157 408 1 SM

ISSN 2321 9149
Research Article
IJAEES (2013) Vol.1, No.2, 25-37
International Journal of Advancement in Earth and Environmental Sciences
A STATISTICAL STUDY OF THE EVOLUTION OF

THE MANAGEMENT OF OLIVE MILL
WASTEWATER (OMWW) IN SFAX REGION,
TUNISIA, USING PRINCIPAL COMPONENT
ANALYSIS
Houda SahnounI*, Mohamed Moncef SerbajiII, Boubaker KarrayIII , Khaled MedhioubIV
I*
Faculty of sciences, Sfax, Tunisia (Unit of scientific research: Study and management of urban and coastal environments). Off ice de la topographie
et de la cartographie. Rue du Commandant Bjaoui, 3000 Sfax, Tunisie Tel : 00 216 25 217 555 (houdaenis@yahoo.fr)
II
National Engineering School, Sfax, Tunisia (Unit of scientific research: Study and management of urban and coastal environme nts).
III
Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education, Tunisia.
IV
Preparatory Engineering Institute, Sfax, Tunisia (Unit of scientific research: Study and management of urban and coastal environments).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT: Two investigations were carried out with oleifactors of Sfax region during the seasons 2003 - 04 and 2005 06. Their objectives were the exhaustive geo-referencing of the oil mills and the OMWW tanks and the creation of a
database by using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). To have an idea about the different mechanisms of OMWW
management in Sfax and their evolution between the two study campaigns, the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and
the Hierarchical Classification (HC) were carried out with oleifactors who were surveyed in the two campaigns. The
preserved variables were 14 and they were related to the localization of the oil mills, the triturating system and the
evacuation place of OMWW. Of these 14 variables, 11 were regarded as active continuous variables and 3 as illustrative
continuous variables. Thus, five homogeneous axis and five classes were retained for the two campaigns. The results
showed that, the OMWW management was largely changed, between these two campaigns. This change can be related to
the type of the season. Indeed, olive-growing production in 2003 - 04 was about 464.000T tons but it was only about
235.000 tons during 2005 - 06.
KEY WORDS: Olive mill waste water (OMWW), management, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Hierarchical
Classification (HC)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.
INTRODUCTION: - Principal components analysis (PCA) is an exploratory, multivariate, statistical
technique that can be used to examine data variability. It is frequently applied to environmental data, where datasets
may be large and difficult to interpret, and where complex inter-relationships between variables are difficult to
identify and visualise (1). Multivariate techniques can consider a number of factors which control data variability
simultaneously (2) and therefore offer significant advantages over univariate techniques, where errors associated with
repeated statistical testing can occur (3).
PCA can be used in several application fields, such as environmental domain. It has been applied, for
example, to surface and groundwaters [(4), (5)], soils [(2), (6)], sediments [(7), (8)] and biota (9).
In this paper, we applied PCA in OMWW management. In fact, OMWW is generated after triturating olives.
It presents different characteristics depending on the variety of olive, its ripeness, the fruit maturity, the climate, soil
conditions and the oil extraction method [(10), (11)]. The main characteristics of OMWW are high values of COD and
BOD, a low pH, a high organic electrical conductivity, a high concentration of free polyphenol and a high organic
content (11).
This can causes serious environmental problems in the Mediterranean countries (12), and can have a major
impact on land and water environments (13).
Many processes have been tested in order to treat or dispose these effluents based on evaporation ponds,
thermal concentration, physico-chemical (14) and biological treatments, as well as its direct application to agricultural
soils as an organic fertilizer [(15), (16), (17)]. However, the most frequently used methods nowadays are the direct
application to agricultural soils and storage in evaporation ponds, which produces sludge (18).
H. Sahnoun et al. / International Journal of Advancement in Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vol.1, No. 2
26
In Sfax region, which represents the main production zone of olive oil in Tunisia, the frequently mechanism of
OMWW management is the storage in evaporation ponds. The water is evaporated by sunlight during all the year,
creating sludge which is disposed. This method needs large areas of arable land and dont respect environment (19).
In this work, we proposed to study to evolution of OMWW management between two seasons 2003-2004 and 20052006 by using PCA technique.
2. METHODOLOGY
2.1.
STUDY AREA:-Sfax is located in the South of Tunisia, situated to 34 43' in North latitude and to 1041' in
longitude. It is limited by Mahdia to the North, Kairouan, Sidi Bouzid and Gafsa to the west, Gabes to the South and
finally the Mediterranean to the East. This region is made up 13 delegations (Fig: I). It has been chosen for its big
contribution to olive production, its triturating capacity and its OMWW production. The public institutions will solve
the OMWW problems.
Fig I: Location of Sfax
2.2.
DATA COLLECTION: -Data used in this paper were collected through two exhaustive investigations of the
functional oil mills of the region during the seasons 2003 04 (20) and 2005 06 (21). These investigations have
been conducted using questionnaires which were distributed to oleifactors and completed by direct contact of them.
Variables collected from oleifactors were relative to the localisation of the oil mills (Mahres city, Graba city, Gremda
road, Jbeniana city), their vocation (urban or rural environment), their triturating system (Continuous Chain, others
(classic, super-pressure, mixed)), their triturating capacity, their OMWW evacuation (Agareb tank, Mahres tank,
Graba tank and tanks owned by oleifacors) and the source of provision in olives to triturate (Table: I).
Variable
Signification
Activate continuous variables
C4
Mills located in Mahres
C6
Mills located in Graba
C7
Urban area
C8
Rural area
C9
Continuous Chain
C10
Other triturating system
C13
Triturating capacity per day (%)
C15
Agareb tank
C16
Mahres tank
C17
Graba tank
C18
Owned tanks inside Sfax region
Illustrative continuous variables
C3
Mills located in Gremda road
C5
Mills located in Jbeniana
C14
Provision in olives from Sfax (%)
Table I: List of different variable used on PCA
27
2.3.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: -PCA is a data reduction technique whereby new variables (principal
components or factors) are calculated from linear combinations of the original variables. The first principal
component, or factor, accounts for the greatest variability in the data, and there can be an infinite number of new
factors with each accounting for less data variability than the previous (22). Factor loadings are correlation
coefficients between the original variables and factors. They are frequently used in the literature to investigate the
processes that control data variability. Factor scores indicate how strongly individual samples are associated with each
factor (1), and thus can be used to investigate similarities between oil mills. Consequently similar characteristics of
these oil mills will have similar scores and may therefore have similar behaviour.
The use of PCA to examine environmental datasets has increased significantly over recent years [(23), (24),
(25)]. Although PCA and other multivariate techniques are powerful exploratory tools, they can also rapidly generate
large volumes of data when they are over-used; their application is inconsistent and if there is poor understanding of
their limitations and data requirements (22).
In this work, the statistical software SPAD 5.5 is applied to classify these 14 variables to 11 activate
continuous variables and 3 illustrative continuous variables (Table: I) with the purpose of creating a typology relative
to OMWW management. The distinction between activate and illustrative variables was based on the percentage
contribution of every variable on the axis definition. So the high contribution percentage define activate continuous
variables and the illustrative one were defined by the authors because they proposed that these variables have an
important effect in the statistical study.
Hierarchical Classification was also used, to create classes with individuals who have correlated variables. It was
applied on the coordinates of the 236 individuals on the four first axis retained by the PCA. Hierarchical Classification
is a group of multivariate techniques whose primary purpose is to assemble objects based on the characteristics they
possess (26).
3. RESULTS ANS DISCUSSION
3.1. EVOLUTION OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL REPARTITION: -The study of the oil mills geographical
distribution in Sfax during the seasons 2003 04 and 2005 06 (Fig: II) reveals that they keep the big
concentration in urban environment.
Fig II: The new creation of oil mills
It represents 46.73% in the first season and 48.75% in the second one (Fig: III). The new oil mills were
concentrated essentially on the peri-urban environment, defined as zones located within the distance of about 10 and
20 Km from the Sfax city, and on the delegation of Jbeniana which is located in the north-east part of Sfax.
28
180
160
140
oil-mills
120
100
2003 - 04
2005 - 06
80
60
40
20
0
Urban
Rural
Peri-urban
Localization
Fig III: Evolution of oil mills localisation
3.2.
EVOLUTION OF THE TRITURATING SYSTEM: -The olive triturating is consisting on extracting oil
olives. This operation is divided into four stages: crushing, malaxation, separation solid /liquid and separation
oil/water. The triturating operation can be done according to three different systems: the traditional one, which is
classic (Cl), the super-pressure one (SP) and the continuous one (CC). Some mills are composed by the combination
of two systems (called mixed system) such as CC and Cl.
In Sfax, the classic mills are very important in the two seasons (Fig: IV) but the triturating capacity of the
continuous mills is very important in the two seasons, too (Fig: V).
Number of oil-mills 03-04
Number of oil-mills 05-06
180
160
140
Number of oil mills
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Continuous chain
(CC)
Classic (Cl)
Super pressure
(SP)
Mixed :(CC + Cl)
Mixed :(CC + SP)
Mixed :(Cl + SP)
Mixed :(CC +Cl +

SP)
Triturating system
Fig IV: Evolution of oil mills number
In spite of the reduction in the full number of the functional mills, the practical triturating capacity per day
increased. It has been progressed from 9967 to 11825.5 tons/day (Fig: V), between 2003-2004 and 2005-2006, due to
the modifications of the triturating system from traditional to continuous.
29
Triturating capacity 03-04
Triturating capacity 05-06
6000
Triturating capacity (tons/day)
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Continuous chain
(CC)
Classic (Cl)
Super pressure
(SP)
Mixed :(CC + Cl)
Mixed :(CC + SP)
Mixed :(Cl + SP)
Mixed :(CC +Cl +

SP)
Triturating system
Fig V: Evolution of triturating capacity
3.3. EVOLUTION OF THE OMWW PRODUCTION: -The classic (Cl) system and the super-pressure (SP)
system generate a quantity of OMWW with a ratio of 0.4 and 0.5 respectively.The three-phase continuous
centrifugation, in which high volume of water is added to the crushed olives, generate three phases: olive oil, pulp
(~50% moisture), and OMWW. A ratio of 1 1.2 m3 OMWW per ton of olives is typical (27).
Today, a new system called two-phase process is being introduced in modern mills. This process yields
relatively small volumes of semi-solid waste with 60 70% moisture [(27), (28), (29)]. This system is rarely used in
our study region thats why we dont consider it in our work.
The increase of the practical triturating capacity per day is accompanied by the production of an enormous OMWW
quantity (Fig: VI).
OMWW production 03-04
OMWW production 05-06
6000
OMWW production (ton/day)
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Continuous chain
(CC)
Classic (Cl)
Super pressure
(SP)
Mixed :(CC + Cl)
Mixed :(CC + SP)
Mixed :(Cl + SP)
Mixed :(CC +Cl +

SP)
Triturating system
Fig VI: Evolution of OMWW production
The estimation of the OMWW quantity depends on several parameters of which the number of workdays, the
number of work-periods per day, the triturating capacity and the OMWW coefficient of production according to the
system. For the two seasons 2003 04 and 2005-06, qualified respectively by good and mean, these data are
summarized in table II.
30
Triturating
Number
of mills
Number of
workdays
Number of workperiods
OMWW
Coefficient
production
Triturating
Capacity
(Ton/day)
OMWW quantity
(Ton/season)
System
0304
05-
Min
Max
Moy
Min
Max
Moy
Continuous
Chain (CC)
Classic (Cl)
83
Super
pressure
(SP)
Mixed :
CC+SP
Mixed :
CC+Cl
Mixed :
SP+Cl
Mixed :
CC+Cl+SP
Total
0304
97
50
180
122
1.5
2.79
153
120
45
180
120
2.76
0.5
49
42
60
180
115
2.8
0.4
32
90
195
141
2.5
2.92
21
75
150
100
61
120
180
140
98
98
98
320
305
06
3814
05-06
03-04
05-06
5613,5
686520
636907.1
3153
2437
283770
134522.4
1044
363
708,5
2236,5
75168
30418.267
0.7
49549.5
214856.082
2.78
0.75
1249
536
140512.5
37252
2.83
0.45
254
294
20574
17472.42
0.63
90
9967
11825,5
5556,6
1071588.6
0
793893.14
Table II : Parameters en relation with the OMWW production
OMWW quantities produced from the continuous system were calculated as follows:
In the season 2003 04, identified as a good one, the number of work-periods was maximum so it was 3. Thus, the
triturating capacity was 3814 ton/day. The workdays were 180. The triturating capacity in this period was 180 x 3814
= 686520 ton/season. Since the OMWW coefficient production for the continuous system is 1, then the OMWW
quantity was 686 520 ton/season
3.4. OMWW MECHANISM OF EVACUATION FOR THE TWO SEASONS 2003-04 AND 2005-2006: In the
period between the two seasons studied, the OMWW management was largely changed. This change can be related to
the quality of the countryside. Indeed, olive-growing production in 2003 - 04 was very important (464 000 tons) but it
was average during 2005 06 (235 000 tons). The PCA results confirm that localization, triturating system and
OMWW evacuation are the most determining variables.
3.5. PCA ANALYSIS: -For the two seasons 2003 04 and 2005-06, these variables are represented on the 5 main
axes retained in this analysis with respectively 91.17% and 91.54 % of the total inertia (Table: III, Table: IV).
Variables
Coordinates
PC2
(Axis 2)
PC1
(Axis 1)
C4
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
C13
C15
C16
C17
C18
C3
C5
C14
Variance (%)
PC3
(Axis 3)
PC4
(Axis 4)
-0.54
-0.28
0.94
-0.94
0.27
-0.27
0.12
0.93
-0.27
-0.53
-0.56
0.34
-0.33
0.15
-0.15
-0.82
0.82
-0.08
0.19
-0.21
0.41
-0.41
0.72
-0.26
0.07
-0.07
0.50
-0.50
0.12
0.04
-0.18
0.69
-0.34
-0.15
-0.69
-0.09
0.09
0.06
-0.06
-0.29
-0.09
-0.78
-0.08
0.47
0.40
-0.39
-0.41
34.79
0.03
-0.20
0.00
18.63
0.04
-0.24
-0.12
15.82
-0.01
0.35
0.00
13.27
Table III: Variables coordinates on four significant principal components for the season 2003-04
(Table given by the software SPAD 5.5)
Variables
Coordinates
31
PC1
(Axis 1)
C5
C7
C8
C9
C10
C11
C14
C16
C17
C18
C19
C4
C6
C15
Variance (%)
PC2
(Axis 2)
PC3
(Axis 3)
PC4
(Axis 4)
-0.56
-0.30
0.94
-0.94
0.34
-0.34
0.15
0.93
-0.54
-0.28
-0.42
-0.17
0.54
-0.10
0.10
0.79
-0.79
0.16
-0.16
-0.19
0.52
0.23
-0.68
0.43
-0.05
0.05
-0.46
0.46
-0.09
-0.01
-0.71
0.33
0.27
0.34
0.51
0.19
-0.19
-0.21
0.21
0.25
0.19
0.28
0.64
-0.56
0.40
-0.34
-0.33
34.79
0.00
0.00
-0.01
18.24
-0.04
0.17
0.10
16.12
0.06
-0.31
-0.05
13.24
Table IV: Variables coordinates on four significant principal components for the season 2005-06
(Table given by the software SPAD 5.5)
The axis 1 (Oil mills localisation and OMWW management) presents 34.79% for the first season and 34.79 % for the
second one of the total inertia. Urban environment is positively well correlated with Agarebs landfill. These last
variables are negatively correlated to rural environment which is positively correlated with Mahres, Graba, Mahres
landfill, Grabas landfill and owned landfills (Table: III, Table IV).
The axis 2 (The triturating system) presents 18.63% for the first season and 18.24 % for the second one of the
total inertia. It opposes the chains continuous mills to the other systems (classic, super-pressure, mixed) (Table: III,
Table IV).
The axis 3 (OMWW evacuation in Mahres) presents 15.82 % for the first season and 16.12 % for the second
one of the total inertia. It is defined by two variables well correlated which are MAHRES and BMAHRES (Table: III,
Table IV).
The axis 4 (OMWW evacuation in Graba) presents 13.27% for the first season and 13.24 % for the second
one of the total inertia. It is defined by two variables well correlated which are GRAIBA and BGRAIBA (Table: III,
Table IV).
The axis 5 (the triturating capacity) presents 8.65% for the first season and 9.14 % for the second one of the total
inertia. It defined the triturating
32
Fig VII: Factorial distribution on the variable space on the plan 1 x 2 on 2003 04
For better refining the above-mentioned groupings, the recourse to plane projections is of a great interest.
Figures VII and VIII included the factorial distribution of the variables in the 12 plan. they showed a distribution of
four variables groups. The first one was representative of the urban area and Agareb tank (C7 and C15). The second
one was related negatively and represented variables relatives to rural area and OMWW evacuation in this area (C6,
C8, C17, C18). The third one showed variables relative to mills located in Mahres and Mahres tank. The last one
presented two negatively correlated variables (the classic triturating system and the continuous one).
33
Fig IIX: Factorial distribution on the variable space on the plan 1 x 2 on 2005 06
3.4. THE ASCENDING HIERARCHICAL CLUSTER RESULTS: The ascending hierarchical cluster, carried out
on the coordinates of the 236 individuals on the 5 main axes selected, allowed the identification of 5 homogeneous
classes of oleifactors (Fig: IX, Fig: X).
Fig IX: Projection of the five classes on the two first main axis on 2003-04
34
Fig X: Projection of the five classes on the two first main axis on 2005 06
This cutting corresponds to a variance between classes about 90.77% of the original variance which means a
good homogeneity between individuals of the same class.
The study of the individuals in classes reveals that they keep the same number between the two seasons (Fig:
XI).
2003/2004
2005/2006
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Class 4
Class 5
Fig XI: Variation of oleifactors number
The stability rate is defined as a ratio of the common individuals belonging to class 1 (on 05/06) by
individuals belonging to class 1 (on 03/04).
The study of this rate (Fig: XII) showed that the stability depends on the triturating system and OMWW
evacuation.
35
0,90
0,80
0,70
0,60
0,50
Stability rate
0,40
0,30
0,20
0,10
0,00
class 1
class 2
class 3
class 4
class 5
Fig XII: variation of the stability rate
In fact, the triturating system in the first and the second class is conserved. However, in the third class, we
note that 13 oil mills were continuous on 03/04 and they were transformed on other system (especially mixed (CC +
Cl)) on 05/06). In the fourth and fifth classes, the configuration of the triturating system is conserved too (Fig: XIII).
120
100
80
2003/2004 CC
2003/2004 Others
2005/2006 CC
2005/2006 Others
60
40
20
0
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Class 4
Class 5
Fig XIII: Variation of the triturating system between the two seasons 03/04 and 05/06
-On the other hand, the OMWW management is conserved on the classes 1, 2 and 3 (Fig.XIV).
120
100
80
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Class 4
Class 5
60
40
20
0
Agareb's tank
owned tank
Mahres'tank
2003/2004
Graba's tank
Agareb's tank
owned tank
Mahres'tank
Graba's tank
2005/2006
Fig XIV: Variation of the OMWW management between the two seasons 03/04 and 05/06
36
On the fourth class, oleifactors who evacuated their OMWW in Agareb tank changed and evacuated it in Graba
tank due to the long distance which separates oil mills and the tank. On the fifth class, some oleifactors evacuated their
OMWW on owned tanks that are not in conformity with the standards on 03/04 but they change and evacuated it on
tanks located within the neighbour regions which are controlled by government. In addition to environmental
problems, OMWW management in owned tanks according to standards requires a high cost.
4.
CONCLUSION: The olive mill waste water (OMWW) management in Sfax region (Tunisia) has several
mechanisms. We studied the evolution of these forms between two different seasons (2003 04 and 2005 06). In the
first season, we inventoried 381 oil-mills, 3 collective landfills and other individual landfills owned by oleifactors in
order to create a data base relative to Sfax mills by using the tool Geographical Information Systems (GIS).
Georeferencing that has been established on 2003-04, was actualized during the season 2005 06 (referencing
the oil-mills and the newly created landfills).
Statistical analysis was based on the Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and the Hierarchical Classification
(HC) for the elaboration of a mills typology. This typology, defined by structural, functional and spatial variables,
allows a better understanding of the evolution of the mechanisms of the OMWW management in Sfax and shows that
the olive growing (OMWW quantity) is the principal factor reflecting this evolution.
Results of the principal component analysis (PCA) and the Hierarchical Classification showed distinctly
different elemental associations between oleifactors.
OMWW is evacuated in collective tanks of Agareb, Mahres, Graba and individual tanks but they have some
environmental problems. Although Agareb tank is arranged, it has a bed smell, a proliferation of insects, a lateral outflows and infiltrations. Mahres tank, wich is poorly maintained, is located on the coast thus OMWW can contaminate
sea water. Concerning Graiba tank, it is too close some streams.
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ISSN 2321 9149

IJAEES (2013) Vol.1, No.2, 25-37

International Journal of Advancement in Earth and Environmental Sciences

A STATISTICAL STUDY OF THE EVOLUTION OF

Fig I: Location of Sfax

Fig II: The new creation of oil mills

Fig III: Evolution of oil mills localisation

Number of oil-mills 05-06

Number of oil mills

Mixed :(CC + Cl)

Mixed :(CC + SP)

Mixed :(Cl + SP)

Mixed :(CC +Cl +

Fig IV: Evolution of oil mills number

Triturating capacity 03-04

Triturating capacity 05-06

Triturating capacity (tons/day)

Mixed :(CC + Cl)

Mixed :(CC + SP)

Mixed :(Cl + SP)

Mixed :(CC +Cl +

Fig V: Evolution of triturating capacity

OMWW production 05-06

OMWW production (ton/day)

Mixed :(CC + Cl)

Mixed :(CC + SP)

Mixed :(Cl + SP)

Mixed :(CC +Cl +

Fig VI: Evolution of OMWW production

Table II : Parameters en relation with the OMWW production

Fig XI: Variation of oleifactors number

Fig XII: variation of the stability rate

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