by " f o w l e r s " o r m a r k e t h u n t e r s who
u s e d i t t o t r a p s m a l l b i r d s . I t w a s c e r t a i n l y applied t o entomology b e f o r e
1 7 4 2 , when t h e London a r t i s t B e n j a m i n Wilkes m e n t i o n e d i t s u s e i n a
b r o a d s h e e t of c o l l e c t i n g d i r e c t i o n s (Wilkinson, 1966).
D e s p i t e t h e f a c t t h a t the b a g - n e t (the a n c e s t o r of o u r m o d e r n f o r m )
h a d b e e n u s e d on t h e Continent s i n c e t h e s e v e n t e e n t h c e n t u r y , t h e c l a p n e t gained s u c h p o p u l a r i t y i n England t h a t i t did not d e c l i n e i n f a v o r
until a f t e r 1850. A photograph r e p r o d u c e d by F o r d (1963) s h o w s t h a t
d i e - h a r d a d v o c a t e s of t h e c l a p - n e t w e r e s t i l l u s i n g it a t t h e end of t h e
nineteenth century.
Among t h e a r t i c l e s of a p p a r a t u s d e p i c t e d i n t h e c o v e r i l l u s t r a t i o n is
t h e s i m p l e w a t e r - n e t f o r c o l l e c t i n g a q u a t i c i n s e c t s , and a n o t h e r d e v i c e
r e s e m b l i n g a p a i r of s c i s s o r s with g a u z e - c o v e r e d f r a m e s a t t a c h e d to
t h e t i p s . T h i s is t h e f o r c e p s n e t , affectionately c a l l e d t h e " f l a p p e r s " by
e a r l y e n t o m o l o g i s t s . I t w a s u s e d f o r taking i n s e c t s f r o m foliage; t h e
f r a m e s w e r e c l o s e d upon t h e s p e c i m e n , which w a s t h e n t r a n s f i x e d with
a pin i n s e r t e d t h r o u g h t h e g a u z e . T h e f o r c e p s n e t o r i g i n a t e d on t h e
C o n t i n e n t , and was p o p u l a r i n England a t l e a s t e i g h t y y e a r s b e f o r e i t s
i l l u s t r a t i o n i n History of Insects.
We do n o t know which of t h e s e n e t s was t h e f i r s t to b e u s e d i n N o r t h
A m e r i c a . T h e e a r l i e s t s p e c i m e n s of A m e r i c a n L e p i d o p t e r a e x t a n t a r e
t h o s e f r o m t h e c o l l e c t i o n of J a m e s P e t i v e r ; t h e y a r e now h o u s e d i n t h e
B r i t i s h M u s e u m ( N a t u r a l H i s t o r y ) , London. S o m e w e r e s e n t t o P e t i v e r
f r o m s u c h l o c a l i t i e s a s M a s s a c h u s e t t s , M a r y l a n d and t h e C a r o l i n a s a s
e a r l y a s t h e 1 6 9 0 s , and t h e i r condition s h o w s t h a t s o m e s o r t of n e t m a y
well have b e e n u s e d i n t h e i r c a p t u r e . P e t i v e r s e n t n e t s to e n t o m o l o g i c a l
i n v e s t i g a t o r s i n M a s s a c h u s e t t s and t h e W e s t I n d i e s a s e a r l y a s 1711;
t h e s e w e r e f i t t e d with a hoop o r hoops and t h u s w e r e not c l a p - n e t s , b u t
no m o r e d e t a i l s a r e known. L a t e r c o l l e c t o r s i n e i g h t e e n t h - c e n t u r y
A m e r i c a u s e d t h e c l a p - n e t s and " f l a p p e r s " f u r n i s h e d by t h e London
g o l d s m i t h and e n t o m o l o g i s t D r u D r u r y . The f i r s t A m e r i c a n i l l u s t r a t i o n
of c o l l e c t i n g n e t s s e e m s t o b e a l i t h o g r a p h d e s i g n e d b y T i t i a n R a m s a y
P e a l e f o r a p r o s p e c t u s (1833) of h i s i l l - f a t e d Lepidoptera Americana.
T h e p l a t e is conveniently r e p r o d u c e d by P o e s c h (1961) and s h o w s a bagn e t and f o r c e p s .
Due t o i t s light weight and e a s e of o p e r a t i o n t h e b a g - n e t is now a l m o s t
u n i v e r s a l l y u s e d , b u t s o m e H y m e n o p t e r i s t s p r e f e r a m o d e r n adaptation
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of t h e f o r c e p s , s t i l l m a n u f a c t u r e d by s e v e r a l e n t o m o l o g i c a l s u p p l i e r s .
We no l o n g e r s e e c o l l e c t o r s i n t o p h a t s , b u t t h e f o r c e p s n e t r e m a i n s t o
r e m i n d u s of a n e a r l i e r e r a .
R. S. Wilkinson
L I T E R A T U R E CITED
--------------- . 1839.
H i s t o r y of i n s e c t s . London.
F o r d , R.L.E. 1963. P r a c t i c a l entomology. London.

P e a l e , T i t i a n R a m s a y . 1833. L e p i d o p t e r a A m e r i c a n a . P r o s p e c t u s .
Philadelphia.
P o e s c h , J e s s i e . 1961. T i t i a n R a m s a y P e a l e , 1799-1885, a n d h i s j o u r n a l s
of t h e Wilkes expedition. M e m . A m e r . P h i l . Soc. 52.
Wilkinson, Ronald S. 1966. E n g l i s h e n t o m o l o g i c a l m e t h o d s i n t h e s e v e n t e e n t h and e i g h t e e n t h c e n t u r i e s . P a r t 11: Wilkes a n d D u t f i e l d . E n t o m o l .
Rec., in p r e s s .
REVIEWS OF RECENT LITERATURE

INSECT BEHAVIOUR. S y m p o s i u m no. 3 of t h e R o y a l E n t o m o l o g i c a l
Society of London. Ed. P . T. H a s k e l l . London: T h e Royal E n t o m o l o g i c a l
S o c i e t y , 1966. v i i i , 113 pp. $6.35. ..
T h e s c i e n c e of zoology is expanding a t s u c h a r a t e t h a t i t is difficult
f o r e v e n t h e r e l a t i v e l y n a r r o w s p e c i a l i s t to k e e p u p with t h e e v e r i n c r e a s i n g l i t e r a t u r e on h i s s u b j e c t , and a l m o s t i m p o s s i b l e to a s s i m i l a t e r e c e n t f i n d i n g s i n t h e e n t i r e f i e l d of z o o l o g i c a l r e s e a r c h . T h e
i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n g r e s s e s of zoology and entomology h a v e helped, cons i d e r a b l y by f a c i l i t a t i n g p e r s o n a l c o n t a c t b e t w e e n w o r k e r s of d i f f e r e n t
n a t i o n a l i t i e s . On a m o r e m o d e s t s c a l e , the s y m p o s i a of t h e R o y a l
E n t o m o l o g i c a l S o c i e t y of London h a v e p r o v i d e d a u s e f u l m e a n s of
b r i n g i n g t o g e t h e r e n t o m o l o g i s t s i n a n a t m o s p h e r e c o n d u c i v e to t h e
f r e e e x c h a n g e of i d e a s a n d i n f o r m a t i o n .
T h e p r e s e n t v o l u m e is an a c c o u n t of t h e p a p e r s given a t t h e s y m p o s i u m
h e l d on t h e 2 3 r d - 2 4 t h S e p t e m b e r 1965: G. B i r u k o w (Gattingen), O r i e n t a t i o n b e h a v i o u r i n i n s e c t s and f a c t o r s which i n f l u e n c e i t ; P . S. C o r b e t
(Ottawa), T h e r o l e of r h y t h m s i n i n s e c t b e h a v i o u r ; P. T. H a s k e l l
(London), F l i g h t b e h a v i o u r ; V. G. D e t h i e r ( P e n n s y l v a n i a ) , F e e d i n g
b e h a v i o u r ; A. Manning ( E d i n b u r g h ) , Sexual b e h a v i o u r ; J. D. C a r t h y
(London), I n s e c t c o m m u n i c a t i o n ; E . 0. Wilson ( C a m b r i d g e , M a s s . ) ,
B e h a v i o u r of s o c i a l i n s e c t s ; J. S. Kennedy ( C a m b r i d g e , E n g l a n d ) ,
S o m e o u t s t a n d i n g q u e s t i o n s i n i n s e c t b e h a v i o u r . E a c h p a p e r is followed
by a n a c c o u n t of t h e d i s c u s s i o n a t t h e s y m p o s i u m . Although t h e p a p e r s
a r e s h o r t , a v e r a g i n g about t w e l v e p a g e s , m a n y a r e e x t r e m e l y u s e f u l
s u m m a r i e s of p r e s e n t knowledge of t h e i r t o p i c s , e s p e c i a l l y C o r b e t ' s
1966
l u c i d p a p e r on r h y t h m s . S o m e
s o n ' s p a p e r provoked a l i v e l y
The final paper p e r f o r m s the
y e t individual, s u m m a r y of t h e
d e s t r o y s t h e t e r m klinokinesis.
105
d i s c u s s l i t t l e - e x p l o r e d c o n c e p t s ; Wild i s c u s s i o n of t h e s o c i a l life of i n s e c t s .
difficult t a s k of f u r n i s h i n g a b a l a n c e d ,
s y m p o s i u m . In i t , Kennedy s u c c e s s f u l l y
May i t r e s t i n p e a c e !
Anthony Eve.
BOTANICAL LATIN: HISTORY, GRAMMAR, SYNTAX, TERMINOLOGY

AND VOCABULARY. William T. S t e a r n . London and Edinburgh: T h o m a s
Nelson and S o n s , Ltd., 1966. x i v , 566pp.($14.75)
As W. T. S t e a r n r e m i n d s u s i n t h e p r e f a c e to t h i s a t t r a c t i v e and
w e l c o m e w o r k , "the r e a l m of l i t e r a t u r e which a knowledge of b o t a n i c a l
L a t i n o p e n s t o b o t a n i s t s is a s t r a n g e b a r b a r o u s p l a c e f o r c l a s s i c i s t s ;
i n v i t e d i n t o it a s a n i n t e r p r e t e r , a good c l a s s i c a l s c h o l a r m a y well
f e e l l i k e Alice m e e t i n g Humpty Dumpty t h r o u g h t h e looking-glass."
T h e s a m e p e r p l e x i t y i s e x p e r i e n c e d by t h e e n t o m o l o g i s t ; t h o s e of u s
e d u c a t e d i n t h e L a t i n of C i c e r o and Pliny a r e i l l equipped t o n a m e new
species o r even to translate Latin descriptions, a s biological Latin
developed long a g o i n t o a s t y l i z e d f o r m not e a s i l y c o n q u e r e d without a
s p e c i f i c aid.
S t e a r n ' s s e l f - s t y l e d "do-it-yourself L a t i n kit" s o l v e s t h e p r o b l e m
with s u r p r i s i n g e a s e . Although p r i m a r i l y w r i t t e n f o r t h e b o t a n i s t , i t
i s well worth a p e r u s a l by t h e e n t o m o l o g i s t who f a c e s h i s t o r i c a l
l i t e r a t u r e with a p p r e h e n s i o n o r s i m p l y w i s h e s a meaningful n a m e to
b e s t o w upon h i s l a t e s t d i s c o v e r y . S t e a r n f u r n i s h e s c o n c i s e r e v i e w s of
Latin g r a m m a r and s y n t a x , a s well a s a c o p i o u s vocabulary. T h e
G r e e k e l e m e n t in n a m e f o r m a t i o n i s not f o r g o t t e n , and d i r e c t i o n s a r e
given f o r t h e solution of s u c h p r o b l e m s a s L a t i n i z a t i o n of n a t i v e n a m e s ,
a n a g r a m s and e p i t h e t s c o m m e m o r a t i n g p e r s o n s . T h e r e is a n e x c e l l e n t
index of s t a n d a r d a b b r e v i a t i o n s u s e d in L a t i n d e s c r i p t i o n s . D e s p i t e
d i f f e r e n c e s between t h e zoological and b o t a n i c a l c o d e s of n o m e n c l a t u r e ,
a l l b i o l o g i s t s -will find W. T. S t e a r n ' s Botanical Latin t o b e an invaluable r e f e r e n c e work.
R.S. W.
B R I E F NOTICES
LIGHT: PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ACTION. Howard H. S e l i g e r and
W i l l i a m D. M c E l r o y . New Y o r k and London: A c a d e m i c P r e s s , 1965.
x i i , 417pp. $12.00.
Although t h e a u t h o r s i n c l u d e no s p e c i f i c t r e a t m e n t of t h e a t t r a c t i o n
of i n s e c t s by l i g h t , t h e r e is m u c h in t h i s work t o i n t e r e s t t h e e n t o m o l ogist. C h a p t e r s a r e included on t h e m e a s u r e m e n t and c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n
106
Vol. 1, No. 3
of l i g h t , e x c i t a t i o n of m o l e c u l e s by l i g h t , c h e m i l u m i n e s c e n c e , b i o l u m i n e s c e n c e (containing a n e x a m i n a t i o n of t h i s phenomenon i n t h e f i r e f l y ) ,
and t h e b i o l o g i c a l a c t i o n of light. S o m e t o p i c s d i s c u s s e d i n t h e l a t t e r
c a t e g o r y a r e : o r g a n i z a t i o n and s t r u c t u r e of l i g h t r e c e p t o r s y s t e m s ,
t h e c o n t r o l of m e t a b o l i s m by l i g h t , d i r e c t s t i m u l a t i o n , v i s i o n , and
d e l e t e r i o u s e f f e c t s of l i g h t o n living o r g a n i s m s .
ANNUAL REVIEW O F ENTOMOLOGY: VOLUME 11. E d i t e d by R a y F .
S m i t h and T h o m a s E . M i t t l e r . P a l o Alto, C a l i f o r n i a : Annual R e v i e w s ,
1966. v i i i , 596pp. $8.50.
P a p e r s i n c l u d e d i n t h i s i s s u e a r e : R e g u l a t i o n of g e n e action i n i n s e c t
d e v e l o p m e n t ; T h e c o m p a r a t i v e e m b r y o l o g y of t h e D i p t e r a ; P o l y m o r p h i s m
i n Aphididae; P h y s i o l o g y of c a s t e d e t e r m i n a t i o n ; I n s e c t walking; T h e
b e h a v i o r p a t t e r n s of s o l i t a r y w a s p s ; T h e u t i l i z a t i o n and m a n a g e m e n t of
b u m b l e b e e s f o r r e d c l o v e r and a l f a l f a s e e d p r o d u c t i o n ; T h e c o m p e t i t i v e d i s p l a c e m e n t and c o e x i s t e n c e p r i n c i p l e s ; I n s e c t s i n the e p i d e miology of p l a n t v i r u s e s ; A f u n c t i o n a l s y s t e m of a d a p t i v e d i s p e r s a l
by flight; T i c k s i n r e l a t i o n to h u m a n d i s e a s e s c a u s e d by v i r u s e s ; T h e
b i o s y s t e m a t i c s of T r i a t o m i n a e ; T h e u s e and a c t i o n of o v i c i d e s ; Mode
of action of i n s e c t i c i d e s ; C h e m i c a l i n s e c t a t t r a c t a n t s and r e p e l l e n t s ;
F u n g a l p a r a s i t e s of i n s e c t s ; M a n a g e m e n t of i n s e c t p e s t s ; T e a p e s t s
and t h e i r c o n t r o l ; P e s t c o n t r o l .
A s u s u a l i n t h i s s e r i e s , a s p e c t r u m of t o p i c s p r o m o t e s wide r e a d e r
appeal. A u t h o r s h i p is s i m i l a r l y c a t h o l i c ; s c i e n t i s t s of e i g h t n a t i o n s
h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d to t h i s y e a r ' s i s s u e .
[ ~ o r e i ~ pnr i c e s h a v e b e e n c o n v e r t e d i n t o d o l l a r s . In m o s t c a s e s ,
f o r e i g n i m p r i n t s o r d e r e d t h r o u g h U.S. d e a l e r s will c o s t s l i g h t l y m o r e .
New b o o k s a r e a l m o s t a l w a y s l e s s e x p e n s i v e when o r d e r e d f r o m a
d e a l e r i n the c o u n t r y of o r i g i n . T h e E d i t o r will b e happy t o f u r n i s h ,
upon a p p l i c a t i o n , s u i t a b l e s o u r c e s f o r t h e p u r c h a s e of f o r e i g n e n t o m o l o g i c a l books.]
M i c r o f i l m c o p i e s of the c u r r e n t v o l u m e of The Michigan Entomologist

will b e a v a i l a b l e a t n o m i n a l c o s t , to m e m b e r s and s u b s c r i b e r s o n l y ,
a t t h e e n d of t h e v o l u m e y e a r . P l e a s e a d d r e s s a l l o r d e r s and i n q u i r i e s
to U n i v e r s i t y M i c r o f i l m s , Inc., 300 North Z e e b R o a d , Ann A r b o r ,
Michigan 48106.
EDITORIAL BOARD
I r v i n g J. C a n t r a l l
S. K. G a n g w e r e
J u l i a n P . Donahue
M. C. N i e l s e n ( C h a i r m a n )
R o n a l d S. Wilkinson, E d i t o r ( e x officio)
INFORMATION F O R AUTHORS
P a p e r s d e a l i n g with any a s p e c t of e n t o m o l o g y will b e c o n s i d e r e d f o r
publication i n The Michigan Entomologist. We s o l i c i t s u b j e c t s of p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t to a m a t e u r and p r o f e s s i o n a l e n t o m o l o g i s t s i n t h e N o r t h
C e n t r a l S t a t e s and C a n a d a , a s w e l l a s g e n e r a l p a p e r s and r e v i s i o n s
d i r e c t e d to a l a r g e r a u d i e n c e while r e t a i n i n g a n i n t e r e s t to r e a d e r s i n
o u r g e o g r a p h i c a l a r e a . B o o k s will b e r e v i e w e d with t h i s l a r g e r a u d i e n c e
i n mind. N o t e s o n c o l l e c t i n g m e t h o d s and new t e c h n i q u e s a r e w e l c o m e d ,
a s a r e s u b j e c t s i n t h e h i s t o r y and b i b l i o g r a p h y of entomology.
M a n u s c r i p t s a r e s u b m i t t e d to o n e o r m o r e qualified r e f e r e e s and a r e
judged on s c h o l a r l y m e r i t a s well a s c l a r i t y of p r e s e n t a t i o n . A r t i c l e s
of 1 0 o r m o r e p r i n t e d p a g e s m a y b e p u b l i s h e d i n t h e c o u r s e of s e v e r a l
i s s u e s unless the e x t r a pages a r e subsidized at cost. Especially m e r i t o r i o u s p a p e r s of a t l e a s t 28 p a g e s m a y b e p u b l i s h e d a s s i n g l e i s s u e s
if s u b s i d i z e d .
I l l u s t r a t i o n s a r e e n c o u r a g e d and will b e p r i n t e d without c h a r g e .
P h o t o g r a p h s s h o u l d b e g l o s s y and 8" x 10" i n s i z e while d r a w i n g s ,
c h a r t s , g r a p h s and m a p s m a y b e of any s i z e , allowing f o r r e d u c t i o n .
C o n t r i b u t o r s s h o u l d follow t h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s of t h e Style Manual
fov Biological Journals, a v a i l a b l e a t $3.00 p e r copy f r o m t h e A m e r i c a n
I n s t i t u t e of B i o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e s , 3900 W i s c o n s i n Avenue, N.W. Washingt o n , D.C. 20016. A p e d a n t i c s t y l e should b e avoided, f o r s c i e n t i f i c
accuracy and lucid, interesting p r o s e can e x i s t together.
M a n u s c r i p t s m u s t b e t y p e d , d o u b l e - s p a c e d , with wide m a r g i n s on
white 8 1/2" x 11" o r e q u i v a l e n t f o r e i g n s i z e p a p e r . P r o o f s will b e s u b m i t t e d t o a u t h o r s , and m u s t b e r e t u r n e d within o n e week of r e c e i p t .
T i t l e s s h o u l d b e c o n c i s e , identifying the o r d e r a n d f a m i l y d i s c u s s e d .
T h e a u t h o r of e a c h s p e c i e s m e n t i o n e d m u s t b e given fully a t l e a s t o n c e
i n t h e t e x t . A c o m m o n n a m e f o r e a c h s p e c i e s o r g r o u p should b e given
a t l e a s t o n c e when s u c h a n a m e e x i s t s . T h e f o r m a t of r e f e r e n c e s s h o u l d
follow t h a t u s e d i n r e c e n t i s s u e s . While e v e r y c a r e will b e t a k e n of
a u t h o r s ' m a n u s c r i p t s , n e i t h e r t h e E d i t o r n o r t h e Michigan E n t o m o l o g i c a l
S o c i e t y will a c c e p t r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r a c c i d e n t a l l o s s o r d a m a g e .
E a c h a u t h o r o r c o - a u t h o r will r e c e i v e 2 5 g r a t i s s e p a r a t e s of h i s
p a p e r ; a u t h o r s of n o t e s will r e c e i v e 1 0 s e p a r a t e s . Additional s e p a r a t e s
m a y be o r d e r e d a t c o s t upon a c c e p t a n c e of m a n u s c r i p t .
All m a n u s c r i p t s f o r The Michigan Entomologist s h o u l d b e s e n t to t h e
E d i t o r , R o n a l d S . Wilkinson, T h e L i b r a r y , Michigan S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y ,
E a s t L a n s i n g , Michigan 48823, USA. O t h e r c o r r e s p o n d e n c e s h o u l d b e
d i r e c t e d t o t h e ~ x e c u t i v eS e c r e t a r y ( s e e i n s i d e f r o n t c o v e r ) .

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S e v e r a l people, m o s t r e c e n t l y L e s t o n and P r i n g l e (1964), have sugg e s t e d that t r i c h o b o t h r i a a r e s o u n d - r e c e p t o r s . Some objections c a n b e

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Idiostolus t r i c h o b o t h r i a i s p r i m i t i v e . Another indication t h a t t h i s l a r g e

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H a s k e l l , P.T. 1961. I n s e c t Sounds. Chicago.

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F o r d , R.L.E. 1963. P r a c t i c a l entomology. London.

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