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S39042
To recognize the names and the usages of the lab instruments that
frequently used in the laboratory.
ii.
iii.
to
measure
the
density
of
solution:
Erlenmeyer Flask
Cylinder
Weight of empty
51.08
50.22
51.08
sample 70.70
69.77
65.13
19.62
19.55
14.05
0.98
0.98
0.70
beaker (g)
Weight of beaker
with
solution (g)
Weight of solution
(g)
Density of solution
(g/ml)
5.06
27.00
25.00
2.00
2.53
5.2.1
6. DISCUSSION
1.
The weight of solution that gained from the pipette is the highest
compared to the graduated cylinder and Erlenmeyer flask although the volume
of solution is fixed at 20ml. Besides, the density of solution that gained from
pipette also is the highest among these three lab instruments. The density of the
solution can be defined as mass per unit volume (g/ml). The accuracy of the
pipette is the highest, followed by graduated cylinder and the Erlenmeyer flask.
The volume of pipette is ranged from less than 1 ml to about 100 ml with
tolerances of less than 0.2%. While the graduated cylinder is ranged in the size
from 10ml to 1000 ml with tolerances about 1%. Erlenmeyer flask are used for
the purpose of mixing, transporting, and reacting, but not for accurate
measurements. The volumes stamped on the sides of Erlenmeyer flask are
approximate and accurate to within about 5%. Thus, the volume measured by
the pipette is more accurate to 20ml, while the volume of solution measured by
graduated cylinder and Erlenmeyer flask may higher and not accurate to 20ml.
The lower the volume of solution, the higher the density of solution.
2.
lab instruments that are suitable to transfer 50ml of a reagent from its storage to
the bench. A synthesis experiment that requires 35ml of an acid solution can be
measured by using a graduated cylinder. 10ml of reagent can be measured as
accurately as possible by using a pipette for the purpose of titration experiment.
3.
particle which have irregular shape, for example, stone, sand, etc. Volume can
be defined as the amount of 3-dimensional space an object occupies.
4.
The observation must be done at an eye level and read at the bottom of
College,
1997-2000,
Retrieved
https://www.dartmouth.edu/~chemlab/techniques/flasks.html
from
spectrophotometer.
iv.
1.
2.
The measuring probe of the pH meter was rinsed with the distilled water
that containing the distilled water to obtain good contact between distilled water
and electrode.
4.
6.
The reading of each pH value shown by the pH meter and litmus paper
4.2
1.
every 25nm within the wavelength from the range of 525nm to 650nm. The
absorbance was recorded in Table 2.
2.
Distilled water was used as a reference for every time a record is taken.
3.
concentration
1.
pH meter (pH)
Distilled water
6.42
Tap water
6.23
Vinegar
1.88
Orange juice
2.30
Soda water
8.72
10
Milk
6.57
Soap
7.44
Shampoo
5.97
5.1.1
absorbance
absorbance
absorbance
(O.D.)
(O.D.)
(O.D)
(O.D)
525
0.587
0.603
0.661
0.617
550
1.085
1.116
1.062
1.088
575
1.730
1.725
1.692
1.716
600
1.850
1.891
1.885
1.875
625
0.343
0.348
0.328
0.340
650
0.005
0.027
0.033
0.022
5.2.1
5.2.2
Asorbance / O.D
1.5
0.5
0
500
520
540
560
580
Wavelength / nm
600
620
640
660
absorbance
absorbance
absorbance
(O.D.)
(O.D.)
(O.D)
(O.D)
0.0025
0.297
0.296
0.296
0.296
0.005
0.562
0.562
0.562
0.562
0.01
1.094
1.092
1.093
1.093
0.015
1.431
1.431
1.430
1.431
0.02
1.950
1.952
1.954
1.952
Larutan X
1.231
1.230
1.231
1.231
(mg/ml)
5.3.1
5.3.2
Absorbance (O.D.)
2.5
2
1.952
1.5
1.431
1.093
1
0.562
0.5
0.296
0
0.0025
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
Absorbance
6. DISCUSSION
1. From the result above, we can indicate that vinegar and orange juice are
acidic among the tested samples solution in Table 1. The pH of vinegar and
orange juice are 1.88 and 2.30 respectively which are measured by pH meter.
In addition, both samples of solution vinegar and orange juice show acidity
with the pH 2 and 3 respectively which tested using litmus paper. Besides,
soda water and soap are basic samples solution. The pH of soda water and
soap shown by the pH meter are 8.72 and 7.44 respectively. Using the litmus
paper, the pH of soda water and soap is 10 and 7 respectively. pH is a
numeric scale used to specify the acidity or alkalinity of an aqueous solution.
In chemistry, pH also defined as negative logarithm to base 10 of the
concentration of the hydrogen ion. An aqueous solution with the pH value
that less than 7 is acidic while an aqueous solution with the pH value that
more than 7 is basic and the pH 7 indicates the aqueous solution is neutral.
2. Besides, there are differences between the pH meter and litmus paper
recording. A pH meter has a membrane that allows hydrogen ions (H+) to
pass through and create a voltage. The pH meter associates each voltage
with a particular pH value. The higher the concentration of acid, the more
hydrogen ions will pass through the membrane, thereby the changing
voltage is created. This voltage change will be interpreted as a higher pH
value. Litmus paper are impregnated with pH indicator molecules that
change colour upon contact with solution of a particular pH. The litmus
paper is then compared to a standard chart where the colours are compared
and then associated with a pH value. The accuracy of pH meter is higher
than litmus paper. Litmus paper is good for quick qualitative work, however
it fails at highly accurate quantitative work. The particular colours shown
by litmus paper indicate certain values and each measurement is only
accurate within a unit or two.
3. Spectrophotometry is a method to measure how much a chemical substance
absorbs light by measuring the intensity of light as a beam of light passes
through sample solution. Transmittance is the ratio of the intensity of the
transmitted light (I) to the intensity of the incident light (Io). While the
absorbance is defined as the negative logarithm of the transmittance which
is a measure of the amount of light absorbed at a particular wavelength as
the light passes through a sample of substance.
4. From the graph of absorbance of bromophenol blue against the wavelength
plotted, the graph is a bell-shaped. From the graph 1, we can analyse that
7. However, there are random errors might occur during the experiment as all
points should be in the straight line. The random error that might occurs is
the surface of the cuvette is not clear. For example, the fingerprints of
student printed at the clear and transparent surface of the cuvette and thus
affect the amount of light passing through. Hence, the reading absorbance
is affected. In order to reduce the random error, the surface of cuvette should
wiped by the clean tissue paper before place it into the spectrophotometer.
Besides, the fingers should put on the other side of the cuvette instead of the
clear side of the cuvette.
7. CONCLUSION
The uses of the special lab instruments should be known by the students. This
is because these specialized tools are important to study biochemical experiment.
Moreover, some precaution steps must be taken in order to obtain an accurate
result.
8. REFERENCE
1. Philip J. Carlson, 2004, PH Meter Versus PH Paper, Retrieved from
http://www.ehow.com/about_5840578_ph-meter-versus-ph-paper.html
2. Stephen Gallik, Ph. D, 2011, Transmittance and Absorbance, Retrieved
from http://cellbiologyolm.stevegallik.org/node/7
3. Gore, MG. 2000. Spectrophotometry and Spectrofluorimetry: A
Practical Approach. Oxford University Press, New York. 368 p.