1* Tel.: +xx xx 265xxxxx; fax: +xx aa 462xxxxx.ДОМRED1349769084-SDI Paper Template 2003

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Distributional SAdS BH spacetime-induced

vacuum dominance
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Jaykov Foukzon 1*
jaykovfoukzon@list.ru
Center for Mathematical Sciences, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel

Haifa, 3200003
Alexander Potapov 2
potapov@cplire.ru
Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences,

Moscow, Russia
Moscow, 125009
Elena Menkova 3
e_menkova@mail.ru
All-Russian Research Institute for Optical and Physical Measurements, Moscow, Russia
Moscow, 119361
ABSTRACT
This paper dealing with extension of the Einstein field equations using apparatus of
contemporary generalization of the classical Lorentzian geometry named in literature
Colombeau distributional geometry, see for example [1]-[2], [5]-[7] and [14]-[15]. The
regularization of singularities presented in some solutions of the Einstein equations is an
important part of this approach. Any singularities present in some solutions of the Einstein
equations recognized only in the sense of Colombeau generalized functions [1]-[2] and not
classically. In this paper essentially new class Colombeau solutions to Einstein field
equations is obtained. We leave the neighborhood of the singularity at the origin and turn to
the singularity at the horizon. Using nonlinear distributional geometry and Colombeau
generalized functions it seems possible to show that the horizon singularity is not only a
coordinate singularity without leaving Schwarzschild coordinates. However the Tolman
formula for the total energy E T of a static and asymptotically flat spacetime, gives ET m,
as it should be. The vacuum energy density of free scalar quantum field with a
distributional background spacetime also is considered. It has been widely believed that,
except in very extreme situations, the influence of gravity on quantum fields should amount
to just small, sub-dominant contributions. Here we argue that this belief is false by showing
that there exist well-behaved spacetime evolutions where the vacuum energy density of free
quantum fields is forced, by the very same background distributional spacetime such
distributional BHs, to become dominant over any classical energy density component. This
semiclassical gravity effect finds its roots in the singular behavior of quantum fields on
curved spacetimes. In particular we obtain that the vacuum fluctuations
behavior on BHs horizon
r :
2 r ~ r r .
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E-mail address: xyz@abc.com.
2 has a singular
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Keywords: Colombeau nonlinear generalized functions, Distributional Riemannian

Geometry, Distributional Schwarzschild Geometry, Schwarzschild singularity, Schwarzschild
Horizon, smooth regularization, nonsmooth regularization, quantum fields on curved
spacetime, vacuum fluctuations, vacuum dominance
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Remark 1.1. Note that if some components of the Riemann curvature tensor
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become infinite at point
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1.
The breakdown of canonical formalism of Riemann geometry for the
singular solutions of the Einstein field equations
Einstein field equations was originally derived by Einstein in 1915 in respect with canonical
formalism of Riemann geometry, i.e. by using the classical sufficiently smooth metric tensor,
smooth Riemann curvature tensor, smooth Ricci tensor, smooth scalar curvature, etc.
However, singular solutions of the Einstein field equations with singular metric tensor and
singular Riemann curvature tensor have soon been found. These singular solutions are
formally accepted beyond rigorous canonical formalism of Riemannian geometry.
i
x
Rklm
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x 0 one obtains the breakdown of canonical formalism of Riemann

0
geometry in a sufficiently small neighborhood of the point x , i.e. in such
i
neighborhood Riemann curvature tensor Rklm x will be changed by formula (1.7) see
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remark 1.2.
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Remark 1.2. Let
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be infinitesimal closed contour and let be the corresponding surface

i
spanning by , see figure 1. We assume now that: (i) Christoffel symbol kl x becomes
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infinite at singular point
x 0 by formulae
ikl x kl x x i x 0i , 1
kl x C
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x 0 . Let us derive now to similarly canonical calculation [3]-[4] the general
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and (ii)
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formula for the regularized change
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around infinitesimal closed contour

in the form
A k in a vector Ai x after parallel displacement
. This regularized change A k can clearly be written

A k
x x 0 A k ,
1. 2
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1. 1
0
0
where x x xi xi
, 1 and where the integral is taken over the given
i 0
. Substituting in place of Ak the canonical expression Ak kli x Ak dxl (see
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contour
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[4], Eq. (85.5)) we obtain
A k x x 0 A k x x 0 ikl x A k dx l ,
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where
1. 3
Ai
kli x Ak .
l
x
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1.4
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and corresponding singular surface

x spanning by . Due to the degeneracy of the metric (1.12) at point r 0 , the
1 lm
l
Levi-Civita connection kj
g g mk , j g mj ,k g kj ,m is not
2
3
available on R 0 in canonical sense but only in an distributional sense
Fig. 1. Infinitesimal closed contour
0
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with a singularity at point x 0 on Horizon and

0
corresponding singular surface x spanning by . Due to the degeneracy of the
r 2m ,
metric
(1.12)
at
the
Levi-Civita
connection
1
kjl g lm g mk , j g mj ,k g kj ,m is not available on horizon in
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Fig. 2. Infinitesimal closed contour
canonical sense but only in an distributional sense
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Now applying Stokes' theorem (see [4], Eq. (6.19)) to the integral (1.3) and considering that
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the area enclosed by the contour has the infinitesimal value
f lm , we get
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A k x x 0 ikl x A k dx l
1
2
ikm x A i x x 0
x l
ikm x A i x x 0
x l
x x 0
ikl x A i x x 0
df lm
x m
ikl x A i x x 0
x m
ikm x x 0 A i
x l
ikm x A i
x x 0
x l
ikl x A i
x x 0
i
x
A
x x
i
kl
x m
x m
0
x x 0
A i x x x 0
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ikm x A i
x l
x x 0
f lm
1. 5
f lm
ikl x A i
x m
i
2 ikm x
0 2 kl x
x
x
x
i
x m x 0m
x l x 0l
f lm
.
2
Substituting the values of the derivatives (1.4) into Eq. (1.5), we get finally:
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i A i x x x 0 f lm
A k Rklm
,
2
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where
1. 6
i
Rklm , is a tensor of the fourth rank
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i
ikm x
ikl x
i
Rklm Rklm 2
.
x l x 0l x m x 0m
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1. 7
i
i
Rklm
is the classical Riemann curvature tensor. That Rklm is a tensor is clear from the
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Here
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fact that in (1.6) the left side is a vector -- the difference
A k between the values of vectors
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at one and the same point. Note that a similar results were obtained by many authors [5]-[17]
by using Colombeau nonlinear generalized functions [1]-[2].
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Definition 1.1. The tensor

Riemann tensor.
i
Rklm is called the generalized curvature tensor or the generalized
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Definition 1.2. The generalized Ricci curvature tensor
Rkm is defined as
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i
Rkm Rkim .
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Definition 1.3. The generalized Ricci scalar
1. 8
R is defined as
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R g km Rkm .
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Definition 1.4. The generalized Einstein tensor
1. 9
G km is defined as
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G km Rkm 1 g km R.
2
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1. 10
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Remark 1.3. (I) Note that the Schwarzschild spacetime is well defined only for r 2m . The
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boundary of the manifold
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diffeomorfic to a product
horizon [33], [34].
r 2m
in
R 3 R is the submanifold r 2m of R 3 R ,
S 2 R. This submanifold is called the event horizon, or simply the
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( x0 , r , , ), with m 0,
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(II) The Schwarzschild metric (1.12) in canonical coordinates
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ceases to be a smooth Lorentzian metric for
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coefficient
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coordinate. Hence the metric cannot be said to be either spherically symmetric or static for
r 2m [33].
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r 2m, because for such a value of r the
g 00 becomes zero while g 11 becomes infinite. For 0 r 2m the metric

(1.12) is again a smooth Lorentzian metric but t is a space coordinate while r is a time
(III) From consideration above obviously follows that on Schwarzschild spacetime
Sh S 2 r 2m 0 r 2m R the Levi-Civita connection
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1 lm
l
kj {} g {} [( g mk , j {} g mj , k {} g kj , m {}]
2
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1.11
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is not available in classical sense and that is well known many years from mathematical
literature, see for example [22] section 6 and Remark 1.1 - Remark 1.2 above.
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(IV) Note that [4]: (i) The determinant
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det glm ({}) r 4 sin 2 of the metric (1.12) is

reqular on horizon, i.e. smooth and non-vanishing for r 2m.
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In addition:
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R({}) g R ({}) is zero for r 2m.
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(i) The curvature scalar
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(ii) The none of higher-order scalars such as
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the quadratic scalar
R ({})R ({}), etc. blows up. For example
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R ({})R ({}) 48m2 / r 6 is regular on horizon, i.e. smooth and

non-vanishing for r 2m.
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(V) Note that: (i) In physical literature (see for example [4], [33], [35],) it was wrongly
assumed that a properties (i)-(iii) is enough to convince us that r 2m represent an non
honest physical singularity but only coordinate singularity.
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(VI) Such assumption based only on formal extensions R, R R , . . . ,
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R of the curvature scalar R({}) and higher-order scalars such as
R R , . . . , R R on horizon r 2m and on origin r 0 by

formulae
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lim Rr 0, Rr
Rr
r2m
r2m
lim Rr 0
r0
r0
............................
lim R rR r
rR r
r2m
r2m
rR r
r0
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however in the limit
2
48m 2
lim 48m
r6
r6
r2m
2
lim R rR r lim 48m
.
r6
r0
r0
r 2m the Levi-Civit connection kj l {} becomes infinite [4]:
,
r2m
mr 2m
m
1
r r 2 m rlim
0, 11
,
3
2
m
r
r r 2m
m
0
r r 2 m rlim
01
,
2 m r r 2m
1
1
122 r
lim 21 m 1 , 22
lim r 2m 0,
r 2 m
r 2 m
r 2 m r
r 2 m
1
1
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lim 21 m 1 , 33
lim r 2m sin 2 0,
r 2 m
r 2 m
r 2 m r
r 2 m
mr 2m
m
1
1
r r 0 lim
r r 0 lim
00
11
,
3
r 0
r
0
r
r r 2m
....................................................................
cos
3
332 sin cos , 23
.
sin
1
r
00
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r 2 m
lim
r 2 m
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Thus obviously by consideration above (see Remark 1.1 - Remark 1.2) this extension given
by Eq. (1.15) has no any sense in respect of the canonical Riemannian geometry.
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(VII) From consideration above (see Remark 1.1 - Remark 1.2) obviously follows that the
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scalars such as R, R R , . . . , R
R has no any sense in
respect of the canonical Levi-Civit connection (1.11) and therefore cannot be said to be
either honest physical singularity or only coordinate singularity in respect of the canonical
Riemannian geometry.
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Remark 1.4. Note that in physical literature the spacetime singularity usually is defined as
location where the quantities that are used to measure the gravitational field become infinite
in a way that does not depend on the coordinate system. These quantities are the classical
scalar invariant curvatures of singular spacetime, which includes a measure of the density of
matter.
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Remark 1.5. In general relativity, many investigations have been derived with regard to
singular exact vacuum solutions of the Einstein equation and the singularity structure of
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space-time. Such solutions have been formally derived under condition
T ( x) 0, where
T x represent the energy-momentum densities of the gravity source. This for example is
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the case for the well-known Schwarzschild solution, which is given by, in the Schwarzschild
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coordinates
( x0 , r , , ),
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ds 2 hr (dx 0 ) 2 h 1 r (dr ) 2 r 2 (d ) 2 sin 2 (d ) 2 , hr 1
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rs
,
r
1.12
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r s is the Schwarzschild radius rs 2GM / c 2 with G, M and c being the Newton
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where
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gravitational constant, mass of the source, and the light velocity in vacuum Minkowski
space-time, respectively. The metric (1.12) describes the gravitational field produced by a
point-like particle located at r 0 .
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Remark 1.6. Note that when we say, on the basis of the canonical expression of the
curvature square
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R (r )R (r )
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12rs2
r6
1.13
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formally obtained from the metric (1.12), that r 0 is a singularity of the Schwarzschild
space-time, the source is considered to be point-like and this metric is regarded as
meaningful everywhere in space-time.
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Remark 1.7. From the metric (1.12), the calculation of the canonical Einstein tensor
proceeds in a straightforward manner gives for r 0
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Gtt r Grr r
hr 1 hr
hr hr
0 , G r G r
2 0,
2
r
r
2
r
1.14
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where
hr 1 rs / r. Using Eq. (1.14) one formally obtains a boundary conditions
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G tt 0 lim G tt r 0, G rr 0 lim G rr r 0,
r0
r0
G 0 lim G r 0, G 0 lim G r 0.
r0
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1. 15
r0
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However as pointed out above the canonical expression of the Einstein tensor in a
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sufficiently small neighborhood
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generalized Einstein tensor
of the point r 0 and must be replaced by the
G km (1.10). By simple calculation easy to see that
G t 0 lim G t r , G r 0 lim G r r ,
r0
G 0
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lim
r0
r0
G r
, G 0
lim
G r
1. 16
.
r0
and therefore the boundary conditions (1.15) is completely wrong. But other hand as pointed
out by many authors [5]-[17] that the canonical representation of the Einstein tensor, valid
only in a weak (distributional) sense, i.e. [12]:
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G ab x 8m a0 0b 3 x
1.17
Gba 0 0a b0 . Thus canonical definition of the
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and therefore again we obtain
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Einstein tensor is breakdown in rigorous mathematical sense for the Schwarzschild solution
at origin r 0 .
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1.2.
The distributional Schwarzschild geometry
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General relativity as a physical theory is governed by particular physical equations; the focus
of interest is the breakdown of physics which need not coincide with the breakdown of
geometry. It has been suggested to describe singularity at the origin as internal point of the
Schwarzschild spacetime, where the Einstein field equations are satisfied in a weak
(distributional) sense [5]-[22].
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1.2.1.The smooth regularization of the singularity at the origin
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components of the Schwarzschild metric) are
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it obviously gives the regular distribution r D(R ) . By convolution with a mollifier x

adapted to the symmetry of the spacetime, (i.e. chosen radially symmetric) we embed it into
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the Colombeau algebra
The two singular functions we will work with throughout this paper (namely the singular
1
r and
1
1
, rs 0. Since r L1loc (R 3 ),
r rs
G R3 [22]:
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1 1
r
r
1
r
1
r
, 13 r , 0, 1.
1. 18
Inserting (1.18) into (1.12) we obtain a generalized Colombeau object modeling the singular
Schwarzschild spacetime [22]:
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ds2 h r (dt ) 2 h1 r (dr ) 2 r 2 (d ) 2 sin 2 (d ) 2 ,
h
r
r
, 0,1.
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Remark 1.8. Note that under regularization (1.18) for any
0,1 the metric
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2
2
2
2
2
ds 2 h rdt 2 h 1
rdr r d sin d
1.19
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obviously is a classical Riemannian object and there is no existed the breakdown of

canonical formalism of Riemannian geometry for these metrics, even at origin r 0. It has
been suggested by many authors to describe singularity at the origin as an internal point,
where the Einstein field equations are satisfied in a distributional sense [5]-[22]. From the
Colombeau metric (1.19) one obtains in a distributional sense [22]:
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R r, R
2
2
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R r, R
0
0
h r 1 h r
r
8m 2 ,

2
r
r
r
1 h r h r
r
4m 2 .

2 2
r
r
3
3
1
1
1.20
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R r
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Hence, the distributional Ricci tensor and the distributional curvature scalar
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-type, i.e. R r m r .
r2
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Remark 1.9. Note that the formulae (1.20) should be contrasted with what is the expected
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result
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obviously given in spherical coordinates and therefore strictly speaking this is not correct,
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because the basis fields
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concentrated at the origin requires a basis regular at the origin. Transforming the formulae
for ( Rij ) into Cartesian coordinates associated with the spherical ones, i.e.,
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{r , ,} {xi } , we obtain, e.g., for the Einstein tensor the expected result
Gba x 8m 0a b0 3 x given by Eq. (1.17), see [22].
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are of
Gba x 8m 0a b0 3 x given by Eq. (1.17). However the equations (1.20) are

, are not globally defined. Representing distributions
,
r
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1.2.2. The nonsmooth regularization of the singularity at the origin
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The nonsmooth regularization of the Schwarzschild singularity at the origin r 0 is

considered by N. R. Pantoja and H. Rago in paper [12]. Pantoja non smooth regularization of
the Schwarzschild singularity is
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h r
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1 s r , 0,1, r rs .
r
1.21
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u is the Heaviside function and the limit 0 is understood in a distributional
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Here
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sense. Equation (1.19) with h as given in (1.21) can be considered as a regularized

version of the Schwarzschild line element in curvature coordinates. From equation (1.21),
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the calculation of the distributional Einstein tensor proceeds in a straightforward manner. By

simple calculation it gives [12]:
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t
h r 1 h r
r

Gt r , Gr r ,
2
r
r
r
rs
rs 2
2
r
r
1.22

h r h r
2
G r , G r ,
2 r
r r r d r r r .
s
s
s
2
2
r2
r dr
1.23
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and
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which is exactly the result obtained in Ref. [9] using smoothed versions of the Heaviside
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function
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associated with the spherical ones, i.e., {r , ,} {x

Einstein tensor the expected result given by Eq. (1.17)
(r ) . Transforming now the formulae for (Gba r , ) into Cartesian coordinates

i
} , we obtain for the generalized
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Gba x 8m 0a b0 3 x ,
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1.24
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see Remark 1.9.
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1.2.3. The smooth regularization via Horizon
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paper [22]. Note that
284
1
D(R 3 ) which can be embedded into G R3 [22]:
vp
r
r
s
The smooth regularization via Horizon is considered by J. M. Heinzle and R. Steinbauer in
1
L1loc (R 3 ). A canonical regularization is the principal value
r rs
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1 1
1 vp 1
vp

GR3 .
vp
r rs
r rs
r rs r rs
1.25
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Inserting now (1.25) into (1.12) we obtain a generalized Colombeau object modeling the
singular Schwarzschild spacetime [22]:
291
hr (dt ) h r (dr )
ds2
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r 2 (d ) 2 sin 2 (d ) 2 ,
1
r
, 0,1.
hr 1 s , h1 r 1 rs
r
r rs
2
1.26
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r rs ,
because h(r ) is zero at the horizon. However, this does not come as a surprise. Both h(r )
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and
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Remark 1.10. Note that obviously Colombeau object, (1.26) is degenerate at
298
h 1 (r ) are positive outside of the black hole and negative in the interior. As a
1
consequence any smooth regularization of h(r ) (or h ) must pass through zero
somewhere and, additionally, this zero must converge to r rs as the regularization
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parameter goes to zero.
300
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Remark 1.11. Note that due to the degeneracy of Colombeau object (1.26), even the
distributional Levi-Civit connection obviously is not available by using the smooth
regularization via horizon [22].
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1.2.4.The nonsmooth regularization via Gorizon
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In this paper we leave the neighborhood of the singularity at the origin and turn to the
singularity at the horizon. The question we are aiming at is the following: using distributional
geometry (thus without leaving Schwarzschild coordinates), is it possible to show that the
horizon singularity of the Schwarzschild metric is not merely a coordinate singularity. In order
to investigate this issue we calculate the distributional curvature at the horizon in
Schwarzschild coordinates.
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The main focus of this work is a (nonlinear) superdistributional description of the

Schwarzschild spacetime. Although the nature of the Schwarzschild singularity is much
worse than the quasi-regular conical singularity, there are several distributional treatments in
the literature [8]-[29], mainly motivated by the following considerations: the physical
interpretation of the Schwarzschild metric is clear as long as we consider it merely as an
exterior (vacuum) solution of an extended (sufficiently large) massive spherically symmetric
body. Together with the interior solution it describes the entire spacetime. The concept of
point particles -- well understood in the context of linear field theories -- suggests a
mathematical idealization of the underlying physics: one would like to view the
Schwarzschild solution as defined on the entire spacetime and regard it as generated by a
point mass located at the origin and acting as the gravitational source.
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This of course amounts to the question of whether one can reasonably ascribe distributional
curvature quantities to the Schwarzschild singularity at the horizon.
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The emphasis of the present work lies on mathematical rigor. We derive the physically
expected result for the distributional energy momentum tensor of the Schwarzschild

T00 8m (3) ( x ) , in a conceptually satisfactory way. Additionally, we set up
327
geometry, i.e.,
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329
330
331
a unified language to comment on the respective merits of some of the approaches taken so
far. In particular, we discuss questions of differentiable structure as well as smoothness and
degeneracy problems of the regularized metrics, and present possible refinements and
workarounds. These aims are accomplished using the framework of nonlinear
332
333
supergeneralized functions (supergeneralized Colombeau algebras GR , ). Examining

the Schwarzschild metric (1.12) in a neighborhood of the horizon, we see that, whereas
334
1
h(r ) is smooth, h 1 (r ) is not even L loc (note that the origin is now always excluded from
335
our considerations; the space we are working on is
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Schwarzschild metric amounts to embedding h

into GR , (as done in (3.2)).
Obviously, (3.1) is degenerated at r 2m , because h(r ) is zero at the horizon. However,
338
this does not come as a surprise. Both
R 3 \0 ). Thus, regularizing the
339
h(r ) and h 1 (r ) are positive outside of the black
hole and negative in the interior. As a consequence any (smooth) regularization h (r )
340
( h
(r ) ) [above (below) horizon] of h(r ) must pass through small enough vicinity
341
( O 2m x R
2m, x 2m )
O 2m x R3 | x 2m, x 2m
342
343
344
| x
O0 2m y R3 | y 2m
345
of zeros set
346
O 2m ( O 2m ) must converge to O0 2m as the regularization parameter goes to
347
348
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zero. Due to the degeneracy of (1.12), the Levi-Civit connection is not available. By
appropriate nonsmooth regularization (see section 3) we obtain an Colombeau generalized
object modeling the singular Schwarzschild metric above and below horizon, i.e.,
somewhere and, additionally, this vicinity
350
ds 2 h (r )dt 2 h (r ) 1 dr 2 r 2 d 2 ,

1
2
2
2
2
ds
h
(
r
)
dt
h
(
r
)
dr

r d ,
0,1.
351
352
353
Consider corresponding distributional connections
354
l
kj
355
356
357
358
and
l
kj h
GR 3 ,
1.28
l
kj
359
l
kj h
GR 3 , :
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361
12 g [( g )
12 ( g )[( g )
l
kj
362
l
kj
363
lm
lm
l
kj
mk , j
h , h
l
kj
] .
( g ) mj , k ( g ) kj , m ] ,
mk , j ( g ) mj , k ( g ) kj , m
1.29
coincides with the corresponding Levi-Civit connection on
364
Obviously
365
R 3\ {r 0 r 2m}, as (h ) h0 , (h ) h0 , and glm g0lm , glm g0lm
366
there. Clearly, connections
367
g , 0,1, i.e. ( g )ij ; k 0 . Proceeding in this manner, we obtain the nonstandard result
kjl , kjl , 0,1 in respect the regularized metric
368
R 11
R 11
369
370
371
372
R 00
m 2m,
R 00
m 2m.
1.30
Investigating the weak limit of the angular components of the generalized Ricci tensor using
the abbreviation
373
~
(r ) sin d
374
d( x)
375
(x) be the function ( x) S2m (R 3 ) ( ( x) S2m (R 3 ) ) , where by S2 m (R 3 )
376
and let
377
( S2 m (R
) ) we denote the class of all functions (x) with compact support such that
378
379
(i) supp
380
(ii)
381
382
( x) x |
x 2m (supp ( x) x | x 2m)
~
(r ) C R . Then for any function (x) S2 m (R 3 ) we get:
w - lim R 11 w - lim R 00 m | m 2m,

0
w - lim R 11 w - lim R 00 m | m 2m,

0
383
384
1.31
385
386
387
i.e., the Schwarzschild spacetime is weakly Ricci-nonflat (the origin was excluded from our
considerations). Furthermore, the Tolman formula [3], [4] for the total energy of a static and
asymptotically flat spacetime
388
389
with g the determinant of the four dimensional metric and

element, gives
d 3 x the coordinate volume
390
ET Trr T T Ttt g d 3 x m,
391
1.32
392
393
as it should be.
394
395
396
The paper is organized in the following way: in section II we discuss the conceptual as well
as the mathematical prerequisites. In particular we comment on geometrical matters
(differentiable structure, coordinate invariance) and recall the basic facts of nonlinear
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
superdistributional geometry in the context of algebras GM, of supergeneralized

functions. Moreover, we derive sensible nonsmooth regularizations of the singular functions
to be used throughout the paper. Section III is devoted to these approach to the problem.
We present a new conceptually satisfactory method to derive the main result. In this final
section III we investigate the horizon and describe its distributional curvature. Using
nonlinear superdistributional geometry and supergeneralized functions it seems possible to
show that the horizon singularity is not only a coordinate singularity without leaving
Schwarzschild coordinates.
405
406
407
1.2.5. Distributional Eddington-Finkelstein spacetime
408
In
409
410
physical
literature
for
many
years
the
belief
that
Schwarzschild
spacetime
S r 2m R is extendible exists, in the sense that it can be immersed in a larger

spacetime whose manifold is not covered by the canonical Schwarzschild coordinate with
2
r 2m. In physical literature [4], [33], [34], [35] one considers the formal change of
411
412
coordinates obtained by replacing the canonical Schwarzschild time by "retarded time"
413
above horizon
given when r 2m by
414
415
1.
2m
t r 2m ln
416
417
From (1.31) it follows for r 2m
1.33
418
dt
419
1.34
dr
dv .
2m
1
r
420
421
422
The Schwarzschild metric (1.12) above horizon

obviously takes the form
ds 2 (see section 3) in this coordinate
423
2m 2
2
2
2
2
ds 2 1
dv 2drdv r (d ) sin (d ) .
r
424
1.35
425
426
When
r 2m we replace (1.33) below horizon by
427
t r 2m ln1
428
r
.
2m
1.36
429
430
From (1.36) it follows for r 2m
431
dt
432
1.37
dr
dv .
2m
1
r
433
434
435
The Schwarzschild metric (1.12) below horizon

obviously takes the form
ds2 (see section 3) in this coordinate
436
2m 2
ds 2
1 dv 2drdv r 2 (d ) 2 sin 2 (d ) 2 .
r
437
1.38
438
S 2 r 0 R and
439
440
Remark 1.12. (i) Note that the metric (1.33) is defined on the manifold
obviously it is regular Lorentzian metric: its coefficients are smooth.
441
(ii) The term
442
(iii) Due to the nondegeneracy of the metric (1.32) the Levi-Civita connection
443
444
445
2drdv ensures its non-degeneracy for r 2m.
{} g {}[( g {} g {} g {}]
l
kj
lm
mk , j
mj , k
kj , m
1.39
446
447
obviously now available and therefore nonsingular on horizon in contrast Schwarzschild

metric (1.12) one obtains [36]:
448
rs
r r r
r
1
, r s 3 s , rr s 2 , r ,
2
2r
2r
2r
r
1
r ,
r , r r r rs ,
cot ,
r
r sin 2 ,
r r rs sin 2 ,
sin cos .
449
1.40
450
451
452
(iv) In physical literature [4], [33], [34], [35] by using properties (i)-(iii) this spacetime wrongly
convicted as a rigorous mathematical extension of the Schwarzschild spacetime.
453
Remark 1.13. Let us consider now the coordinates: (i)
454
(ii)
455
456
Obviously both transformations given by Eq. (1.33) and Eq. (1.36) are singular because the
both Jacobian of these transformations is singular at r 2m :
v , r r , , and
v , r r , , .
457
t
r
458
v

r 1
r
0
r
r 2m
1
1.41
459
460
and
461
t
r
462
v
r

.
r 1
2
m
r
1
0
r
1.42
463
464
465
Remark 1.14. Note first (i) such singular transformations not allowed in conventional
Lorentzian geometry and second
466
467
(ii) both Eddington-Finkelstein metrics given by Eq. (1.35) and by Eq. (1.38) again not well
defined in any rigorous mathematical sence at r 2m.
468
Remark
469
470
471
472
473
474
1.15.
From
S r 2m R
2
consideration
above
follows
that
Schwarzschild
spacetime
is not extendible, in the sense that it can be immersed in a larger

spacetime whose manifold is not covered by the canonical Schwarzschild coordinate with
r 2m. Thus Eddington-Finkelstein spacetime cannot be considered as an extension of the
Schwarzschild spacetime in any rigorous mathematical sense in respect conventional
Lorentzian geometry. Such "extension" is the extension by abnormal definition and nothing
more.
475
476
477
478
Remark 1.16. From consideration above it follows that it is necessary a regularization of the
Eq. (1.34) and Eq. (1.37) on horizon. However, obviously only nonsmooth regularization via
horizon r 2m is possible. Under nonsmooth regularization (see section 3) Eq. (1.34) and
Eq. (1.37) takes the form
479
dt
480
dr
1
r
r 2m2 2
0,1
dv ,
1.43
481
482
483
and
dt
484
dr
1
r
2m r 2 2
0,1
dv ,
1.44
485
486
487
correspondingly. Therefore Eq. (1.41) - Eq. (1.42) take the form
488
t
r
489
v
1
r
r
0
r
r 2m
1.45
v
1
r
r
0
r
2m r .
1.46
490
491
492
and
t
r
493
494
495
From Eq. (1.43) - Eq. (1.44) one obtains generalized Eddington-Finkelstein transformations
such as
496
dt
497
498
rdr
r 2m 2
0,1
2
dv ,
1.47
499
and
500
dt
501
rdr
2m r
0,1.
2
dv ,
1.48
502
503
Therefore, Eq. (1.45) - Eq. (1.46) take the form
504
505
t
r
0
r
t
r
0
r
r 2m2 2

1.49
506
507
and
508
509
2m r 2 2 .

1.50
510
511
At point
r 2m one obtains
512
t
r
513

1 r 1

0
1
r
r r 2 m
1.51

1 r 1
0
1
r
r r 2 m
1.52
514
515
and
516
517
518
t
r
519
520
521
522
523
where . Thus generalized Eddington-Finkelstein transformations (1.47) - (1.48)

are well defined in sense of Colombeau generalized functions. Therefore Colombeau
generalized object modeling the classical Eddington-Finkelstein metric (1.35) (1.36) above
and below gorizon takes the form
ds
ds
2
524
525
526
527
1
r
1
r 2m2 2 dv2 2drdv r 2 (d )2 sin 2 (d )2 .

2m r
dv 2drdv r (d ) sin (d ) .
2
1.53
It is easily to verify by using formula A.2 (see appendix) that the distributional curvature
scalar R is singular at r 2m as in the case of the distributional Schwarzschild
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
spacetime given by Eq. (1.28). However this is not surprising because the classical
Eddington-Finkelstein spacetime and generalized Eddington-Finkelstein specetime given by
Eq. (1.53) are essentially different geometrical objects.
538
the paper
2. GENERALIZED COLOMBEAU CALCULUS

2.1 Notation and basic notions from standard Colombeau theory
We use [1], [2], [7] as standard references for the foundations and various applications of
standard Colombeau theory. We briefly recall the basic Colombeau construction. Throughout
540
will denote an open subset of n . Standard Colombeau generalized functions

on are defined as equivalence classes u u of nets of smooth functions
u C (regularizations) subjected to asymptotic norm conditions with respect to
541
0, 1 for their derivatives on compact sets.
542
543
The basic idea of classical Colombeau's theory of nonlinear generalized functions [1], [2] is
regularization by sequences (nets) of smooth functions and the use of asymptotic estimates
544
in terms of a regularization parameter
539
545
. Let u 0,1 with u C M for all

, where M is a separable, smooth orientable Hausdorff manifold of dimension n .
546
547
548
Definition 2.1. The classical Colombeau's algebra of generalized functions on

as the quotient:
M is defined
549
550
551
552
553
GM E M M/NM
2. 1
of the space E M M of sequences of moderate growth modulo the space NM of

negligible sequences. More precisely the notions of moderateness resp. negligibility are
554
defined by the following asymptotic estimates (where
555
vector fields on
XM denoting the space of smooth
M ):
556
E M M u | KK Mkk NN
1 , , k 1 , , k XM sup |L 1 L k u p| ON as 0
2. 2
pK
557
558
559
NM u | KK M, kk 0 qq N
1 , , k 1 , , k XM sup |L 1 L k u p| Oq as 0
2. 3
pK
560
561
562
563
564
a O appears, having the

following meaning: CC 00 0 0, 1 0 a C.
Remark 2.1. In the definition the Landau symbol
Definition 2.2. Elements of G
M are denoted by:
565
u clu u NM.
566
567
2. 4
Remark 2.2. With componentwise operations ( , )
569
GM is a fine sheaf of differential

algebras with respect to the Lie derivative defined by L u clL u .
570
The spaces of moderate resp. negligible sequences and hence the algebra itself may be
571
characterized locally, i.e.,
572
573
replaced by partial derivatives.
568
u GM iff u G V for all charts V , ,

n
where on the open set V R in the respective estimates Lie derivatives are
574
575
576
577
578
u GM iff u G V for all charts V , ,

n
579
580
581
f C M are embedded into GM simply by the
constant embedding , i.e., f clf , hence C M is a faithful subalgebra of

GM .
Remark 2.3. Smooth functions
582
M . Generalized Numbers
583
584
585
586
587
588
Point Values of a Generalized Functions on
589
590
and as such are not the elements in the field or . Instead, they are the representatives
of Colombeau's generalized numbers. We give the exact definition of these numbers.
Within the classical distribution theory, distributions cannot be characterized by their point
values in any way similar to classical functions. On the other hand, there is a very natural
and direct way of obtaining the point values of the elements of Colombeau's algebra: points
are simply inserted into representatives. The objects so obtained are sequences of numbers,
591
594
p M into u GM yields a well defined element of the ring of

constants (also called generalized numbers) K (corresponding to K R resp. C ), defined
0,1
N
as the set of moderate nets of numbers ( r K
with |r | O for some N )
595
modulo negligible nets ( |r |
596
597
into elements of
constants:
592
593
Definition 2.3. Inserting
Om for each m ); componentwise insertion of points of M
GM yields well-defined generalized numbers, i.e., elements of the ring of
598
K E c M/Nc M
599
600
601
(with
2. 5
K = or K = for K = or K = ), where
602
E c M r KI |nn |r | On as 0
N c M r KI |mm |r | Om as 0
2. 6
I 0, 1.
603
604
605
Generalized functions on
606
values on points in
M are characterized by their generalized point values, i.e., by their
c , the space of equivalence classes of compactly supported nets

M
607
608
p M0,1 with respect to the relation p p : d h p , p Om for all m ,

where d h denotes the distance on M induced by any Riemannian metric.
609
610
611
u GM and x 0 M, the point value of u at the point x 0 , ux 0 , is

defined as the class of u x 0 in K.
Definition 2.4. For
612
Definition 2.5. We say that an element
613
representative
r K is strictly nonzero if there exists a
614
r and a q such that |r | q for sufficiently small. If r is strictly

nonzero, then it is also invertible with the inverse 1/r . The converse is true as well.
615
616
617
Treating the elements of Colombeau algebras as a generalization of classical functions, the

question arises whether the definition of point values can be extended in such a way that
each element is characterized by its values. Such an extension is indeed possible.
618
619
Definition 2.6. Let
:
be an open subset of n . On a set
620
x I |pp 0|x | Op
x I |pp 00 0 0 |x | p , for 0 0
621
622
623
2. 7
we introduce an equivalence relation:
624
x y qq 0 0 |x y | q , for 0 0
625
626
627
628
and denote by
support is
2.8
/ the set of generalized points. The set of points with compact
629
630
631
c x clx |KK 0 0 0 x K for 0 0
2.9
u GM is called associated to zero, u 0 on

M in L. Schwartz sense if one (hence any) representative u converges to zero
632
Definition 2.7. A generalized function
633
634
weakly, i.e.
635
w -lim0 u 0
636
637
638
2. 10
We shall often write:
639
2. 11
u 0.
Sch
640
641
GM -module of generalized sections in vector bundles-especially the space of
642
The
643
644
645
646
generalized tensor fields T s M is defined along the same lines using analogous
asymptotic estimates with respect to the norm induced by any Riemannian metric on the
respective fibers. However, it is more convenient to use the following algebraic description of
generalized tensor fields
647
r
G rs M GM T s M,
648
649
2. 12
T s M denotes the space of smooth tensor fields and the tensor product is taken
over the module C M . Hence generalized tensor fields are just given by classical ones
650
where
651
652
653
654
with generalized coefficient functions. Many concepts of classical tensor analysis carry over
to the generalized setting [1]-[2], in particular Lie derivatives with respect to both classical
and generalized vector fields, Lie brackets, exterior algebra, etc. Moreover, generalized
GM -multilinear maps taking generalized vector and
655
tensor fields may also be viewed as
656
covector fields to generalized functions, i.e., as
GM -modules we have
657
G rs M L M G 01 M r , G 10 M s ;GM.
658
659
660
In particular a generalized metric is defined to be a symmetric, generalized
661
field
662
663
2. 13
0, 2 -tensor
g ab g ab (with its index independent of and) whose determinant detg ab

is invertible in GM . The latter condition is equivalent to the following notion called strictly
nonzero on compact sets: for any representative
detg ab of detg ab we have
K M m infpK |detg ab | m for all small enough. This notion captures
664
665
the intuitive idea of a generalized metric to be a sequence of classical metrics approaching a
666
singular limit in the following sense:
g ab is a generalized metric iff (on every relatively
669
V of M ) there exists a representative g ab of g ab such that for

fixed (small enough) g ab g ab (resp. g ab | V ) is a classical pseudoRiemannian metric and detg ab is invertible in the algebra of generalized functions. A
670
generalized metric induces a
667
668
671
672
673
674
compact open subset
GM -linear isomorphism from G 10 M to G 01 M and the

2
1
ab
inverse metric g g ab is a well defined element of G 0 M (i.e., independent of
the representative g ab ). Also the generalized Levi-Civita connection as well as the
generalized Riemann-, Ricci- and Einstein tensor of a generalized metric are defined simply
by the usual coordinate formulae on the level of representatives.
675
676
677
2.2 Generalized Colombeau Calculus
678
We
679
680
681
682
briefly
recall
the
basic
generalized
Colombeau
construction.
Colombeau
, where dim n are defined as equivalence
classes u u of nets of smooth functions u C \, where dim n

(regularizations) subjected to asymptotic norm conditions with respect to 0, 1 for their
supergeneralized functions on
derivatives on compact sets.
683
684
The basic idea of generalized Colombeau's theory of nonlinear supergeneralized functions

[1], [2] is regularization by sequences (nets) of smooth functions and the use of asymptotic
685
estimates in terms of a regularization parameter
686
(i)
687
(ii)
. Let u 0,1 with u such that:
u C M\ and
688
u D M, for all 0, 1, where M is a separable, smooth orientable Hausdorff

manifold of dimension n .
689
Definition
690
691
the quotient:
G GM, of
supergeneralized functions on M, where M, dimM n, dim n , is defined as
2.8.
The
supergeneralized
Colombeau's
algebra
GM, E M M, /NM,
692
693
2. 14
694
695
of the space E M M, of sequences of moderate growth modulo the space NM, of

negligible sequences. More precisely the notions of moderateness resp. negligibility are
696
defined by the following asymptotic estimates (where
697
smooth vector fields on
698
M\ ):
XM\ is denoting the space of
E M M, u | KK M\kk NN
1 , , k 1 , , k XM\ sup |L 1 L k u p| ON , 0
&
pK
KK Mkk NN f C M 1 , , k 1 , , k XM
L w1 L wk u
sup
L w1 L wk u f
ON , 0
2. 15
fC M
NM, u | KK M\, kk 0 qq N
1 , , k 1 , , k XM\ sup |L 1 L k u p| Oq , 0
&
pK
KK Mkk NN f C M 1 , , k 1 , , k XM 2. 16
L w1 L wk u
sup
L w1 L wk u f
Oq , 0
fC M
699
700
703
L wk is denoting the weak Lie derivative in L. Schwartz sense. In the definition the
a O appears, having the following meaning:
Landau
symbol
CC 00 0 0, 1 0 a C.
704
Definition 2.9. Elements of
701
702
where
GM, are denoted by:
705
u clu u NM,.
706
707
2.17
709
GM, is a fine sheaf of differential

algebras with respect to the Lie derivative defined by L u clL u .
710
711
712
713
708
Remark 2.4. With componentwise operations ( , )
u GM, iff u G V for all charts V , ,

n
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
u GM, iff u G V for all charts V , ,

n
f C M\ are embedded into GM, simply by the
constant embedding , i.e., f clf , hence C M\ is a faithful subalgebra of

Remark 2.5. Smooth functions
GM, .
721
M . Supergeneralized Numbers
722
723
724
725
726
727
Point Values of a Supergeneralized Functions on
728
729
and as such are not the elements in the field or . Instead, they are the representatives
of Colombeau's generalized numbers. We give the exact definition of these numbers.
Within the classical distribution theory, distributions cannot be characterized by their point
values in any way similar to classical functions. On the other hand, there is a very natural
and direct way of obtaining the point values of the elements of Colombeau's algebra: points
are simply inserted into representatives. The objects so obtained are sequences of numbers,
730
p M into u GM, yields a well defined element of the ring
731
Definition 2.10. Inserting
732
of constants (also called generalized numbers)
734
K (corresponding to K R resp. C ),
N
0,1
defined as the set of moderate nets of numbers ( r K
with |r | O for
m
some N ) modulo negligible nets ( |r | O for each m ); componentwise insertion of
735
736
points of M into elements of

elements of the ring of constants:
733
K E c M, /Nc M,
737
738
739
GM, yields well-defined generalized numbers, i.e.,
(with
2. 18
K = or K = for K = or K = ), where
740
E c M, r KI |nn |r | On as 0
N c M, r KI |mm |r | Om as 0
I 0, 1.
741
742
,
2. 19
745
M are characterized by their generalized point values, i.e.,

c , the space of equivalence classes of compactly supported
by their values on points in M
0,1
m
nets p M\
with respect to the relation p p : d h p , p O for
746
all
747
Definition 2.11. For
743
744
748
Supergeneralized functions on
m , where d h denotes the distance on M\ induced by any Riemannian metric.
u GM, and x 0 M, the point value of u at the point

x 0 , ux 0 , is defined as the class of u x 0 in K.
749
Definition 2.12. We say that an element
750
representative
r K is strictly nonzero if there exists a
751
r and a q such that |r | q for sufficiently small. If r is strictly

nonzero, then it is also invertible with the inverse 1/r . The converse is true as well.
752
753
754
Treating the elements of Colombeau algebras as a generalization of classical functions, the

question arises whether the definition of point values can be extended in such a way that
each element is characterized by its values. Such an extension is indeed possible.
755
Definition 2.13. Let
:
be an open subset of n \ . On a set
756
x \ I |pp 0|x | Op
757
758
759
x \ I |pp 00 0 0 |x | p , for 0 0
2. 20
we introduce an equivalence relation:
760
761
762
763
764
x y qq 0 0 |x y | q , for 0 0
and denote by
compact support is
2.21
/ the set of supergeneralized points. The set of points with
765
766
767
,c x clx |KK \0 0 0 x K for 0 0
2.22
u GM, is called associated to zero,

u 0 on M in L. Schwartz's sense if one (hence any) representative u
768
Definition 2.14. A supergeneralized function
769
770
converges to zero weakly, i.e.
771
774
2. 23
w -lim0 u 0
772
773
We shall often write:
775
2. 24
u 0.
Sch
776
777
GM, -module of supergeneralized sections in vector bundles -
778
Definition 2.15. The
779
780
781
782
especially the space of generalized tensor fields T s M\ - is defined along the same lines
using analogous asymptotic estimates with respect to the norm induced by any Riemannian
metric on the respective fibers. However, it is more convenient to use the following algebraic
description of generalized tensor fields
783
r
G rs M, GM, T s M\,
784
785
2. 25
T s M\ denotes the space of smooth tensor fields and the tensor product is taken
over the module C M\ . Hence generalized tensor fields are just given by classical ones
786
where
787
788
789
790
with generalized coefficient functions. Many concepts of classical tensor analysis carry over
to the generalized setting [], in particular Lie derivatives with respect to both classical and
generalized vector fields, Lie brackets, exterior algebra, etc. Moreover, generalized tensor
GM, -multilinear maps taking generalized vector and
791
fields may also be viewed as
792
covector fields to generalized functions, i.e., as
GM, -modules we have
793
0
G rs M, L M G 1 M, r , G 10 M, s ;GM, .
2. 26
794
795
796
In particular a supergeneralized metric is defined to be a symmetric, supergeneralized
797
0, 2 -tensor field g ab g ab (with its index independent of and) whose
798
799
determinant detg ab is invertible in GM\ . The latter condition is equivalent to the

following notion called strictly nonzero on compact sets: for any representative
802
detg ab of detg ab we have K M\ m infpK |detg ab | q for all

small enough. This notion captures the intuitive idea of a generalized metric to be a
sequence of classical metrics approaching a singular limit in the following sense: g ab is a
803
generalized metric iff (on every relatively compact open subset
804
representative
805
(resp.
806
algebra of generalized functions. A generalized metric induces a
807
isomorphism from
800
801
g ab of g ab
V of M ) there exists a
such that for fixed (small enough) g ab g ab
g ab | V ) is a classical pseudo-Riemannian metric and detg ab is invertible in the

0
GM, -linear
G 10 M, to G 1 M, and the inverse metric g ab g 1

ab is a
2
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
well defined element of G 0 M, (i.e., independent of the representative g ab ). Also

the supergeneralized Levi-Civita connection as well as the supergeneralized Riemann, Ricci
and Einstein tensor of a supergeneralized metric are defined simply by the usual coordinate
formulae on the level of representatives.
2.3 Distributional general relativity

We briefly summarize the basics of distributional general relativity, as a preliminary to latter
discussion. In the classical theory of gravitation one is led to consider the Einstein field
equations which are, in general, quasilinear partial differential equations involving second
order derivatives for the metric tensor. Hence, continuity of the first fundamental form is
expected and at most, discontinuities in the second fundamental form, the coordinate
independent statements appropriate to consider 3-surfaces of discontinuity in the spacetime
manifolfd of General Relativity.
822
In standard general relativity, the space-time is assumed to be a four-dimensional
823
differentiable manifold
824
, 0, 1, 2, 3 .
825
At
each
point
M endowed with the Lorentzian metric ds 2 g dx dx
of
M , the metric can be diagonalized as

1, 1, 1, 1 , by choosing the coordinate system
space-time
827
dX p dX p with
X ; 0, 1, 2, 3 appropriately.
828
In superdistributional general relativity the space-time is assumed to be a four-dimensional
829
830
differentiable manifold M\, where

supergeneralized metric
826
ds2p
dimM 4, dim 3 endowed with the Lorentzian
831
ds2 g dx dx ;, 0, 1, 2, 3.
832
833
834
835
At each point
p M\ , the metric can be diagonalized as
2. 27
ds2p dX p dX p with 1, 1, 1, 1,
836
837
2. 28
X ; 0, 1, 2, 3 appropriately.
838
by choosing the generalized coordinate system
839
The classical smooth curvature tensor is given by
840
841
842
2. 29
843
844
with
being the smooth Christoffel symbol. The supergeneralized nonsmooth
curvature tensor is given by
845
846
847
2. 30
848
with
849
classical action integral
being the supergeneralized Christoffel symbol. The fundamental
I is
850
I 1c L G L M d 4 x,
851
852
853
854
where L M is the Lagrangian density of a gravitational source and

Lagrangian density given by
2. 31
L G is the gravitational
855
L G 1 G .
2
856
857
858
859
Here
is the Einstein gravitational constant 8G/c 4 and G is defined by
2. 32
G g g
860
861
862
with
2. 33
g detg . There exists the relation
863
g R G D ,
864
865
866
2. 34
with
867
D g g
2. 35
I 1c L G L M d 4 x ,
2. 36
868
869
870
Thus the supergeneralized fundamental action integral
I is
871
872
873
874
875
L M is the supergeneralized Lagrangian density of a gravitational source and

L G is the supergeneralized gravitational Lagrangian density given by
where
876
L G 1 G .
2
877
878
879
Here
2. 37
is the Einstein gravitational constant 8G/c 4 and G is defined by
880
G g g
881
882
883
884
with
g detg . There exists the relation
2. 38
g R G D ,
885
886
887
2. 39
with
888
D g g
889
890
891
2. 40
Also, we have defined the classical scalar curvature by
892
893
894
895
R R
2. 41
R R .
2. 42
with the smooth Ricci tensor
896
897
898
899
From the action
I, the classical Einstein equation
900
G R 1 R T ,
2
901
902
903
follows, where
2. 43
T is defined by
904
T
905
906
T
g
with
T 2g
907
908
909
910
911
2. 44
L M
g
2. 45
being the energy-momentum density of the classical gravity source. Thus we have defined
the supergeneralized scalar curvature by
912
913
R R
2. 46
R R .
2. 47
with the supergeneralized Ricci tensor
914
915
916
From the action
G R 1 R T ,
2
917
918
I , the generalized Einstein equation
follows, where
T is defined by
T
919
920
2. 48
2. 49
L M
g
2. 50
with
2g
921
922
being the supergeneralized energy-momentum density of the supergeneralized gravity
923
924
source. The classical energy-momentum pseudo-tensor density

is defined by
925
L G
t L G
g ,
g ,
926
927
with
t of the gravitational field
2. 51
g , g /x . The supergeneralized energy-momentum pseudo-tensor density
t of the gravitational field is defined by
928
L G
L G
g ,
g ,
2. 52
g , g /x .
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
with
937
938
In this section we leave the neighborhood of the singularity at the origin and turn to the
singularity at the horizon. The question we are aiming at is the following: using distributional
3. DISTRIBUTIONAL SCHWARZSCHILD GEOMETRY FROM NONSMOOTH

REGULARIZATION VIA HORIZON
3.1 Calculation of the stress-tensor by using nonsmooth regularization via
Horizon
939
940
941
geometry (thus without leaving Schwarzschild coordinates), is it possible to show that the
horizon singularity of the Schwarzschild metric is not merely only a coordinate singularity. In
order to investigate this issue we calculate the distributional curvature at horizon in
942
Schwarzschild coordinates. In the usual Schwarzschild coordinates
943
944
t, r, , , r 2m
the Schwarzschild metric (1.12) takes the form above horizon r 2m and below horizon
r 2m correspondingly
945
946
above horizon r 2m :
ds 2 h rdt 2 h r 1 dr 2 r 2 d2 ,
r 2m
h r 1 2m
r r
below horizon r 2m :
3. 1
ds 2 h rdt 2 h r 1 dr 2 r 2 d2 ,
2m r
h r 1 2m
r
r
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
Remark 3.1. Following the above discussion we consider the metric coefficients
h r, h r1 h r, and h r 1 as an element of D 3 and embed it into

G 3 by replacements above horizon r 2m and below horizon r 2m
correspondingly
954
r 2m : r 2m r 2m 2 2 ,
r 2m : 2m r 2m r 2 2 .
955
956
957
958
959
Remark 3.2. Note that, accordingly, we have fixed the differentiable structure of the
manifold: the usual Schwarzschild coordinates and the Cartesian coordinates associated
960
with the spherical Schwarzschild coordinates in (3.1) are extended on
961
962
correspondingly
963
964
r 2m through the
horizon. Therefore we have above horizon r 2m and below horizon r 2m
hr
where
r r2m if r 2m
0 if r 2m
h r
h r
r 2m 2 2
G , B 2m, R, B 2m, R x |2m x R.

3
h 1 r
r , r 2m
r 2m
, r 2m
h 1 r
r r2m if r 2m
h r
0 if r 2m
2m r 2 2
r
h r
3. 2
G 3 , B 0, 2m ,
where B 0, 2m x 3 |0 x 2m
965
966
967
r , r 2m
r 2m
, r 2m
r
r 2m 2 2
h 1 r
G 3 , B 0, 2m
Inserting (3.2) into (3.1) we obtain a generalized object modeling the singular Schwarzschild
metric above (below) gorizon, i.e.
1 2
ds 2
h rdt h r dr
1 2
ds 2
h rdt h r dr
968
969
970
The generalized Ricci tensor above horizon

using the classical formulae
R 00
R 22
971
972
973
From (3.2) we obtain
r 2 d2 ,
r 2 d2
3. 3
R may now be calculated componentwise
R 11
R 33
2
1 h
r h
2
h
1 h

.
r
r2
3. 4
h
r
r 2m
r r 2m 2 2
1/2
1/2
r 2m 2 2
r2
rh
1 h
r 2m
r r 2m 2 2
r 2m
r 2m 2 2
1/2
1/2
r2
1/2
r 2m 2 2
r
1/2
1.
h r
r 2m
r r 2m 2 2
1
r r 2m 2 2
r2
1/2
r r 2m
2
r 2m
r 2m 2 2
3/2
r 2m
r 2m 2 2
2 r 2m 2 2
1/2
r2
r 2m 2
1/2
r 2m 2 2
1/2
r 2m 2 2
r 2m 2 2
r 2m
r 2m 2 2
1/2
r 2m 2 2
1/2
1/2
r3
3. 5
r 2 h
2rh
r2
1
r r 2m 2 2
r2
1/2
r 2m 2
r r 2m
2
r 2m
r 2m 2 2
r 2m
2r
r r 2m 2 2
r
r 2m 2 2
974
975
976
1/2
3/2
1/2
1/2
r2
3/2
r 2m
r 2m 2 2
1/2
1/2
2 r 2m 2 2
r
1/2
1/2
2 r 2m 2 2
1/2
rr 2m 2
r 2m 2 2
1/2
1/2
2r 2m
r
r 2m 2 2
r 2m
r 2m 2 2
r 2m 2 2
r 2m
r 2m 2 2
r3
rr 2m 2
r 2m
r 2m 2 2
2 r 2m 2 2
1/2
3/2
1/2
977
978
Investigating the weak limit of the angular components of the Ricci tensor (using the
abbreviation
r sind dx
979
980
981
x be the function x S 2m 3 , where by S 2m 3 we denote the class

of all functions x with compact support such that:
and let
982
(i) supp
983
(ii) (ii)
984
x x|x 2m
r C .
Then for any function
x S 2m 3 we get:
R 22
x d 3 x
R 33
x d 3 x
rh 1 h rdr
3. 6
2m
R
2m
r 2m
r 2m 2 2
1/2
rdr.
rdr
2m
985
986
987
By replacement
r 2m u, from (3.6) we obtain
R xd
K
2
2
xd x
x R
K
3
3
R2m
~
u(u 2m)du
u
0
2 1/ 2
R2m
~
(u 2m)du.
3.7
988
989
By replacement
u , from (3.7) we obtain the expression
990
I 3 R 33 xd 3 x I 2 R 22 x d 3 x
K
R2m
991
992
2md
2 1
1/2
R2m
2md .
3.8
993
From Eq. (3.8) we obtain
2m
I 3 I 2
0!
R2m
1 d
1 1/2
1!
2
R2m
1 1 d
1 1/2
R 2m
2m
R2m
1 R 2m 1
1 1 d,
1/2
1
3. 9
994
995
where we have expressed the function
2m as
996
l 2m
l 1 n n ,
n!
l!
2m , 1 0 , n 1
n1
2m l0
997
998
999
with
3. 10
l d l
/d l . Equations (3.9) - (3.10) give
1000
lim I 3 lim I 2
R 2m
lim 2m
lim
0
R2m
1 1 R 2m
1 1 d
1/2
1
1001
1002
1003
1004
Thus in
S 2m BR 2m S 2m 3 D 3 ,
3. 11
1005
where
B 2m, R x 3 |2m x R from Eq. (3.11) we obtain
1006
w lim R 33 lim I 3 0,
0
w lim
0
1007
1008
1009
For
R 11
, R 00
R 22
3. 12
lim I 2 0.
0
we get:
1010
2 R 11
K
xd 3 x 2 R 00
xd 3 x
r 2 h
2rh rdr
3. 13
2m
R
2m
r 2m 2 2
1/2
rr 2m 2
r 2m
2
2 3/2
rdr.
1011
1012
1013
By replacement
1014
I 1 2 R 11
K
xd 3 x I2 2 R 00
K
xd 3 x
r 2 h
2rh rdr
2m
R2m
1015
1016
1017
1018
By replacement
2
u 2m u u 2m
1/2
3/2
u 2 2
u 2 2
u , from (3.14) we obtain
u 2mdu.
3. 14
2 R 11
xd 3 x 2 R 00
K
xd 3 x
r 2 h
2rh rdr
2m
R2m
2m
0
R2m
2 2 2
2 2 2
R2m
R2m
2m
1/2
R2m
2md
2 1
1/2
R2m
2md
2md
2 2 2
1/2
3 2 2md
2 2 2
2 1
3/2
2 2md
2 1
3/2
3 2md
3/2
3. 15
R2m
2m
I 0 I 1 2m
0!
1!
R2m
2m
0!
1!
2
1021
1022
2m
3/2
2 1
R2m
2m
R2m
2md
1019
1020
1/2
4 3 2md
2md
2 3/2
2 2
0
R2m
2 1/2
2 2
2 2 2m
2m
2
1
d
2 1 1/2 2 1 3/2
2
1
d
2 1 1/2 2 1 3/2
R2m
2
1
d
2 1 1/2 2 1 3/2
3. 16
R2m
2
1
d,
2 1 1/2 2 1 3/2
1023
2m as
1024
l 2m
l 1 n n ,
n!
l!
2m , 1 0 , n 1
n1
2m l0
1025
1026
1027
with
3. 17
l d l
/d l . Equation (3.17) gives
1028
w - lim I 0 w - lim I 1
0
R2m
2m 2m lim
0
2m 2m lim
s
1029
1030
1031
0
s
2
1
d
2 1 1/2 2 1 3/2
s
2 d
d
0 2 1 1/2
2 1 3/2
2m 2m.
3. 18
where use is made of the relation
1032
s
lim
s
1033
1034
1035
Thus in
2 d
d
2
2
3/2
1
u 1 1/2
0
3. 19
S 2m B 2m, R S 2m 3 we obtain
1036
w - lim R 11 w - lim R 00 m 2m.

1037
1038
1039
1040
3. 20
The supergeneralized Ricci tensor below horizon

componentwise using the classical formulae
R R may now be calculated
1041
1042
R 00
R 22
R 11
R 33
1043
1044
1045
2 h ,
1 h
2 r
h 1 h
.
r
r2
3. 21
1046
h r
2m r 2 2
r
r r2m h r
h r
h r
r 2m
r r 2m 2 2
1/2
h r, r 2m.
r 2m 2 2
r2
1/2
rh 1 h rh 1 h
r 2m
r 2m 2 2
1/2
1.
3. 22
h
r h r
r 2m
2
r r 2m 2 2
1/2
2 r 2m 2 2
1/2
r3
r 2 h
2rh r h 2rh
r
r 2m 2 2
1/2
rr 2m 2
r 2m 2 2
3/2
1047
1048
1049
1050
Investigating the weak limit of the angular components of the Ricci tensor (using the
abbreviation
1051
1052
1053
sind dx
1054
1055
x C 3 , x is a function with compact support K such that

K B 0, 2m x 3 |0 x 2m we get:
where
1056
R 22 x d 3 x
R 33 x d 3 x
2m
rh 1 h rdr
0
2m
2m
r 2m
r 2m 2 2
3. 23
rdr
1/2
rdr.
0
1057
1058
1059
By replacement
r 2m u, from Eq. (3.23) we obtain
1060
R 22
0
2m
1061
1062
1063
By replacement
xd 3 x
u u 2mdu
u 2 2
1/2
R 33
xd 3 x
u 2mdu.
3. 24
2m
1064
I 3 R 33 xd 3 x I 2 R 22 x d 3 x
K
2m
1065
1066
1067
1068
which is calculated to give
2md
2 1
1/2
2m
2md ,
3. 25
1069
2m
I 3 I 2
0!
2
1!
1 d
1 1/2
2m
1 1 d
1/2
1
2m
2m 1
2
2m
2m
1 2m
3. 26
1 1 d,
2
1/2
1
1070
1071
1072
2m as
1073
l 2m
l 1 n n ,
n!
l!
2m , 1 0 , n 1
n1
2m l0
1074
1075
1076
with
3. 27
l d l
/dr l . Equation (3.27) gives
1077
lim I 3 lim I 2
lim 2m 1
lim
0
1078
1079
2
2
2m
2m
1 2m
1 1 d
2
1/2
1
0.
3. 28
1080
1081
Thus in S 2m BR 2m
from Eq. (3.28) we obtain
S 2m 3 , where B 0, 2m x 3 |0 x 2m
1082
w lim R 33 lim I 3 0.
0
w lim
0
1083
1084
1085
For
R 11
, R 00
R 22
3. 29
lim I 2 0.
0
we get:
1086
2 R 11
K
xd 3 x 2 R 00
K
xd 3 x
2m
r 2 h
2rh rdr
3. 30
0
2m
r
r 2m 2 2
1/2
rr 2m 2
r 2m
2
2 3/2
rdr.
1087
1088
1089
By replacement
1090
I1 2 R 11 xd 3 x I2 2 R 00 xd 3 x
2m
r 2 h
2rh rdr
0
0
2m
1091
1092
1093
By replacement
2
u 2m u u 2m
1/2
3/2
u 2 2
u 2 2
u 2mdu.
3.31
1094
2 R 11
K
xd 3 x 2 R 00
K
xd 3 x
r 2 h
2rh rdr
2m
2m
2m
2 2 2
2m
2 2 2
2m
2 1
2m
2m
3/2
1/2
2 2 2
2 1
1/2
2 1
2m
3. 32
3/2
3 2md
1/2
3 2 2md
2m
2md
2m
2m
2md
2 2 2
2m
2md
2md
2m
1/2
4 3 2md
2 3/2
2 2
2 2md
2 1/2
2 2
2 2 2m
3/2
2 2md
2m
2 1
3/2
1095
1096
1097
which is calculated to give
1098
I 0
I 1
1!
1099
1100
1101
2m
2m l
2m
0!
1
0
2m
2
1
d
2 1 1/2 2 1 3/2
2
1
d O2 .
2 1 1/2 2 1 3/2
2m as
3. 33
1102
l 2m
l 1 n n ,
n!
l!
2m , 1 0 , n 1
n1
2m l0
1103
1104
1105
with
3. 34
l d l
/d l . Equation (3.34) gives
1106
lim I 0 lim I 1
2m lim
0
2m
0!
2m 2m lim
s0
2m
s
0
2
1
d
2 1 1/2 2 1 3/2
0
d
2 d
s 2 1 3/2
2 1 1/2
2m 2m.
3. 35
1107
1108
1109
where use is made of the relation
1110
0
1.
3. 36
w - lim R 11 w - lim R 00 m 2m.
3. 37
lim
s
1111
1112
1113
Thus in
d
2 d
u 2 1 1/2
2 1 3/2
S B 0, 2m S 3 we obtain
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
Using Eqs. (3.12), (3.20), (3.29), (3.37) we obtain
1120
1121
t
t
Tr
Tr
r T T Tt
r T T Tt
3. 38
g d 3 x 0
1122
Thus the Tolman formula [3], [4] for the total energy of a static and asymptotically flat
1123
1124
spacetime with g the determinant of the four dimensional metric and

volume element, gives
d 3 x the coordinate
1125
ET Trr T T Ttt
1126
3.39
g d 3 x m.
1127
1128
We rewrite now the Schwarzschild metric (3.3) in the form
1129
2
2
2
ds 2
h rdt 1 C rdr r d
C r
1130
1131
1132
3. 40
1 h r1 .
Using Eq. (A.5) from Eq. (3.40) one obtains for
r 2m
1133
R R
1 h 1 h
r
2
h
r 12
r

1 h h
r
2
3. 41
1
2 4,
2m
4 r 2m 2 2
1134
1135
1136
and
1137
R R
2
h
h
2
r
1138
1139
h
4 14 2
r
r
1
r 2m 2 2
4 .
2m 4
3. 42
1140
1141
1142
1143
3.2. Examples of distributional geometries. Calculation of the distributional

quadratic scalars by using nonsmooth regularization via Horizon
Let us consider again the Schwarzschild metric (3.1)
1144
ds 2 hrdt 2 hr 1 dr 2 r 2 d2 ,
r 2m
hr 1 2m
r r ,
h 1 r r .
r 2m
1145
1146
1147
We revrite now the Schwarzschild metric (3.43) above Horizon ( r
3. 43
2m ) in the form
1148
ds 2 A rdt 2 A r 1 rdr 2 r 2 d2 ,
A r r r2m ,
A r 1 r .
r 2m
1149
1150
3. 44
1151
Following the above discussion we consider the singular metric coefficient
1152
element of
D 3 and embed it into G 3 by replacement

3. 45
r 2m r2 2 2m.
1153
1154
1155
1156
A 1 r as an
Thus above Horizon ( r 2m ) the corresponding distributional metric
2
ds
takes the
form
1157
2
ds
A rdt 2 A r 1 dr 2
r 2 2 2m
r
A r
r 2 d2 ,
3. 46
A r 1
1158
1159
r
r 2 2m
2
1160
We rewrite now the Schwarzschild metric (3.43) below Horizon ( r
2m ) in the form
1161
ds 2 A rdt 2 A r 1 dr 2 r 2 d2 ,
r .
A r 2mr r , A r 1
2m r
1162
1163
3. 47
1164
Following the above discussion we consider the singular metric coefficient
1165
element of
A 1 r as an
D 3 and embed it into G 3 by replacement
1166
1169
1170
3. 48
2m r 2m r2 2 .
1167
1168
Thus below Horizon ( r
form
2m ) the corresponding distributional metric
2
ds
takes the
1171
d s 2
A rdt 2 A r 1 dr 2
2m r 2 2
r
A r
1172
1173
1174
, A r 1
r 2 d2 ,
r
2m r 2 2
3. 49
.
From Eq. (3.46) one obtains
1175
r 2 2 2m
1179
r 2 2 2m
1
r2
r 2 2
r 2 2 2m
r
1
3
2
2 3/2
2
r
r
r r 2
1176
1177
1178
From Eq. (3.46) using Eq. (A.5) one obtains
3. 50
4A 2A C
R r 2 A
r
4r
r 2 2 2m
1
r2
r 2 2
22
r
r 2 2 2m
r
1
3
2
2 3/2
2
r
r
r r 2
1180
1181
1182
From Eq. (3.51) for
3. 51
.
r 2m one obtains
1183
R
1184
1185
6 1 1 1 5
2m 2 2m 2 2m 3
2m 3 2m 2
3. 52
R again is nonzero but nonsingular.
1186
Remark 3.3. Note that curvature scalar
1187
Let us introduce now the general metric which has the form [11]:
1188
ds 2 Ardx 0 2 2Drdx 0 dr Br Crdr 2

Brr 2 d 2 sin2 d 2 ,
3. 53
1189
1190
1191
where
1192
Ar 2 1 a
Kr
Cr 1 a
Kr
K r 2
, Br
K 2 r
,
2 r
K 2 r
1 a f 2 ,
2
Kr
r
Dr 1 a f , K r dKr/dr, f r dfr/dr,
Kr
Kr r |a|,
a 0.
1193
1194
3. 54
1195
1196
Remark 3.4. Note that the coordinates

respectively, only if
t x 0 /c and r are time and space coordinates,
1197
1 a 0 ,
K
1198
1199
1200
In the Cartesian coordinate system
1 a
K
K 2 1 a f 2 0 .
K
3. 55
x ; 0, 1, 2, 3 with
1201
x 1 rcos sin,x 2 rsin sin,x 3 rcos,
1202
3.56
1203
1204
the metric (3.53)-(3.55) takes the form
1205
ds2 g dx dx
3. 57

g 00 A , g 0 D xr , g B C x x2 .
r
3. 58
1206
1207
1208
with
g given by
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
Ar 2
Cr
r |a|
r
Dr
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
Regularizing the function

such as
r
r |a|
, B
r |a| 2
,
2 r
r |a| 2
r
f r 2 ,
2
r |a|
r
3. 59
r
f r, f r dfr/dr.
r |a|
r |a| 1 above gorizon (under condition r |a| 0 )
r |a| 0 :
r |a|
r |a| 1
2 r 2 |a|
3. 60
1219
1220
1221
with
0, 1 from Eq. (3.59)-Eq. (3.60) one obtains
1222
A r 2
r
r |a|
r |a|
r
C r
D r
1223
1224
1225
1226
, B r
r |a| 2
,
2 r
r |a| 2
r
f r 2 ,
2
r |a|
r
3. 61
r
f r, f r dfr/dr.
r |a|
|a| r 1 below gorizon (under condition |a| r 0 )
Regularizing the function

such as
1227
|a| r 0 :
|a| r 1 |a| r |a| r 2 2
3. 62
1228
1229
with
0, 1 from Eq. (3.59), Eq. (3.62) one obtains
1230
A r 2
C r
|a| r
r
D r
1231
1232
|a| r 2
r
, B r
,
|a| r
2 r
|a| r 2
r
f r 2 ,
2
r
|a|
r
r
f r, f r dfr/dr.
|a| r
3. 63
1233
Remark 3.5. Finally the metric (3.57) becomes the Colombeau object of the form
1234
ds2 g dx dx
1235
1236
with
3. 64
g given by
g 00 A r, g 0 D r xr ,
1237
1238
1239
3. 65

g B r C r x x2 .
r
R in terms of
Colombeau generalized functions A r , B r , C r , D r is expressed as

Using now Eq. A2 one obtains that the Colombeau curvature scalars
1240
r 2 2
r 2 2 |a|
r 2 2
r 2 2 |a|
9a2
2a2
5
3
r 2 2 2 r 2 r 2 2 2
9a2
2a2
5
3
r 2 2 2 r 2 r 2 2 2
1241
1242
1243
1244
Remark 3.6. Note that (i) on horizon r a Colombeau scalars

becomes to infinite large Colombeau generalized numbers
3. 66
R well defined and
R
a 2 2
a |a|
2
9a2
2a2
5
3
a 2 2 2 a 2 a 2 2 2
7a 2 2 ,
3. 67
1245
1246
a 2 2
a 2 2 |a|
9a2
2a2
5
3
a 2 2 2 r 2 r 2 2 2
7a 2 2
1248
r a Colombeau scalars R well defined and becomes to infinite small
2
Colombeau generalized numbers R .
1249
Using now Eq. A2 one obtains that the Colombeau scalars
1250
1251
as
1247
(ii) for
R R in terms of
Colombeau generalized functions A r , B r , C r , D r is expressed

R R
r 2 2
3a
5
2
r 2 2
5
2
r |a|
2
2a2
3
r 2 r 2 2 2
3. 68
3a2
a2
2
5
3
r 2 2 2 r 2 r 2 2 2
1252
1253
1254
1255
Remark 3.7. Note that (i) on horizon r a Colombeau scalars R

defined and becomes to infinite large Colombeau generalized numbers,
1256
1257
(ii) for r a Colombeau scalars

Colombeau generalized numbers.
1258
Using now Eq. A2 one obtains that the Colombeau scalars
1259
1260
expressed as
R well
R well defined and becomes to infinite small
R R in terms
of Colombeau generalized functions A r , B r , C r , D r is
12a 2
R R
r 2 2 |a|
a2
1
3
r 2 2 2
4a
r |a|
2
a
3
2
r 2 2
a2
r 2 2 |a|
1261
1262
22
92
5
2
2
r r r 2 2 2
2
44
814
r 4 r 2 2 r 2 2 3
3. 69
1263
1264
Remark 3.8. Note that (i) on horizon r a Colombeau scalars R

well defined and becomes to infinite large Colombeau generalized numbers,
1265
(ii) for
r a Colombeau scalars finite
1266
12a 2
6
r 2 |a|
R R
1267
1268
3. 70
r .
1269
and tends to zero in the limit
1270
Remark 3.9. Note that under generalized transformations such as
1271
dt
r 2 2 2m
v
r
r2 2 2m
dv
r
1272
1273
1274
3.71
3.72
and
1275
dt
1276
1277
1278
2m r2 2
r
2m r 2 2
dv
r
the metric given by Eq. (3.61) - Eq. (3.64) becomes to Colombeau metric of the form
1279

2
ds 2
A r, dv 2v D2 r, dv dr B r, C 1 v , r, dr
B r, r 2 d 2 sin2 d 2 .
3. 73
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
4. QUANTUM SCALAR FIELD IN CURVED DISTRIBUTIONAL SPACETIME

4.1 Canonical quantization in curved distributional spacetime
Much of formalism can be explained with Colombeau generalized scalar field. The basic
concepts and methods extend straightforwardly to distributional tensor and distributional
spinor fields. To being with let's take a spacetime of arbitrary dimension
D, with a metric
1289
1290
g of signature . . . . The action for the Colombeau generalized scalar field

GM is
1291
|g | g m 2 R 2
1292
1293
1294
dD x 12
4. 1
The corresponding equation of motion is
1295
m 2 R , 0, 1.
1296
1297
1298
4. 2
Here
1299
|g | 1/2 |g | 1/2 g
1300
1301
4. 3
explicit, the mass m should be replaced by m/. Separating out a time coordinate
x , x x 0 , x i , i 1, 2, 3 we can write the action as
1302
With
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
dx 0 L
The canonical momentum at a time
, L
dD1 x
4. 4
x 0 is given by
1308
x L / 0 x |h | 1/2 n x ,
1309
1310
4.5
1312
x labels a point on a surface of constant x 0 , the x 0 argument of is
suppressed, n is the unit normal to the surface, and |h | is the determinant of the
1313
induced spatial metric
1314
1315
satisfy the canonical commutation relation,
1311
where
h ij . To quantize, the Colombeau generalized field and

its conjugate momentum x are now promoted to hermitian operators and required to
x, y
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
i D1 x, y , 0, 1.
4. 6
y
x, y f y fx for any scalar function f D , without the use
Here d
of a metric volume element. We form now a conserved bracket from two complex
Colombeau solutions to the scalar wave equation (4.2) by
D1
D1
1321
1322
1323
1324
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
, 0, 1.
4. 7
where
1325
1326
dj
j , i/ |g | 1/2 g .
4. 8
, the
generalized Klein Gordon norm of . The generalized current density j , is
divergenceless, i.e. j , 0 when the Colombeau generalized functions

This bracket is called the generalized Klein-Gordon inner product, and
and satisfy the KG equation (4.2), hence the value of the integral in (4.7) is
independent of the spacelike surface over which it is evaluated, provided the functions
vanish at spatial infinity. The generalized KG inner product satisfies the relations
1333
1334
1335
, , , 0, 1.
4. 9
1336
We define now the annihilation operator associated with a complex Colombeau solution
1337
by the bracket of with the generalized field operator :
1338
a , .
1339
1340
1341
1342
It follows from the hermiticity of
4. 10
that the hermitian conjugate of a is given by
a a .
1343
1344
1345
4. 11
From Eq. (4.5) and CCR (4.6) one obtains
1346
a , a , .
1347
1348
1349
4. 12
Note that from Eq. (4.11) follows
1350
a , a , , a , a ,
1351
1352
4. 13
1354
is a positive norm solution with unit norm hf with, then a and

a satisfy the commutation relation a , a 1. Suppose now that |
1355
is a normalized quantum state satisfying
1356
|n, 1/n!a n |
1353
Note that if
a | 1, then for each n, the state
is a normalized eigenstate of the number operator
1358
N a a with eigenvalue n. The span of all these states defines a

Fock space of the distributional - wavepacket n -particle excitations above the state
1359
1360
|. If we want to construct the full Hilbert space of the field theory in curved distributional
spacetime, how can we proceed? We should find a decomposition of the space of complex
1361
Colombeau solutions to the wave equation (4.2)
1362
1363
subspace S p and its complex conjugate S p , such that all brackets between solutions from
the two subspaces vanish. That is, we must find a direct sum decomposition:
1357
S into a direct sum of a positive norm
1364
S S p S p
1365
1366
1367
4. 14
such that
1368
, 0, S p
1369
1370
1371
and
4. 15
, 0, , S p .
1372
1373
4. 16
1374
1375
The condition (4.15) implies that each in S p can be scaled to define its own
harmonic oscillator sub-albegra. The second condition implies, according to (4.13), that the
1376
1377
annihilators and creators for

themselves:
a , a a , a 0.
1378
1379
1380
1381
and in the subspace S p commute amongst

4. 17
Given such a decompostion a total Hilbert space H for the field theory can be defined as the
space of finite norm sums of possibly infinitely many states of the form
a 1, . . . a n, |0 ,
1382
1383
4. 18
|0 is a state such that a n, |0 0 for all in S p . The state |0, as in

classical case, is called a Fock vacuum and Hilbert space, H is called a Fock space. The
1384
where
1385
1386
1387
representation of the field operator on this Fock space is hermitian and satisfies the
canonical commutation relations in sense of Colombeau generalized function.
1388
1389
4.2 Defining distributional outgoing modes
1390
1391
For illustration we consider the non-rotating, uncharged

distributional line element
1
ds 2 f dt 2 f dr 2
1392
1393
1394
d -dimensional SAdS BH with a
r 2 d2d2 , 0, 1,
4. 19
where
f 0, 0, 1,
2
r d3
f 0 1 r 2 0d3 ,
L
r
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
4. 20
d2d2 is the metric of the ( d 2 )-sphere, and the AdS curvature radius squared L 2
2
is related to the cosmological constant by L d 2d 1/2. The parameter r 0 is
d3
proportional to the mass M of the spacetime: M d 2A d2 r 0 /16, where A d2
where
2 d1/2 /d 1/2. The distributional Schwarzschild geometry corresponds to L .

The corresponding equation of motion (4.2) for massless case are
d 2
R ,
4d 1
4. 21
G , g , 8GT , ,
T , ~x.
1401
1402
1403
1404
The time-independence and the spherical symmetry of the metric imply the canonical
decomposition
1405
rY
lm
lm,
d2/2
r
t, r, e it
1406
1407
1408
where
4. 22
Ylm denotes the d -dimensional scalar spherical harmonics, satisfying
1409
d2 Ylm ll d 3Ylm ,
1410
1411
1412
1413
4.23
where d2 is the Laplace-Beltrami operator. Substituting the decomposition (4.22) into

Eq. (6) one gets a radial wave equation
1414
f 2
1415
1416
1417
d 2 lm, r
d lm, r
f
f
2 V lm, r lm, r
2
dr
dr
We define now a tortoise distributional coordinate
0.
4.24
r r r by the relation
1418
dr
dr
1419
1420
f r .
4. 25
1421
By using a tortoise distributional coordinate the Eq. (4.24) can be written in the form of a
1422
Schrdinger equation with the potential
1423
V lm , r
d r
dr
1424
1425
2 V r r 0.
1426
Note that the tortoise distributional coordinate
1427
constant
4. 26
r r becomes to infinite Colombeau
1428
r r ln at the horizon, i.e. as r r , but its behavior at infinity
is strongly dependent on the cosmological constant: r r for asymptotically-
1429
flat spacetimes, and
r r finite Colombeau constant for the SAdS
geometry.
1430
1431
1432
4.2.1. Boundary conditions at the horizon of the distributional SAdS BH geometry
1433
For most spacetimes of interest the potential
1434
|r r| , and in this limit solutions to the wave equation (4.26) behave as
V r r 0 as r r , i.e.
1435
t, r ~expit r r , as r~r .
1436
1437
1438
1439
Note that classically nothing should leave the horizon and thus classically only ingoing
modes (corresponding to a plus sign) should be present, i.e.
t,r ~expit r r , as r~r .
1440
1441
1442
4. 27
4.28
Note that for non-extremal spacetimes, the tortoise coordinate tends to
1443
r r
1444
1445
1446
where
f r
f 1 rdr
0.
f r
ln|r r | as r~r ,
Therefore near the horizon, outgoing modes behave as
expit r r expi t, r exp2ir r

expi t, r
1447
1448
4. 29
|r r | 2i/f r
4. 30
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
t, r t r r . Now Eq. (4.30) shows that outgoing modes is

Colombeau generalized function of class G.
where
5. ENERGY-MOMENTUM TENSOR CALCULATION BY USING COLOMBEAU

DISTRIBUTIONAL MODELS
We shall assume now any distributional spacetime which is conformally static in both the
asymptotic past and future. We will be considered distributional spacetime which is
conformally flat in the asymptotic past, i.e.
1458
ds 2 f 2,in dt 2 dx 2
asymp. past
ds 2 f 2,out dt 2 h ,ij dx i dx j , asymp. future
1459
1460
5. 1
x 0, J in, out , are smooth functions and

0, 1 f ,J f ,J t,
h ,ij x, i, j 1, 2, 3 , are the components of an arbitrary distributional spatial metric.
1461
where
1462
h ,ij
1463
1464
x x , x , x for coordinates in the asymptotic

Note that we use the same labels t and
past and future only for simplicity; they are obviously defined on non-intersecting regions of
1465
the spacetime.) In each of these asymptotic regions the distributional field
1466
written as
/f ,J

, where
can be
satisfies
1467
2
2
t
1468
1469
1470
1471
,J
V ,J ,
5.2
,in is the flat Laplace operator, ,out is the Laplace operator associated
with the spatial metric h ij , and the effective potential V J is given by
where
1472
V ,J
J f ,J
f ,J
f
1 6 J ,J
f ,J
1473
1474
f ,J m 2 R
2
f ,J
K ,J ,
5. 3
1476
K ,in 0 , K ,out K ,out x the scalar curvature associated with the spatial
distributional metric h ,ij .
1477
1478
We assume now this condition: (i) the massless ( m 0 ) field with arbitrary coupling in
spacetimes which are asymptotically flat in the past and asymptotically static in the future,
1479
1480
, as those describing the formation of a static BH from

i.e. f in 1 and f ,out f ,out x
matter initially scattered throughout space, and
1481
(ii) the massless, conformally coupled field ( m
1482
the potential, two different sets of positive-norm distributional modes,
1475
1483
1484
with
0 and 1/6 ). With this assumptions for
u
,k
and
v
,
, can be naturally defined by the requirement that they are the solutions of Eq. (5.2)
which satisfy the asymptotic conditions:
1485
u
1486
1487
,k
past
5.4
and
v
,
1488
1489
1490
163 k 1/2 e ik tkx f ,in
where
2 1/2 e it f ,out F , x ,
future
5.5
k R 3 , k : k , 0 , and F , x are Colombeau solutions of
1491
,out V ,out xF , x 2 F , x ,
F , x
1492
1493
1494
C 3
5.6
satisfying the normalization
d 3 x h F , x F ,x
out
1495
1496
5.7
1497
1498
on a Cauchy surface out in the asymptotic future. Note that each F , , 0, 1 can be
chosen to be real without loss of generality. There are reasonable situations where the
1499
distributional modes
1500
v
,
v
,
given in Eq. (5.5), together with distributional modes
fail to form a complete set of distributional normal modes. This happens whenever
1502
,out V ,out x in Eq. (5.2) happens to possess normalizable, i.e.

2
2
satisfying Eq. (5.7) eigenfunctions with negative eigenvalues, 0 . In this case,
1503
additional positive-norm modes
1501
the operator
w
,
with the asymptotic behavior
1504
w
,
F , x
e ti/12 e ti/12
2 f ,out x
future
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
5.8
,
and their complex conjugates
are necessary in order to expand an arbitrary
Colombeau solution of Eq. (5.1). As a direct consequence, at least some of the in-modes
(typically those with low k ) eventually undergo an exponential growth. This

asymptotic divergence is reflected on the unbounded increase of the vacuum fluctuations,
,k
1511
2 x
1512
1513
e 2t
2
future
F x
f ,out x
1 Oe t ,
5. 9
F x is the eigenfunction of Eq. (5.6) associated with the lowest negative eigenvalue
2
2 , is some positive constant, and is a dimensionless constant
allowed,
1514
where
1515
1516
(typically of order unity) whose exact value depends globally on the spacetime structure
u
,k
(since it crucially depends on the projection of each
1518
1519
1520
one would expect, these wild quantum fluctuations give an important contribution to the
vacuum energy stored in the field. In fact, the expectation value of its distributional energy-
1521
1522
momentum tensor, T , x ,
dominated by this exponential growth:
on the mode
w
,
1517
whose
; also depends on the initial state, here assumed to be the vacuum |0 in ). As

2
0, 1, in the asymptotic future is found to be
1523
T ,00 x
future
2 x
1 4 2 DF 2
2

m 2 f K
2
2
F
2D2 f Df 2 Di f Di F
1 6
2
f
f F
2f
1524
1525
Oe t ,
5. 10
T ,0i x
future
2 x
1526
1527
5. 11
Di f
1 6
f
Di F
1 4
F
Oe ,
T ,ij x
future
2 x
1 2
Di F Dj F
F 2
Di Dj F
F
1 4h ij 2
DF 2

m 2 f 2 K
2
F 2
Di f Dj f Di fDj F Dj f Di F
1 6
f F
f F
f 2
R,ij
h ,ij
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
2D f Df
D f D F
k
2
f
f F
2f
2
5. 12
Oe t ,
Di is the derivative operator compatible with the distributional metric h ,ij (so that
R,ij
out D2 ),
is the associated distributional Ricci tensor so that
ij
K ,out h R,ij ,
and we have omitted the subscript out in f ,out and
where
K ,out for simplicity. The Eqs. (5.10-5.12), together with Eq. (5.9), imply that on time
1 , the vacuum fluctuations of the field should overcome any other
scales determined by
classical source of energy, therefore taking control over the evolution of the background
geometry through the semiclassical Einstein equations (in which T , is included as a
source term for the distributional Einstein tensor). We are then confronted with a startling
situation where the quantum fluctuations of a field, whose energy is usually negligible in
comparison with classical energy components, are forced by the distributional background
spacetime to play a dominant role. We are still left with the task of showing that there exist
indeed well-behaved distributional background spacetimes in which the operator
,out V ,out x possesses negative eigenvalues 2 0, condition on which
1541
1542
depends Eq (5.9). Experience from quantum mechanics tells us that this typically occurs
1543
1544
when V ,out gets sufficiently negative over a sufficiently large region. It is easy to see
from Eq. (5.3) that, except for very special geometries (as the flat one), one can generally
1545
1546
1547
find appropriate values of R which make V ,out as negative as would be necessary

in order to guarantee the existence of negative eigenvalues. For distributional BH spacetime
using Eq. (5.9) - Eq. (5.12) one obtains
e 2t
2
future
2 r
1548
r 1/2 F r
r r 2 2
5. 13
, r r
1/4
T ,00 r
future
1 4 2 DF r 2

m 2 r r 2 2
2
F 2 r
2 r
1 6
2D f r
2
r r 2 2
1/4
Df r
r r 2 2
r r , f r r r 2 2
5.14
Di f rD F
1/4
1/2
1/4
r r 2 2
1/4
1549
T ,0i r
future
2 r
Di F r
F r
1 4
Di f r
1 6
r r
2
r r ,f r r r 2
2
1/4
5.15
1/4
1550
T ,ij r
future
2 r
1 6
h ,ij
Di F Dj F
F 2
1 2
Di Dj F
F
1 4h ij 2
DF r 2

m 2 r r 2 2
F 2 r
2
Di f Dj f
r r 2 2
1/2
2D2 f
r r 2 2
1/4
Di fDj F
r r 2 2
1/4
Df 2
2 r r 2 2
r r .
1551
1552
1/2
R,ij
1/2
5.16
Dj f Di F
r r 2 2
1/2
Dk f Dk F
r r 2 2
1/4
r r in Eq. (5.13) - Eq. (5.16),

0 . In the static case
1553
Remark 5.1. Note that in spite of the unbounded growth at
1554
T ,
T ,
is
covariantly
conserved:
f ,out f ,out x , for instance for distributional BH geometry, this implies that the
1555
1556
1557
total vacuum energy is kept constant, although it continuously flows from spatial regions
where its density is negative to spatial regions where it is positive.
1558
1559
1560
Remark 5.2. Note that the singular behavior at r r appearing in Eq. (5.13) - Eq. (5.16)
leads only to asymptotic divergences, i.e. all the quantities remain finite everywhere except
horizon.
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
6. DISTRIBUTIONAL SADS BH SPACETIME-INDUCED VACUUM DOMINANCE

6.1. Adiabatic expansion of Green functions
Using equation of motion Eq. (5.2) one can obtain corresponding distributional generalization
of the canonical Green functions equations. In particular for the distributional propagator
1568
iG x,x 0|T x x |0, 0,1
6.1
,x m 2 R x,G x,x g x,1/2 n x x .
6.2
1569
1570
1571
one obtains directly
1572
1573
1574
1575
Special interest attaches to the short distance behaviour of the Green functions, such as
1577
G x, x in the limit x x 0 with a fixed 0, 1. We obtain now an
adiabatic expansion of G x, x . Introducing Riemann normal coordinates y for the
1578
point
1576
x, with origin at the point x we have expanding
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
g x, 1 R y y 1 R ; y y y
3
6
1
2

R ;
R R
v y y y y . . .
20
45
where is the Minkowski metric tensor, and the coefficients are all evaluated at
Defining now
6. 3
y 0.
x, x
1585
1586
1587
g x,
1/4
G x, x
6. 4
and its Colombeau-Fourier transform by
1588
x,x 2 n
1589
1590
dn keiky k
6.5
ky k y , one can work in a sort of localized momentum space. Expanding
(6.2) in normal coordinates and converting to k -space, k can readily be solved by
1591
where
1592
1593
1594
iteration to any adiabatic order. The result to adiabatic order four (i.e., four derivatives of the
metric) is
1595
1596
1597
1598
1
2
k k 2 m 2 1 k 2 m 2 R
6
2
i 1 k 2 m 2 R ;
2 6
2
2
3
k 2 m 2
1 a k 2 m 2 1 R 2 2 a
3
6
3
where
6. 6
/k ,
a
1
30
1 R 1 R 1 R
;
2
120 ;
140 ;
R 1
60
1
60
6. 7
R ,
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
to indicate that this is an asymptotic expansion. One

0
ensures that Eq. (6.5) represents a time-ordered product by performing the k integral
2
2
along the appropriate contour in figure 3. This is equivalent to replacing m by m i.
and we are using the symbol
Similarly, the adiabatic expansions of other Green functions can be obtained by using the
other contours in figure 3. Substituting Eq. (6.6) into Eq. (6.5) gives
x,x 2 n
dn keiky a0 x, x ; a1 x,x ; m 2
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
a 2 x,x ;
m 2
k 2 m 2
6.8
where
a 0 x, x ; 1
6. 9
and, to adiabatic order 4,
1610
a 1 x, x ;
1 R i 1 R y 1 a y y
;
6
2 6
3
a 2 x, x ; 1 1 R 2 1 a
2 6
3
1611
1612
1613
with all geometric quantities on the right-hand side of Eq. (6.10) evaluated at
6. 10
x .
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
Fig. 3. The contour in the complex

integral giving
k 0 plane C
to be used in the evaluation of the
L . The cross indicates the pole at k 0 k m2

2
1/2
1620
If one uses the canonical integral representation
1621
k 2 m 2 i
i dse is
1625
6.11
1622
1623
1624
k 2 m 2 i
d n k integration may be interchanged with the ds integration, and

performed explicitly to yield (dropping the i )
in Eq. (6.8), then the
x, x
i4
n/2
idsisn/2 exp
im 2 s
x, x
x, x ;is
2is
x, x 1 y y .
2
1626
1627
1628
6. 12
x, x which is one-half of the square of the proper distance between x and
x , while the function x, x ;is has the following asymptotic adiabatic expansion
The function
1629
x,x ;is a 0 x,x ; isa 1 x,x ; is 2 a 2 x,x ; ...
1630
1631
1632
Using Eq. (6.4), equation (6.12) gives a representation of
6.13
G x, x :
1633
G x,x
i4
n/2
1/2
x,x ;
idsis
n/2
1634
1635
1636
where
6.14
x,x
exp im s
x,x ;is
2is
2
x, x ; is the distributional Van Vleck determinant
1637
1638
1639
x,x ; det x,x g x,g x ,1/2
6.15
1640
1641
1642
In the normal coordinates about
g x, 1/2
x that we are currently using, x, x ; reduces to
. The full asymptotic expansion of x, x ;is to all adiabatic
orders are
x, x ;is
isj a2 x, x ;
6. 16
j0
1643
1644
a x, x ;
1645
1646
1647
j
with a 0 x, x ; 1, the other
being given by canonical recursion
relations which enable their adiabatic expansions to be obtained. The expansions (6.13) and
(6.16) are, however, only asymptotic approximations in the limit of large adiabatic parameter
1648
T.
1649
1650
If (6.16) is substituted into (6.14) the integral can be performed to give the adiabatic
expansion of the Feynman propagator in coordinate space:
1651
G x, x
4i
n/2
1/2
x, x ;
aj x, x ;
j0
2m
n2
4
2
m
6. 17
Hn2/2 2m 2 2
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
in which, strictly, a small imaginary part i should be subtracted from . Since we have not
imposed global boundary conditions on the distributional Green function Colombeau solution
of (6.2), the expansion (6.17) does not determine the particular vacuum state in (6.1). In
1657
1658
particular, the " i " in the expansion of G x, x only ensures that (6.17) represents the
expectation value, in some set of states, of a time-ordered product of fields. Under some
1659
1660
circumstances the use of " i " in the exact representation (6.14) may give additional
information concerning the global nature of the states.
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
6.2. Effective action for the quantum matter fields in curved distributional
spacetime
As in classical case one can obtain Colombeau generalized quantity W , called the
effective action for the quantum matter fields in curved distributional spcetime, which, when
functionally differentiated, yields
W
2
1
g 2 g
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
6. 18
To discover the structure of W , let us return to first principles, recalling the Colombeau
path-integral quantization procedure such as developed in []. Our notation will imply a
treatment for the scalar field, but the formal manipulations are identical for fields of higher
spins. Note that the generating functional
1675
1676
Z J
1677
1678
D exp
iS m i J x xd n x
1679
was interpreted physically as the vacuum persistence amplitude
1680
presence of the external distributional current density
1681
state
1682
1683
condition
6.19
out , 0|0, in . The
J can cause the initial vacuum
|0, in to be unstable, i.e. it can bring about the production of particles. In flat
space, in the limit J 0, no particles are produced, and one have the normalization
1684
1685
1686
1687
Z 0
D exp
iS m i J x xd n x
J0
0 |0 1.
6.20
However, when distributional spacetime is curved, we have seen that, in general,
1688
1689
1690
|0, out |0, in ,
6. 21
1691
even in the absence of source currents J. Hence (6.19) will no longer apply. Path-integral
1692
quantization still works in curved distributional spacetime; one simply treats
1693
(6.19) as the curved distributional spacetime matter action, and
1694
1695
1696
S m in
J x as a current
density (a scalar density in the case of scalar fields). One can thus set J = 0 in (6.19) and
examine the variation of Z 0 :
Z 0 i D S m expiS m ; iout ,0|S m |0, in .
1697
1698
1699
6.22
Note that
1700
S m
2
1
g 2 g
1701
1702
1703
6. 23
iout , 0|T |0, in
6. 24
From (6.22) and (6.23) one obtains directly
Z 0
2
1
g 2 g
1704
1705
1706
T .
Noting that the matter action
S m appears exponentiated in (6.19), one obtains directly
1707
Z 0 expiW
1708
1709
1710
and
expW ilnout , 0|0, in .
1711
1712
1713
6. 25
6.26
Following canonical calculation one obtains
1714
1
Z 0 detG x, x 2
1715
1716
1717
6. 27
where the proportionality constant is metric-independent and can be ignored. Thus we obtain
1718
W ilnZ 0 i tr ln
2
1719
1720
1721
In (6.28)
1722
an linear space
6. 28
is to be interpreted as an Colombeau generalized operator which acts on
of generalized vectors |x , normalized by
1723
x|x x x g x, 2
1
1724
1725
1726
6. 29
in such a way that
1727
G x,x x| |x .
1728
1729
6.30
tr of an Colombeau generalized operator which
1730
Remark 6.1.Note that the trace
1731
acts on a linear space
, is defined by
tr
dn xg x,
1
2
xx;
dn xg x,
1
2
x| xx; |x .
6. 31
1732
1733
1734
Writing now the Colombeau generalized operator
as
1735
dsexps
0
1736
1737
1738
6. 32
by Eq. (6.14) one obtains
1739
x|exps |x
i4
n/2
1/2
x, x ;
x, x
exp im s
x,x ;isis n/2
2is
2
1740
1741
1742
1743
Now, assuming
to have a small negative imaginary part, we obtain
6.33
dsis1 iexps
1744
Eii
6. 34
Eix is the exponential integral function.
1745
where
1746
Remark 6.2. Note that for
x 0
1747
1750
1751
6. 35
Eix lnx Ox
1748
1749
where
obtain
is the Euler's constant. Substituting now (6.35) into (6.34) and letting 0 we
1752
ln
dsexps is1
ln
1753
1754
6. 36
1755
which is correct up to the addition of a metric-independent infinite large Colombeau constant
1756
1757
that can be ignored in what follows. Thus, in the generalized De Witt-Schwinger

representation (6.33) or (6.14) we have
1758
x|ln
|x
G x,x ;m 2 dm 2
m2
1759
1760
where the integral with respect to
1762
1763
we get
1766
m 2 brings down the extra power of is 1 that appears in
Eq. (6.36). Returning now to the expression (6.28) for W using Eq. (6.37) and Eq.(6.31)
1761
1764
1765
6. 37
i
2
d xg x,
n
1
2
lim
xx
G x, x ;m 2 dm 2
6. 38
m2
Interchanging the order of integration and taking the limit
x x one obtains
dm 2 dn xg x,
W i
2
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1
2
G x, x;m 2
6. 39
Colombeau quantity W is called as the one-loop effective action. In the case of fermion
effective actions, there would be a remaining trace over spinorial indices. From Eq. (6.39) we
may define an effective Lagrangian density
L ;e ff x
by
dn xg x,
1
2
L ;eff x
6.40
whence one get
L x
g x,
1775
1776
1777
6.3. Stress-tensor renormalization
1778
Note that
1
2
;eff x
i
2
lim
xx
dm 2 G x,x ;m 2
m2
6.41
1781
L x diverges at the lower end of the s integral because the /2s damping
factor in the exponent vanishes in the limit x x . (Convergence at the upper end is
2
guaranteed by the i that is implicitly added to m
in the De Witt-Schwinger
representation of L x . In four dimensions, the potentially divergent terms in the
1782
DeWitt-Schwinger expansion of
1779
1780
L x are
1783
L ;div x
2 1
32
lim
xx
1/2
x, x ;
exp
ds
s3
im 2 s
x, x
2is
6. 42
a 0 x, x ; isa 1 x, x ; is 2 a 2 x, x ;
1784
1785
1787
a 0 , a 1 and a 2 are given by Eq. (6.9) - Eq. (6.10). The remaining
terms in this asymptotic expansion, involving a 3 and higher, are finite in the limit x x .
1788
1789
Let us determine now the precise form of the geometrical L ;div

terms, to compare
them with the conventional gravitational Lagrangian that appears in (2.38). This is a delicate
1786
where the coefficients
1790
matter because (6.48) is, of course, infinite. What we require is to display the divergent
1791
terms in the form
1792
geometrical object . This can be done in a variety of ways. For
example, in n dimensions, the asymptotic (adiabatic) expansion of L ;e ff x is
1793
L ;eff x
1
2 4
n/2
lim
1/2
x, x ;
xx
idsis j1n/2 exp im 2 s
a j x, x ;
6. 43
j0
x, x
2is
1794
1795
n/2 1 terms are divergent as 0. If n is treated as a variable which
can be analytically continued throughout the complex plane, then we may take the x x
1796
of which the first
1797
1798
limit
1799
L ;eff x
2 4
aj x; idsisj1n/2 expim 2 s
n/2
j0
2 1 4 n/2 a j x;m 2
n/2j
j0
6. 44
j n ,
2
a j x; a j x, x;.
1800
1801
L ;e ff x as (length) 4 , even
when n 4. It is therefore necessary to introduce an arbitrary mass scale and to rewrite
1802
From Eq. (6.44) it follows we shall wish to retain the units of
1803
1804
Eq. (6.44) as
L ;eff x
1808
2 4
n/2
n4
aj x;m 2 42j
j0
1805
1806
1807
If
j n
2
6.45
n 4, the first three terms of Eq. (6.45) diverge because of poles in the - functions:
n
4
4
2 On 4,
nn 2 4 n
4
2 On 4,
1 n
2
4
n
2 n
2 n 2 On 4.
2
4n
1809
1810
1811
Denoting these first three terms by
L ;divx
6. 46
, we have
1812
L ;divx
4 n/2
4m 4 a 0 x; 2m 2 a 1 x;
a 2 x;
n2
nn 2
1 1 ln m 2
n4 2
2
1813
1814
1815
1816
The functions
(6.9)-(6.10)
6. 47
.
a 0 x;, a 1 x; and a 2 x; are given by taking the coincidence limits of
1817
a 0 x; 1,
a 1 x; 1 R ,
6
1
a 2 x;
R x, R x, 1 R x, R x,
180
180
1
1
1
1
R x,
R 2 x, .
6 5
2 6
1818
1819
6. 48
1820
1821
Finally one obtains
1822
L ;ren x
1823
1824
12
64
idslnis
0
3 x, x;ise ism 2
is 3
6. 49
1825
Special interest attaches to field theories in distributional spacetime in which the classical
1826
action
S is invariant under distributional conformal transformations, i.e.
1827
g x, 2 xg x, g x, .
1828
1829
1830
6.50
From the definitions one has
1831
S g x, S g x,
dn x
1832
1833
1834
S g x,
g x,
g x,
6.51
1835

T g x, ,
1836
1837
S g x,
1
x
gx, 2
2 x
6. 52
1838
1839
and it is clear that if the classical action is invariant under the conformal transformations
(6.50), then the classical stress-tensor is traceless. Because conformal transformations are
1840
1841
1842
essentially a rescaling of lengths at each spacetime point x, the presence of a mass and
hence a fixed length scale in the theory will always break the conformal invariance.
Therefore we are led to the massless limit of the regularization and renormalization
1843
1844
procedures used in the previous section. Although all the higher order j 2 terms in the
DeWitt-Schwinger expansion of the effective Lagrangian (6.45) are infrared divergent at
1846
n 4 as m 0, we can still use this expansion to yield the ultraviolet divergent terms
arising from j 0, 1, and 2 in the four-dimensional case. We may put m 0
1847
immediately in the
1848
for
1845
1849
j 0 and 1 terms in the expansion, because they are of positive power
n 4. These terms therefore vanish. The only nonvanishing potentially ultraviolet

divergent term is therefore j 2 :
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
2 1 4 n/2 m
n4
a 2 x, 2 n ,
2
6. 53
which must be handled carefully. Substituting for a 2 x with n from (6.48), and
rearranging terms, we may write the divergent term in the effective action arising from (6.53)
as follows
W,div
1
2 4
n/2
1858
1859
1860
n4
2 n
2
d xg x,
n
dn xg x,
1
2
1
2
a 2 x,
G x
6.54
On 4
x R x,R x, 2R x, R x, 1 R 2 x, ,
3
G x R
x,R x,
6.55
and
1 , 1 .
120
360
1864
1865
1866
2 n
2
where
1861
1862
1863
n4
2 1 4 n/2 m
6. 56
Finally one obtains
1867
T x, ren 1/28802 x 23 R x,
1868
1869
1870
G x
1/28802 R x, R x, R x,R x, R x, .
Note that from Eq. (3.42) for
6.57
r 2m follows that
1871
1872
1873
R R
r 2m 2 2
42m 4 .
6. 58
1874
Thus for the case of the distributional Schwarzchild spesetime given by the distributional
1875
metric (3.40) using Eq. (6.57) and Eq. (6.58) for
r 2m one obtains
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
T x,ren 28802
r 2m 2 2
This result is in a good agreement with Eq. (5.14) - Eq. (5.16).
42m 4 .
6.59
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
7. COMCLUSIONS AND REMARKS
1890
1891
1892
In this paper essentially new class Colombeau solutions to Einstein field equations is
obtained. We have shown that a successful approach for dealing with curvature tensor
valued distribution is to first impose admissible the nondegeneracy conditions on the metric
1893
1894
tensor, and then take its derivatives in the sense of classical distributions in
space.
1895
1896
The distributional meaning is then equivalent to the junction condition formalism. Afterwards,
through appropriate limiting procedures, it is then possible to obtain well behaved
1897
1898
1899
1900
distributional tensors with support on submanifolds of d 3, as we have shown for the

energy-momentum tensors associated with the Schwarzschild spacetimes. The above
procedure provides us with what is expected on physical grounds. However, it should be
mentioned that the use of new supergeneralized functions (supergeneralized Colombeau
1901
1902
algebras GR , ) in order to obtain superdistributional curvatures, may renders a more

rigorous setting for discussing situations like the ones considered in this paper.
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
The vacuum energy density of free scalar quantum field with a distributional background
spacetime also is considered. It has been widely believed that, except in very extreme
situations, the influence of gravity on quantum fields should amount to just small, subdominant contributions. Here we argue that this belief is false by showing that there exist
well-behaved spacetime evolutions where the vacuum energy density of free quantum fields
is forced, by the very same background distributional spacetime such BHs, to become
dominant over any classical energy density component. This semiclassical gravity effect
finds its roots in the singular behavior of quantum fields on curved spacetimes. In particular
1911
we obtain that the vacuum fluctuations
1912
1913
This paper dealing with an extension of the Einstein field equations using apparatus of
contemporary generalization of the classical Lorentzian geometry named in literature
Colombeau distributional geometry, see for example [1]-[2], [5]-[7] and [14]-[15]. The
regularizations of singularities present in some solutions of the Einstein equations is an
important part of this approach. Any singularities present in some solutions of the Einstein
equations recognized only in the sense of Colombeau generalized functions [1]-[2] and not
classically.
2 has a singular behavior on BHs horizon r :
2 r~|r r | 2 . We argue that this vacuum dominance may bear important

astrophysical implications.
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
S 2m 3
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
To reviewers provided important clarifications.
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
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1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
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2019
2020
2021
2022
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2027
2028
2029
27. Raju CK. J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 1982; 15: 1785.

28. Geroch RP, Traschen J. Phys. Rev. D 1987; 38: 1017.
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Available:
http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/0904.4184v2,
http://www.vis.uni-stuttgart.de/~muelleta/CoS/.
2030
APPENDIX
2031
Expressions for the Colombeau quantities
2032
and
2033
D , 0, 1 .
2034
Let us introduce now Colombeau generalized metric which has the form
R , R ,
R, , R , R ,
in
terms
A , B , C
of
ds 2 A rdx 0 2 2D rdx 0 dr B r C rdr 2
R , R R and R R , in terms
generalized functions A r , B r , C r , D r are
2036
The Colombeau scalars
2037
2038
of Colombeau
expressed as
2 2 A 3 B
r
B
A
1
2
B
B
A 2
2
A 2
2
R R
A B
A B
1 A B
B
2 A
A 2
2
1 A 1 A 1 A B 1 A
r A
2 A
4 A
2 A B
1 A 2 B
B
2
A
1
r
A C D2
A
B
22
2
B
A B
A
r
1
1r
2 B
B
B
A. 2
R R
A 2
2
4
A
A
1
2 A
A
A 2
2

1 A 1 A B
r A
2 A B
2
1 B 1 A C D 1
r B
2
4
A B
r
A 2
2
2
2 A 2
1
r
1
2
A
B
B
A
B
B
1 A 1 A 1 A B B 1
B
2 A
4 A
2 A B
2
A C D2
A B
12
1
2 A B
A B
r
B
B
1 1
2 B
4 B
2039
A. 1
B rr 2 d 2 sin2 d 2 .
2035
and
B
1
2 B
B
B
A B
B
1
B
2 A B
2
2053
2040
Here
2041
A rB r C r D2 r .
2042
2043
2044
A. 3
Assume that
2045
2046
2047
2048
r 1, B r 1, D r 0.
A. 4
From Eq. (A.2) - Eq. (A.4) one obtains
2049
4 A 2 A C
2 A ,
r
r
R R
2
2
A A C 2 1
1 1
A A 2
2
A A ,
2
r
r
r 2
r

R
R
2
2
A 2 2 A 4 A C 2 A .
r
r

r4

2050
2051
2052
A.5

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Distributional SAdS BH spacetime-induced

Center for Mathematical Sciences, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel

Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences,

* Tel.: +xx xx 265xxxxx; fax: +xx aa 462xxxxx.

Keywords: Colombeau nonlinear generalized functions, Distributional Riemannian

become infinite at point

x 0 one obtains the breakdown of canonical formalism of Riemann

Remark 1.2. Let

be infinitesimal closed contour and let be the corresponding surface

infinite at singular point

x 0 . Let us derive now to similarly canonical calculation [3]-[4] the general

formula for the regularized change

around infinitesimal closed contour

A k in a vector Ai x after parallel displacement

. This regularized change A k can clearly be written

, 1 and where the integral is taken over the given

. Substituting in place of Ak the canonical expression Ak kli x Ak dxl (see

[4], Eq. (85.5)) we obtain

and corresponding singular surface

with a singularity at point x 0 on Horizon and

canonical sense but only in an distributional sense

the area enclosed by the contour has the infinitesimal value

fact that in (1.6) the left side is a vector -- the difference

A k between the values of vectors

Definition 1.1. The tensor

Definition 1.2. The generalized Ricci curvature tensor

Definition 1.3. The generalized Ricci scalar

Definition 1.4. The generalized Einstein tensor

boundary of the manifold

S 2 R. This submanifold is called the event horizon, or simply the

(II) The Schwarzschild metric (1.12) in canonical coordinates

ceases to be a smooth Lorentzian metric for

r 2m, because for such a value of r the

g 00 becomes zero while g 11 becomes infinite. For 0 r 2m the metric

(III) From consideration above obviously follows that on Schwarzschild spacetime

Sh S 2 r 2m 0 r 2m R the Levi-Civita connection

(IV) Note that [4]: (i) The determinant

det glm ({}) r 4 sin 2 of the metric (1.12) is

R({}) g R ({}) is zero for r 2m.

(i) The curvature scalar

(ii) The none of higher-order scalars such as

the quadratic scalar

R ({})R ({}), etc. blows up. For example

R ({})R ({}) 48m2 / r 6 is regular on horizon, i.e. smooth and

(VI) Such assumption based only on formal extensions R, R R , . . . ,

R of the curvature scalar R({}) and higher-order scalars such as

R R , . . . , R R on horizon r 2m and on origin r 0 by

however in the limit

r 2m the Levi-Civit connection kj l {} becomes infinite [4]:

R has no any sense in

space-time. Such solutions have been formally derived under condition

ds 2 hr (dx 0 ) 2 h 1 r (dr ) 2 r 2 (d ) 2 sin 2 (d ) 2 , hr 1

r s is the Schwarzschild radius rs 2GM / c 2 with G, M and c being the Newton

hr 1 rs / r. Using Eq. (1.14) one formally obtains a boundary conditions

sufficiently small neighborhood

generalized Einstein tensor

of the point r 0 and must be replaced by the

G km (1.10). By simple calculation easy to see that

Gba 0 0a b0 . Thus canonical definition of the

and therefore again we obtain

The distributional Schwarzschild geometry

1.2.1.The smooth regularization of the singularity at the origin

components of the Schwarzschild metric) are