Me TR PR

A
MINOR PROJECT REPORT

ON
METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE

SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIRMENT
FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR
OF
TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.

FROM
KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY,KURUKSHETRA
SUBMITTED BY :-
GUIDED BY :-
ABHINAV VIRAT BHAGAT (3207101)
ER.KULDEEP RANA
DEEVISH ARORA (3207113)
MINOR PROJECT INCHARGE:-
GAZAL GOYAL (3207117)
ER.ABHISHEK SHARMA
GANPATI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT,BILASPUR,

YAMUNA NAGAR DISTT.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Many lives & destinies are destroyed due to the lack of proper guidance, directions &
opportunities. It is in this respect I feel that I am in much better condition today due to
continuous process of motivation & focus provided by my parents & teachers in general. The
process of completion of this project was a tedious job & requires care & support at all stages. I
would like to highlight the role played by individuals towards this.
I am eternally grateful to honorable principal Dr. R.C. Sohni for providing us the opportunity &
infrastructure to complete the project as a partial fulfillment of B.Tech degree.
I am very thankful to Asst. Prof. K a m a l K i s h o r e , Head of Department, for his kind
support & faith in us.
I would like to express my sincere thanks, with deep sense of gratitude to my project guide
Er.Bharat Rawat ,for their keen interests my project.
I also thank Mr. Sudhir Sharma & Mr.Amrik Singh for his
valuable help in our project.
I am also thankful to all visible & invisible hands which helped us to complete this project with a
feeling of success.
Ankit -3207105
Nakul-3207128
Neha-3207131
(i)
CERTIFICATE
We hereby certify the work which is being presented in the project entitled HOME
SECURITY SYSTEM USING GSM by ANKIT AGGARWAL,NAKUL GARG,NEHA
CHAWLA in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of degree B.Tech
(Electronics
& Communication Engg.) submitted in the Department of Electronics &
Communication
Engg.
at
GANPATI
INSTITUTE
OF
TECHNOLOGY
&
MANAGEMENT, BILASPUR under Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra is carried out

during a period from September2010 to
December2010 under the supervision of
ER.BHARAT RAWAT Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering,

G.I.T.M,Bilaspur. The matter presented in this project has not been submitted by me in any
other University/ Institue for the award of B.Tech. Degree.
ANKIT AGGARWAL-3207105
NAKUL GARG-3207128
NEHA CHAWLA-3207131
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of
my/our knowledge.
ER.BHARAT RAWAT
Project Guide
The B.Tech Viva Voce Examination of Abhinav Virat Bhagat,Deevish Arora,Gazal Goyal
has been held on
(Asstt.Prof.Kamal Kishore)
H.O.D
and accepted.
(ii)
ABSTRACT
This project is designed so that students can understand the technology used in the now a
days driver less metro train which is used in most of the developed countries like
Germany, France, and Japan etc. These trains are equipped with the CPU, which control
the train. The train is programmed for the specific path. Every station on the path is
defined; stoppage timing of the train and distance between the two stations is predefined.
In this Project
In this project we try to give the same prototype for this type of trains. We are using
microcontroller 8051 as CPU. The motion of the train is controlled by the Stepper Motor,
for displaying message in the train we are using Intelligent LCD Display of two lines.
The train is designed for three stations, named as Noida , Gurgaon & New Delhi. The
Stoppage time is of 3 Sec and time between two consecutive stations is 6 sec. There is a
LCD display for showing various messages in the train for passengers. There are
indicators, which are used to show the train direction i.e. Up path and Down path. Before
stopping at station the train blows the buzzer. It also includes an emergency brake system
due to which the train stops as soon as the brakes are applied and resumes journey when
the emergency situation is over.
This paper describes a prototype that has been developed to demonstrate the concept of
integrated gaming and simulation for incident management. Architecture for the purpose
was developed and presented at the last conference. A hypothetical emergency incident
scenario has been developed for demonstrating the applicability of integrated simulation
and gaming. A number of simulation and gaming modules have been utilized to model
the major aspects of the hypothetical scenario. The modules demonstrate the value of
utilizing simulation for incident management applications. They can be used to highlight
the value of simulation and gaming for training applications in particular. Two of the
simulation modules have been integrated using a modified implementation of the high
level architecture to give an idea of the advantages. Technical issues in integration are
identified.
(iii)
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TOPIC
PAGE NO.
1.1
List of Components
1.2
Maximum Rating of ULN
14
4.1
Cost Analysis
45
(iv)
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TOPIC
PAGE NO.
1.1
Pin Diagram of 8051
1.2
Reset Diagram
1.3
Block Diagram of 8051
10
1.4
ULN 2003
13
1.5
Voltage Regulator 7805
15
1.6
12V 75 Unipolar Stepper Motor
16
1.7
Basic Stepper Motor
18
1.8
Schematic Diagram of LCD
19
1.9
LCD Display
20
1.10
Power Supply
20
1.11
Bridge Rectifier
21
1.12
Basic Transformer
22
1.13
Diode
22
1.14
Symbol of Resistance
23
1.15
Carbon Film Resistance
24
1.16
Capacitor
26
1.17
Symbol of Capacitor
26
1.18
Capacitor & Battery Connection
27
1.19
LED & LED Symbol
27
1.20
Detailed Diagram of LED
28
1.21
Buzzer
28
3.1
Block Diagram
43
3.2
Circuit Diagram
44
(v)
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Page No.
Certificate
(i)
Acknowledgement
(ii)
Abstract
(iii)
List of Tables
(iv)
List of Figures
(v)
Chapter 1
Introduction
1-29
Chapter 2
Literature Review
30-37
Chapter 3
PCB Designing
38-40
Working
41-42
Block Diagram
43
Circuit Diagram
44
Chapter 4
Cost Analysis
45
Problem Faced & Troubleshooting
46
Chapter 5
Conclusion
47
Future Scope
47
REFERENCES
48-49
APPENDIX
Program Coding
50-58
Datasheets
59-77
MINOR PROJECT: METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION & COMPONENTS
INTRODUCTION
This project is designed so that students can understand the technology used in the
now a days driver less metro train which is used in most of the developed countries
like Germany, France, and Japan etc. These trains are equipped with the CPU, which
control the train. The train is programmed for the specific path. Every station on the
path is defined; stoppage timing of the train and distance between the two stations is
predefined. This is very wonderful project to control the working of the train without
driver. These train are equipped with the CPU which control the train.
1. 8051 Microcontroller
2. ULN 2003
3. Stepper motor
4. LCD
In this project we try to give the same prototype for this type of trains. We are using ATMEL
microcontroller 8051 to control all the function as CPU. Microcontroller controls the rotation
of motor. First the motor is controlled and name of each station is displayed over LCD and
accordingly the different delay for each station is provided. So this project works for metro
train without driver. The motion of the train is controlled by the Stepper Motor, for displaying
message in the train we are using Intelligent LCD Display of two lines. The train is designed
for three stations, named as New Delhi, Noida, and Greater Noida. The Stoppage time is of 3
Sec and time between two consecutive stations is 6 sec. There is a LCD display for showing
various messages in the train for passengers. There are indicators, which are used to show the
train direction i.e. UP path and down path. Before stopping at station the train blows the
buzzer. It also includes an emergency brake system due to which the train stops as soon as the
brakes are applied and resumes journey when the emergency situation is over.
WHAT IS EMBEDDED TECHNOLOGY

Embedded technology is software or hardware that is hidden embedded in a large
device or system. It typically refers to a fixed function device, as compared with a PC,
which runs general purpose application. Embedded technology is nothing new. It all
around us and has been for years. An early example of embedded technology is the
engine control unit in a car, which measures what setting to give the engine. Your
coffee maker has embedded technology in the form of a microcontroller, which is
what tells it to make the coffee at 6 a.m. the vending machine has it too. Overall,
billions of devices woven into everyday life use embedded technology.
In the past embedded technology existed in standalone device vending machines and
copiers that did their jobs with little regard for what went on around them,. But as
technology has learned to connect device to the internet and to each other, embedded
technology potential has grown. Suddenly it is and what actions those connections let
them perform. Cell phone companies figured that out a long time ago, which is why
cell phones are cheap and the service, plans are expensive. It is not the phone itself
that matters, but the connectivity to a vast network of other phones, other people and
the internet. Until you download software that lets you find a local restaurant or
mange your finances. Let say you make freezers the big, expensive kind that grocery
stores buy. You sell ne and you are done with that customer. When it brakes the
customer calls a service person, who probably comes from somewhere other than
your company. But let us say that freezer knows that it is about to go on the fritz. Let
say three refrigerator alerts the customer before it breaks. Better yet, let us say the
freezer alerts the manufacturer and you are able to send a service person to do
preventative work and save a lot of haagen- dazs from melting. Embedded technology
allows all of that to happen. You, the freezer company have transformed yourself
from a product company to product and services company. The possibilities go
beyond that programming device to communicate with businesses can eliminate the
need for costly call centers. Copy machines that can order their own replacement
cartridges will save businesses time and money. Remember, the fact the technology is
embedded is not what important, and neither is the device.
APPLICATIONS
Telecom
Mobile phone systems (handsets and base stations), modems, routers
Automotive application
Braking system, Traction control, Airbag release system, Management units, and
Steer-by-wire systems.
Domestic application
Dishwasher, television, washing machines, microwave ovens, Video recorders,
Security system, Garage door controllers, Calculators, Digital watches, VCRs, Digital
cameras, Remote Controls, Treadmills
Robotic
Fire fighting robot, Automatic floor cleaner, robotic arm
Aerospace application
Flight control system, Engine controllers, Autopilots, Passenger entertainment system
Medical equipment
Anesthesia monitoring system, ECG monitors, Pacemakers, Drug delivery systems,
MRI scanners
Defense system
Radar systems, Fighter aircraft flight control system, Radio system, Missile guidance
systems
Office automation
Laser printers, Fax machines, Pagers, Cash registers, Gas pumps, Credit /Debit card
readers, Thermostats, Grain analyzers
COMPONENTS
LIST OF COMPONENTS USED
Table No. 1.1 List of components
Sr. no
Equipment
Quantity
IC 8051 MC
IC ULN 2003
Transformer
Voltage Regulator 7805
2 line LCD display
Stepper Motor
Crystal Oscillator
Switch
LED
10
Resistors(220,4.7k,10k)
10
11
Capacitors(33pf,ceramic disk)
12
Diode
13
Buzzer
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
1) MICRO-CONTROLLER 8051
DESCRIPTION
The IC 8051 is a low-power; high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K
bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device
is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is
compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pin out. The onchip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a
conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU
with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel IC 8051 is a powerful microcomputer
which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded
control applications. The IC 8051 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes
of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector
two-level interrupt architecture, full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock
circuitry. In addition, the IC 8051 is designed with static logic for operation down to
zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle
Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and
interrupt system to continue functioning.
Figure No. 1.1: Pin Diagram of 8051
PROCESSOR
A processor is an electronic device capable of manipulating data in a way specified by
a sequence of instructions.
INSTRUCTIONS
Instructions in a computer are binary numbers just like data. Different numbers, when
read and executed by a processor, cause different things to happen. The instructions
are also called opcodes or machine codes.
Different bit patterns activate or deactivate different parts of the processing core.
Every processor has its own instruction set varying in number, bit pattern and
functionality.
PROGRAM
The sequence of instructions is what constitutes a program. The sequence of
instructions may be altered to suit the application.
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
Writing and understanding such programs in binary or hexadecimal form is very
difficult ,so each instructions is given a symbolic notation in English language called
as mnemonics. A program written in mnemonics Form is called an assembly language
program. But it must be converted into machine language for execution by processor.
ASSEMBLER
An assembly language program should be converted to machine language for
execution by processor. Special software called ASSEMBLER converts a program
written in mnemonics to its equivalent machine opcodes.
HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE

A high level language like C may be used to write programs for processors. Software
called compiler converts this high level language program down to machine code.
Ease of programming and portability.
PIN DESCRIPTION
VCC (Pin 40)
Provides voltage to the chip . +5V
GND (Pin 20)
Ground
XTAL1 (Pin 19) and XTAL2 (Pin 18)
Crystal Oscillator connected to pins 18, 19.Two capacitors of 30pF value. Time for
one machine cycle:11.0592/12=1.085 secs
Fig
No.
1.2:
Reset
RST (Pin 9)
RESET pin
1. Active high. On applying a high pulse to this pin, microcontroller will reset
and terminate all activities.
2. INPUT pin
3. Minimum 2 machine cycles required to make RESET
4. Value of registers after RESET
External Access: EA 31
Connected to VCC for on chip ROM
Connected to Ground for external ROM containing the code Input Pin
Program Store Enable: PSEN 29
Output Pin
In case of external ROM with code it is connected to the OE pin of the

ROM
Address Latch Enable: ALE 30
Output Pin. Active high
In case of external ROM ,ALE is used to de multiplex (PORT 0) the

address and data bus by connecting to the G pin of 74LS373 chip
I/O Port Pins and their Functions:
Four ports P0,P1,P2,P3 with 8 pins each, making a total of 32

input/output pins
On RESET all ports are configured as output. They need to be

programmed to make them function as inputs
PORT 0
Pins 32-39
Can be used as both Input or Output
External pull up resistors of 10K need to be connected
Dual role: 8051 multiplexes address and data through port 0 to save
pins .AD0-AD7
ALE is used to de multiplex data and address bu
PORT 1
Pins 1 through 8
Both input or output
No dual function
Internal pull up registers
On RESET configured as output
Pins 21 through 28
No external pull up resistor required
Both input or output
Dual Function: Along with Port 0 used to provide the 16-Bit address
PORT 2
for external memory. It provides higher address A8-A16

PORT 3
Pins 10 through 17
No external pull up resistors required
PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE
Figure No. 1.3: Block Diagram of Microcontroller
10
ALU
The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) performs the internal arithmetic manipulation of
data line processor. The instructions read and executed by the processor decide the
operations performed by the ALU and also control the flow of data between registers
and ALU.
Operations performed by the ALU are Addition , Subtraction , Not , AND , NAND ,
OR , NOR , XOR , Shift Left/Right , Rotate Left/right , Compare etc. Some ALU
supports Multiplication and Division. Operands are generally transferred from two
registers or from one register and memory location to ALU data inputs. The result of
the operation is the placed back into a given destination register or memory location
from ALU output.
REGISTERS
Registers are the internal storage for the processor. The number of registers varies
significantly between processor architectures.
WORKING REGISTERS
Temporary storage during ALU Operations and data transfers.
INDEX REGISTERS
Points to memory addresses.
STATUS REGISTERS
Stores the current status of various flags denoting conditions resulting from
various operations.
CONTROL REGISTERS
Contains configuration bits that affect processor operation and the operating
modes of various internal subsystems.
11
MEMORY
Memory is used to hold data and program for the processor.
SRAM
Volatile, fast, low capacity, expensive, requires lesser external support
circuitry.
DRAM
Volatile, relatively slow, highest capacity needs continuous refreshing. Hence
require external circuitry.
OTP ROM
One time programmable, used for shipping in final products.
EPROM
Erasable programmable, UV Erasing, Used for system development and
debugging.
EEPROM
Electrically erasable and programmable, can be erased programmed in- circuit,
Used for storing system parameters.
FLASH
Electrically programmable & erasable, large capacity, organized as sectors.
BUSES
A bus is a physical group of signal lines that have a related function. Buses allow for
the transfer of electrical signals between different parts of the processor.
12
Processor buses are of three types:

Data bus
Address bus
Control bus
CONTROLLER LOGIC
Processor brain decodes instructions and generate control signal for various sub units.
It has full control over the clock distribution unit of processor.
I/O Peripherals
The I/O devices are used by the processor to communicate with the external world
Parallel Ports.
Serial Ports.
ADC/DAC.
2) ULN 2003
Figure No. 1.4: ULN 2003
13
FEATURES
- Output current 500mA per driver (600mA peak)
- Output voltage 50V
- Integrated suppression diodes for inductive loads
- Outputs can be paralleled for higher current
- TTL/CMOS/PMOS/DTL Compatible inputs
- Inputs pinned opposite outputs to simplify Layout
DESCRIPTION
The ULN2001, ULN2002, ULN2003 and ULN2004 are high voltage, high current
Darlington Arrays each contain seven open collector Darlington pairs with common
emitters. Each Channel rated at 500mA and can withstand peak currents of 600mA.
Suppression diodes are Included for inductive load driving and the inputs are pinned
opposite the outputs to simplify board
MAXIMUM RATING
Table No. 1.2: Maximum Rating of ULN
14
WHY WE USE ULN 2003?

Digital system and microcontroller pins lack sufficient current to drive the relay.
While the stepper motors coil needs around 10ma to be energized, the
microcontrollers pin can provide a maximum of 1-2 mA current. For this reason, we
place a driver.
3) VOLAGE REGULATOR
Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable
output voltages. The maximum current they can pass also rates them. Negative
voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators
include some automatic protection from excessive current (over load protection) and
overheating (thermal protection). Many of fixed voltage regulator ICs has 3 leads.
They include a hole for attaching a heat sink if necessary.
Figure No. 1.5: 7805 Voltage Regulator
DESCRIPTION
These voltage regulators are monolithic circuit integrated circuit designed as fixed
voltage regulators for a wide variety of applications including local, on card
regulation. These regulators employ internal current limiting, thermal shutdown, and
15
safe-area compensation. With adequate heat sinking they can deliver output current in
excess of 1.0 A. Although designed primarily as a fixed voltage regulator, these
devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltage and
current.
FEATURES
Output current in Excess of 1.0 A
No external component required
Internal thermal overload protection
Internal short circuit current limiting

Output transistor safe-area compensation
Output voltage offered in 2% and 4% tolerance
Available I n surface mount D2PAK and standard 3-lead transistor packages
Previous commercial temperature range has been extended to a junction
temperature range of -40 degree C to +125 degree C.
4) STEPPER MOTOR
Figure No. 1.6: 12-Volt 75 Ohm Unipolar Stepper Motor
16
GENERAL INFORMATION
A stepper motor system is an electro-mechanical rotary actuator that converts
electrical pulses into unique shaft rotations. This rotation is directly related to the
number of pulses.
Motion Control, in electronic terms, means to accurately control the movement of an
object based on speed, distance, load, inertia or a combination of all these factors.
There are numerous types of motion control systems, including; Stepper Motor,
Linear Step Motor, DC Brush, Brushless, Servo, Brushless Servo and more.
Stepper motors are ideally suited for precision control. This motor can be operated in
forward/reverse with controllable speed from a BASIC Stamp or any other
microcontroller through a transistor driver circuit. Some of the applications for this
motor include educational experimentation, robotics and precision mechanical control
the #27964 is a Unipolar (4 phase) 12 VDC, 150 mA motor that takes 3.6 degrees per
step.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Phase resistance (Ohms): 75
Current (mA): 150
Phase Inductance (mH): 39
Detent torque (g-cm): 80
Holding Torque (g-cm): 600
Mounting hole space diagonal (in.): 1.73
Mounting hole (in.) 0.11
Shaft diameter (in.): 0.197
Shaft length (in.): 0.43
Motor Diameter (in.): 1.66
Motor height (in.): 1.35
Weight: 0.55 lbs.
17
Figure No. 1.7: Basic Stepper Motor
5) LCD DISPLAY
DESCRIPTION OF LCD DISPLAY

This is the first interfacing example for the Parallel Port. We will start with something
simple. This example doesn't use the Bi-directional feature found on newer ports, thus
it should work with most, if not all Parallel Ports. It however doesn't show the use of
the Status Port as an input. These LCD Modules are very common these days, and are
quite simple to work with, as all the logic required to run them is on board.
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
Figure No. 1.8: Schematic Diagram of LCD Display
18
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
Above is the quite simple schematic. The LCD panel's Enable and Register Select is
connected to the Control Port. The Control Port is an open collector / open drain
output. While most Parallel Ports have internal pull-up resistors, there is a few which
don't. Therefore by incorporating the two 10K external pull up resistors, the circuit is
more portable for a wider range of computers, some of which may have no internal
pull up resistors.
We make no effort to place the Data bus into reverse direction. Therefore we hard
wire the R/W line of the LCD panel, into write mode. This will cause no bus conflicts
on the data lines. As a result we cannot read back the LCD's internal Busy Flag which
tells us if the LCD has accepted and finished processing the last instruction. This
problem is overcome by inserting known delays into our program.
The 10k Potentiometer controls the contrast of the LCD panel. Nothing fancy here. As
with all the examples, I've left the power supply out. You can use a bench power
supply set to 5v or use an onboard +5 regulator. Remember a few de-coupling
capacitors, especially if you have trouble with the circuit working properly.
The 2 line x 16 character LCD modules are available from a wide range of
manufacturers and should all be compatible with the HD44780. The diagram to the
right shows the pin numbers for these devices. When viewed from the front, the left
pin is pin 16 and the right pin is pin 1.
Figure No. 1.9: LCD Display
19
20
6) POWER SUPPLY
7805
D1
D3
1000 F
AC
Suppl
4
D4
D2
Figure No. 1.10: Power Supply
BRIDGE RECTIFIER
Bridge rectifier circuit consists of four diodes arranged in the form of a bridge as
shown in figure.
1
D1
AC
Supply
D3
Load
D4
B
4
D2
Figure No. 1.11: Bridge Rectifier
OPERATION
During the positive half cycle of the input supply, the upper end A of the transformer
secondary becomes positive with respect to its lower point B. This makes Point1 of
bridge
Positive with respect to point 2. The diode D1 & D2 become forward biased & D3 &
D4 become reverse biased. As a result a current starts flowing from point1, through
D1 the load & D2 to the negative end.
During negative half cycle, the point2 becomes positive with respect to point1. Diodes
D1 & D2 now become reverse biased. Thus a current flow from point 2 to point1.
7) TRANSFORMER
Transformer is a major class of coils having two or more windings usually wrapped
around a common core made from laminated iron sheets. It has two cols named
primary and secondary. If the current flowing through primary is fluctuating, then a
current will be inducted into the secondary winding. A steady current will not be
transferred from one coil to other coil.
Figure No. 1.12: Basic Transformer

Transformers are of two types:
1. Step up transformer
2. Step down transformer
21
In the power supply we use step down transformer. We apply 220V AC on the
primary of step down transformer. This transformer step down this voltages to 6V
AC. We Give 6V AC to rectifier circuit, which convert it to 5V DC.
8) DIODE
The diode is a p-n junction device. Diode is the component used to control the flow of
the current in any one direction. The diode widely works in forward bias.
Figure No. 1.13: Diode

When the current flows from the P to N direction. Then it is in forward bias. The
Zener diode is used in reverse bias function i.e. N to P direction. Visually the
identification of the diode`s terminal can be done by identifying he silver/black line.
The silver/black line is the negative terminal (cathode) and the other terminal is the
positive terminal (cathode).
APPLICATION
Diodes: Rectification, free-wheeling, etc
Zener diode: Voltage control, regulator etc.
Tunnel diode: Control the current flow, snobbier circuit, etc
22
23
9) RESISTORS
The flow of charge through any material encounters an opposing force similar in many respects
to mechanical friction .this opposing force is called resistance of the material .in some electric
circuit resistance is deliberately introduced in form of resistor. Resistor used fall in three
categories , only two of which are color coded which are metal film and carbon film resistor
.the third category is the wire wound type ,where value are generally printed on the vitreous
paint finish of the component. Resistors are in ohms and are represented in Greek letter omega,
looks as an upturned horseshoe. Most electronic circuit require resistors to make them work
properly and it is obliviously important to find out something about the different types of
resistors available. Resistance is measured in ohms, the symbol for ohm is an omega ohm.
1 ohm is quite small for electronics so resistances are often given in kohm and Mohm.
Resistors used in electronics can have resistances as low as 0.1 ohm or as high as 10 Mohm.
Figure No. 1.14: Symbol of Resistance
FUNCTION
Resistor restrict the flow of electric current, for example a resistor is placed in series
with a light-emitting diode(LED) to limit the current passing through the LED.
TYPES OF RESISTORS
FIXED VALUE RESISTORS
It includes two types of resistors as carbon film and metal film .These two types are
explained under
24
1. CARBON FILM RESISTORS

During manufacture, at in film of carbon is deposited onto a small ceramic rod. The resistive
coating is spiraled away in an automatic machine until the resistance between there two ends
of the rods is as close as possible to the correct value. Metal leads and end caps are added, the
resistors is covered with an insulating coating and finally painted with colored bands to
indicate the resistor value
Figure No. 1.15: Carbon Film Resistors

Another example for a Carbon 22000 Ohms or 22 Kilo-Ohms also known as 22K at 5%
tolerance:
Band 1 = Red, 1st digit
Band 2 = Red, 2nd digit
Band 3 = Orange, 3rd digit, multiply with zeros, in this case 3 zero's
Band 4 = Gold, Tolerance, 5%
3. METAL FILM RESISTORS
Metal film and metal oxides resistors are made in a similar way, but can be made more
accurately to within 2% or 1% of their nominal vale there are some difference in
performance between these resistor types, but none which affects their use in simple circuit.
25
WIRE WOUND RESISTOR

A wire wound resistor is made of metal resistance wire, and because of this, they can be
manufactured to precise values. Also, high wattage resistors can be made by using a thick
wire material. Wire wound resistors cannot be used for high frequency circuits. Coils are used
in high frequency circuit. Wire wound resistors in a ceramic case, strengthened with special
cement. They have very high power rating, from 1 or 2 watts to dozens of watts. These
resistors can become extremely hot when used for high power application, and this must be
taken into account when designing the circuit.
TESTING
Resistors are checked with an ohm meter/millimeter. For a defective resistor the ohm-meter
shows infinite high reading.
10) CAPACITORS
In a way, a capacitor is a little like a battery. Although they work in completely
different ways, capacitors and batteries both store electrical energy. If you have
read How Batteries Work, then you know that a battery has two terminals. Inside the
battery, chemical reactions produce electrons on one terminal and absorb electrons at
the other terminal.
Figure No. 1.16: Capacitor
BASIC
Like a battery, a capacitor has two terminals. Inside the capacitor, the terminals
connect to two metal plates separated by a dielectric. The dielectric can be air, paper,
plastic or anything else that does not conduct electricity and keeps the plates from
touching each other. You can easily make a capacitor from two pieces of aluminum
foil and a piece of paper. It won't be a particularly good capacitor in terms of its
storage capacity, but it will work. In an electronic circuit, a capacitor is shown like
this:
Figure No. 1.17: Symbol of Capacitor

When you connect a capacitor to a battery, heres what happens:
The plate on the capacitor that attaches to the negative terminal of the battery
accepts electrons that the battery is producing.
The plate on the capacitor that attaches to the positive terminal of the battery
loses electrons to the battery.
Figure No. 1.18: Capacitor & Battery Connection
26
27
TESTING
To test the capacitors, either analog meters or special digital meters with the specified function
are used. The non-electrolyte capacitor can be tested by using the digital meter.
Multi meter mode
: Continuity
Positive probe
: One end
Negative probe
: Second end
Display
: `0`(beep sound occur) `OL`
Result
Faulty OK
11) LED
LED falls within the family of P-N junction devices. The light emitting diode (LED)
is a diode that will give off visible light when it is energized. In any forward biased
P-N junction there is, with in the structure and primarily close to the junction, a
recombination of hole and electrons. This recombination requires that the energy
possessed by the unbound free electron be transferred to another state. The process of
giving off light by applying an electrical source is called electroluminescence.
Figure No. 1.19: LED & LED Symbol
LED is a component used for indication. All the functions being carried out are
displayed by led .The LED is diode which glows when the current is being flown
through it in forward bias condition. The LEDs are available in the round shell and
also in the flat shells. The positive leg is longer than negative leg.
Figure No. 1.20: Detailed Diagram of LED
BUZZER
Buzzer is a device used for beep signal. This will help us to make understand
information or message. A buzzer is usually electronic device used in automobiles,
household applications etc.
Figure No. 1.21: Buzzer

It mostly consists of switches or sensors connected to a control unit that determines if
and which button was pushed or a preset time has lapsed, and usually illuminates a
light on appropriate button or control panel, and sounds a warning in the form of a
continuous or intermittent buzzing or beeping sound. Initially this device was based
on an electromechanical system which was identical to an electrical bell without the
28
metal gong. Often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling and used the ceiling
or wall as a sounding board. Another implementation with some AC-connected
devices was to implement a circuit to make the AC current into a noise loud enough to
derive a loudspeaker and hook this circuit to a cheap 8-ohm speaker.
These buzzers do not make a sound or turn on a light, they stop a nearby digital clock,
briefly fire two smoke cannons on each side of the stage exit and open the exit.
However, at the end of the Heartbreaker in Viking, the buzzer is replaced with a
sword that, when removed, causes two contacts to touch, closing the circuit and
causing the latter two actions above to occur.
29
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
PREHISTORY: 8048
In fact, it should have started with chapter -2, the invention of microprocessor. Intel
introduced a single-chip processor, the 4004, in 1971. It was a 4-bit microprocessor,
with whopping processing speed of 100 thousand operations per second, and was
meant for an electronic calculator. There is a lot of 4-bit processing in calculators,
especially if the software is based on BCD arithmetics. Later Intel introduced the 8bitter 8008 and it's grown-up brother - the famous 8080 (which then was perfected by
an ex-Intel employee as Zilog Z80, one of the best 8-bit microprocessors of all times).
In 1976, Intel introduced its first microcontroller, 8048. It integrated the processing
core with code and data memory and certain peripherals. The code memory was a
1kB mask ROM (defined by the last metallisation mask during the chip processing) or
EPROM (after all, Intel invented EPROM), the data memory was 64 bytes of RAM
(including the 8-level stack and two pages of eight general purpose registers). Besides
general-purpose I/O (see below), peripherals included a timer and an external
interrupt (plus the necessary interrupt system).
Although the 8048 is clearly an 8-bit architecture, it is said to be an ancestor of the 4bit 4004 rather than the 8080. Also it is said to bear remarkable similarities to
Fairchild F8 microprocessor. Today, it is hard to say whether something of this is
true, but one thing is sure, the 8048 has a couple of strange features. Using four of its
general purpose input/output ports, and adding one or more 8243-type chip - and the
I/O expand into another four 4-bit ports. This expansion has not only support in the
hardware - dedicated pins on 8048 - but also in the instruction set, having dedicated
instructions for I/O operations (including AND and OR(!)) via the expander.
30
The 8048 already had a lot of useful features known well to 8051-users: external code
memory support; external data memory support (inherently only 256 bytes addressed
indirectly by R0 and R1 as there is no 16 bit pointer register such as the DPTR in
8051 - the 8051 inherited this 8-bit external data access); quasibidirectional I/O ports.
Maximum clock is 11MHz, but an instruction cycle takes 15 oscillator clocks. The
"A" version (advanced) introduced powerdown mode
There were multiple variations of the 8048 around, mostly with different numbering,
but generally denoted as the MCS-48 family. 8048 itself denoted a mask-ROM part,
8748 an EPROM part - windowed (CERDIP - erasable) for development, and
unwindowed (PDIP) OTP. The romless part was a bit surprisingly marked 8035
(probably most of the parts sold as romless were parts with unusable ROM, due to
error in the "programmed" firmware). There was a low-cost version with reduced pin
count and omitted some of the features as 8021, and versions with more ROM and
RAM as 8049 (2kB ROM/128B RAM) and 8050 (4kB ROM/256B RAM); with
ROMless versions as 8039 and 8040; and 8049 had also an EPROM version 8749 (the
funny thing is, that 8749 came in 1981, one year after 8051/8751). 8048's were second
sourced by a number of manufacturers, including NEC, Toshiba, and were cloned also
behind the then iron curtain in Czechoslovakia (Tesla MHB8048/8035) and USSR.
Application specific versions of 8048 were also built quite early, with adding of
various peripherals, such as 8-bit ADC in 8022 and a parallel-bus slave interface in
8041/8042.
The MCS-48 family was used in a quite wide range of applications. One of the first
applications of 8048 was in a gaming console (Magnavox Odyssey2), but there were
also more "serious" applications, for example in one of the first car engine
"computerized" control units. But the biggest hit came when IBM decided to use 8048
in its original PC keyboard. Although in the AT keyboard IBM used the (presumably
cheaper) 6805, it used 8042 as a co-processor on the mainboard, communicating with
the keyboard. The 8042 is still present in almost each and every PC even today, but
don't search for a chip with "8042" on it - it is integrated in the chipset. It may come
as a surprise to somebody, but thanks to this fact the 8048 with its derivatives is most
probably the most widespread microcontroller at all.
31
As in the 70s there were no pdf-s and no world-wide web, datasheets and other
documentation is hardly available over the internet. I believe Intel will give out a copy
if one really wants it (there is a "literature request" form at their "museum" pages).
However, there seems to be a couple of enthusiastic people, one of the maintaining a
wonderful document called Grokking the MCS-48 System at http://home.mnetonline.de/al/mcs-48/mcs-48.pdf .
8051: THE CLASSICS

In 1980, Intel introduced the successor to 8048, the 8051.
Intel made sure that the transition from the already successful model will be as
smooth as possible. Architecturally, the 8051 is an extension to 8048. Almost every
feature and resource of 8048 is present in 8051 in same or superior form. 4kB ROM
and 128B RAM on chip. Pin compatibility was not maintained, but it was not a real
issue. Software compatibility is not binarywise but source-wise, but that is also
acceptable. The preliminary datasheet read: "Enhanced MCS-48 Architecture".
The extensions included code and data memory extended to 64kB with appropriate
support in instruction set and registers (DPTR), relative conditional and unconditional
jumps (conditionals and DJNZ were constrained within a 256-byte page in 8048), four
register banks instead of two, "unlimited" stack (8048 had stack limited to 16 bytes),
multiple and divide instructions. As for peripherals, second timer was added and both
were extended to 16 bits with multiple modes (including 8-bit autoreload mode), and
an UART (which was a luxury that many lower-end
microcontrollers didn't have even a couple of years ago). The raw clock frequency did
not increase considerably, being 12MHz, but an instruction cycle is 12 clocks now.
Similarly to 8048, also the 8051 had variants, but there was no cut-down "low-cost"
version (presumably because of the cost of ROM/RAM and the DIP40 package went
low enough). The romless version was 8031 and the EPROM version was 8751. The
32
"extended" version - 8052 (with 8032 and 8752) came 3 years later and featured
besides 8kB ROM and 256B RAM also an extra 16-bit timer. An unusual chip was
the 8052AH-BASIC, which according to Intel was "software-onsilicon version of the
8052 microcontroller with a BASIC interpreter on-chip in 8K ROM". The
whole family was eventually called MCS-51 and was manufactured in NMOS, since
1986 in CMOS.
Intel provided all the needed initial tools and support with the 8051 - assembler,
application notes, example software, in-circuit emulator. Some of the appnotes and
software still can be found on Intel's webpages and are of excellent quality. The basic
datasheet set - dubbed in the community as "the bible" - is still THE reference source
of information on 8051 and its derivatives, even today.
So, Intel did its job, providing everything needed to make 8051 successful, and the
rest is history.
THE BIRDS ARE OUT OF THE NEST

Similar to 8048, also the 8051 has been licensed to various manufacturers worldwide.
Some of the early adopters include Philips, Signetics, MHS (Matra) and Siemens.
Most of these companies don't exist any more, some have been taken over, others
have been renamed; but most of them still manufacture some derivative of 8051.
The licensees started to make fully compatible models. Naturally, they took over also
the datasheets, for example the "bible" is better used in the Philips version, which is a
verbatim copy of the Intel version, except that it is a true searchable pdf, while the
Intel is a scanned copy of paper document, unsearchable. More than that, the
manufacturers took over the annoying practice of Intel to include in datasheets only
the specific differences to the "bible", very confusing for the newbies (but there are
opinions on this, some of the users consider this arrangement
better than having huge datasheets containing all the common details). The
manufacturers published their own appnotes, which all together form a huge
33
knowledge base and code library, but... due to competition it is scattered across the
manufacturers' sites, an another confusing fact for the newbies.
Later, the manufacturers rolled out their own derivatives and variants with varying
marking - there is no real standard in it (although there are some idiosyncrasies
present in the marking of most manufacturers). All types of modifications described
in the following chapters were applied; but the compatibility to the original 8051 was
usually maintained. This, together with the availability of second-, third-,...,35th-,...source of 8051 is the true source of its immortality.
EMBEDDED IN EMBEDDED
Intel and the licensees soon realized that 8051 is a nice core that can be embedded in
various ASIC chips to perform setup and control tasks. Typically, the resources of the
ASIC are mapped as external data memory, as if the ASIC would be connected to a
conventional 8051 chip. This approach allows to use an unmodified core, which
speeds up the chip development and decreases the chance for error; also the ASIC
could be breadboard-prototyped in this form easily.
As an example, Intel produced 80C51SL, a descendant of 8042. Philips has a line of
8051-based teletext controllers. In a particular USB webcamera, the chip interfacing
the CCD and USB was controlled by an embedded 8051. There are probably much
more examples around, but most of them never get public. In spite of this, the 8051 in
this form is produced probably in much higher volumes than as general-purpose
microcontrollers.
EXTRAS
Besides application-specific, also general purpose derivatives have been introduced
by Intel and the licensees, with enhanced features and increased code and data
memories. In contrast with the ASICs mentioned above, these chips tend to
implement the extra features in the core itself, accessed usually via extra SFRs. This
34
allows faster code as SFRs are accessed by all the instructions using direct addressing
(mov, logic), and some of them by the bit-manipulation instructions, too.
One of the first such derivative by Intel was the 80C51FA, which introduced the
programmable counter array (PCA) (and was a 8052 otherwise). It was intended for
automotive applications (brake control). Soon, FB and FC continued, with more and
more code memory. 80C51RA/RB/RC followed, with added "internal external" data
memory. These were the basis for the today's 89C51RD2 "sub-family", produced by
Philips, Atmel (as ex-Temic), SST and Winbond.
FAT BOYS: 16-BIT EXTENSIONS

When the 8051 was accepted widely enough, some of the applications started to grow
and soon required more power than the 8051 even with enhancements could provide.
There were 16-bit microcontrollers around (e.g. Intel had it's 80C196 line), but it
seemed a good idea to provide a more natural migration path by creating a 16-bit
version of 8051.
Intel addressed the problem by introducing 80C251. It went all the way to achieve
compatibility - it was able to run 8051 binary code (being able to switch to native 16bit 251-mode) and had a package pin-compatible with 8051. It was not a big success,
most probably for bad market timing (although it is second sourced by Temic/Atmel).
Philips on the other hand employed source-compatibility for its XA family, which
seems to be adequate for most of the applications, where legacy code has to be
maintained or parallel development with 8051 is needed; and poses little constraint on
the chip design itself.
All in all, the 16-bit versions of 8051 gained far less popularity than the 8051 and are
less widespread.
35
FLASH FOR THE MASSES

In the 90s, Atmel introduced a derivative of 8051 with Flash code memory, enabling
fast erasure and reprogramming. It enabled to use the production-grade chip in
development, and enabled the chips used in the product to be reprogrammed when
upgrade or a bugfix was needed, cutting down costs. It brought down the 8051 to the
masses - the small "garage" companies and hobbyists. Besides that, Atmel introduced
also 89C2051 with decreased pin count (and price).This was a smart move, the chip
proved to be extremely popular in many small applications.
Today, virtually all manufacturers produce 8051 derivatives with Flash, most of them
able to be programmed via some few-pin serial interface (called in-situ programming
(ISP), SPI-style or UART-style) and the higher-end versions also able to reprogram
themselves (in-application programming, IAP). MaskROM and EPROM - windowed
or OTP - seems to become extinct, at least in the mainstream applications.
NEED FOR SPEED

The need for higher processing power, addressed unsuccessfully by the 16-bit
versions, has been solved by introducing the high speed derivatives of 8051. The
original 12-clock instruction cycle scheme is obviously inefficient and also the
technology progressed enough to achieve higher clock rates than the original 12MHz.
The first derivative addressing this in a radical way is the now legendary Dallas
DS80C320. It featured a 4-clocker core with incompatible timing, and could be
clocked as high as 33MHz. Unfortunately, it was produced as ROMless only.
The following step was taken by Cygnal, where a single-clock core has been
developed. In the top-range models, the clocking is as high as 100MHz, being the
fastest 8051s around.
36
Today, there are many 8051 derivatives with sped-up cores available. They can be
divided into two groups: the
6-clockers (e.g. the 8xC51RD2) and 2-clockers
(Philips LPC9xx) have the same number of instruction cycle per instruction as the
original; while the 4-clockers and singleclockers are incompatible in this way,
requiring recalculation of timing loops if used.
WHERE IS IT GOING?
The 8051 is a sound mcu core with rich history. However, it seems that it is already
over its peak, although it might take quite a lot of time until it will be completely
replaced by most modern microcontrollers.
So we now have superfast 8051 derivatives with loads of internal FLASH and RAM.
ISP and IAP seems to be the standard these days. There are the 8051s built around
advanced analog circuits, mainly high resolution ADC. There are derivatives suitable
for extreme applications high temperature, radiation hardened. There are softcores
around, tuned up, and even open source.
There is a wealth of knowledge and experience, however, it is scattered around and
the newbies tend to get the easier path - competing 8-bit microcontrollers usually do
have a single-stop information resource site, so this knowledge and experience seems
to die out as the "old boys" retire gradually. The price difference between the highend 8-bitters and the much more powerful low-end 32-bit RISCs (such as the ARMs)
seems to decrease rapidly and will change eventually, as the 32-bitters are becoming
the standard in all but the least demanding applications.So there is perhaps still a need
for the 8051s, but this need is decreasing and 8051s life cycle is slowly approaching
its end.
37
CHAPTER 3
P.C.B. DESIGNING & WORKING
1) P.C.B. DESIGNING
P.C.B. LAYOUT
The entire circuit can be easily assembled on a general purpose P.C.B. board
respectively. Layout of desired diagram and preparation is first and most important
operation in any printed circuit board manufacturing process. First of all layout of
component side is to be made in accordance with available components dimensions.
The following points are to be observed while forming the layout of P.C.B.
1. Between two components, sufficient space should be maintained.
2. High voltage/max dissipated components should be mounted at sufficient
distance from semiconductor and electrolytic capacitors.
3. The most important points are that the components layout is making proper
compromise with copper side circuit layout.
Printed circuit board (P.C.B.s) is used to avoid most of all the disadvantages of
conventional breadboard. These also avoid the use of thin wires for connecting the
components; they are small in size and efficient in performance.
PREPARING CIRCUIT LAYOUT

First of all the actual size circuit layout is to be drawn on the copper side of the copper
clad board. Then enamel paint is applied on the tracks of connection with the help of a
shade brush. We have to apply the paints surrounding the point at which the
connection is to be made. It avoids the disconnection between the leg of the
component and circuit track. After completion of painting work, it is allowed to dry.
38
DRILLING
After completion of painting work, holes 1/23inch(1mm) diameter are drilled at
desired points where we have to fix the components.
ETCHING
The removal of excess of copper on the plate apart from the printed circuit is known
as etching. From this process the copper clad board wit printed circuit is placed in the
solution of FeCl with 3-4 drops of HCL in it and is kept so for about 10 to 15 minutes
and is taken out when all the excess copper is removed from the P.C.B.
After etching, the P.C.B. is kept in clean water for about half an hour in order to get
P.C.B. away from acidic, field, which may cause poor performance of the circuit.
After the P.C.B. has been thoroughly washed, paint is removed by soft piece of cloth
dipped I thinner or turbine. Then P.C.B. is checked as per the layout, now the P.C.B.
is ready for use.
SOLDERING
Soldering is the process of joining two metallic conductor the joint where two metal
conductors are to be join or fused is heated with a device called soldering iron and
then as allow of tin and lead called solder is applied which melts and converse the
joint. The solder cools and solidifies quickly to ensure is good and durable connection
between the jointed metal converting the joint solder also present oxidation.
SOLDERING AND DESOLDERING TECHIQUES:

These are basically two soldering techniques.
Manual soldering with iron.
Mass soldering.
39
SOLDERING WITH IRON

The surface to be soldered must be cleaned & fluxed. The soldering iron switched on
and bellowed to attain soldering temperature. The solder in form of wire is allied
hear the component to be soldered and heated with iron. The surface to be soldered
is filled, iron is removed and joint is cold without disturbing.
SOLDER JOINT ARE SUPPOSED TO

1. Provide permanent low resistance path.
2. Make a robust mechanical link between P.C.B. and leads of components.
3. Allow heat flow between component, joining elements and P.C.B.
4. Retain adequate strength with temperature variation.
The following precaution should be taken while soldering:

1. Use always an iron plated copper core tip for soldering iron.
2. Slightly for the tip with a cut file when it is cold.
3. Use a wet sponge to wipe out dirt from the tip before soldering instead of asking
the iron.
4. Tighten the tip screw if necessary before iron is connected to power supply.
5. Clean component lead and copper pad before soldering.
6. Apply solder between component leads, P.C.B. pattern and tip of soldering iron.
7. Iron should be kept in contact with the joint for 2-3 seconds only instead of
keeping for very long or very small time.
8. Use optimum quantity of solder
40
2) WORKING OF PROJECT
METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE is a microcontroller based device. It is used in
driverless metro train, which is used in most of developed countries. These trains are
equipped with CPU, which control the chain. The train is programmed for the specific
path. Every station on the path is defined; stoppage timing of the train and distance
between the two stations is predefined.
Basically it has four parts
1. POWER SUPPLY
2. 8051 IC
3. DISPLAY UNIT
4. STEPPER MOTOR
The 230 AC supply is converted into 9 volts by the power supply section in which 4
.
Elements are used.

1. TRANSFORMER
2. 7805 REGULATOR
3. DIODES 4007 (in bridge shape)
4. CAPACITOR OF 100 MICRO FARADS & 470 MICRO FARAD
The 230 volts is attenuated by 9 volts by transformer. Then it is rectified by the
bridge rectifier made up of diodes. Then the 9 v is regulated by 7805. 1000 micro
farad capacitor is used to filter the DC voltage. The LED attaches to check the
correctness of power supply. In this project we try to give the same prototype for this
type of trains. We are using microcontroller 8051 as CPU. The motion of the train is
controlled by the Stepper Motor, for displaying message in the train we are using
Intelligent LCD Display of two lines. The train is designed for three stations, named
as Aligarh, Ghaziabad and New Delhi. The stoppage time is of 3 Sec and time
between two consecutive stations is 6 Sec. There is a LCD display for showing
41
various messages in the train for passengers. There are indicators, which are used to
show the train direction i.e. UP path and Down path. Before stopping at station the
train blows the buzzer.
42
3) BLOCK DIAGRAM
STEPPER
MOTOR
8
0
5
1
U
L
N
LCD DISPLAY
BUZZER
Figure No. 3.1: Block Diagram
43
4) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Figure No. 3.2: Circuit Diagram
44
45
CHAPTER 4
COST ANALYSIS & TROUBLESHOOTING
COST ANALYSIS OF COMPONENTS USED
Table no. 4.1: Cost Analysis
Sr. no
1
Equipment
Rating
Quantity
Cost
IC 8051 MC
---
80
IC ULN 2003
---
40
Transformer
9-0-9
45
Voltage Regulator
7805
2 line LCD display
---
120
Stepper Motor
---
80
Crystal Oscillator
12Mhz
10
Switch
---
10
LED
---
10
Resistors
220,4.7k,10k
18
11
Capacitors(ceramic disk)
33pf,470f,100f
12
Diode
---
12
13
Buzzer
---
20
14
PCB
---
60
15
Variable Resistance
10k
16
40 Pin IC Base
---
Total
545
46
PROBLEM FACED
First problem that was in making the circuit of METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE that,
it is difficult to match time with rotation of stepper motor & LCD.
Second problem is faced due to redundancy in handling the rotation of STEPPER

MOTOR
We have to take extra care while soldering 2 line LCD
During soldering, many of the connection become short cktd. So we desolder

the connection and did soldering again.
A leg of the crystal oscillator was broken during mounting. So it has to be

replaced.
LED`s get damaged when we switched ON the supply so we replace it by the

new one.
TROUBLESHOOT
Care should be taken while soldering. There should be no shorting of joints.
Proper power supply should maintain.
Project should be handled with care since IC are delicate
Component change and check again circuit
CHAPTER 5
CONCULSION
AREA OF APPLICATIONS
The theme of the project when merged with certain established technologies can be
quite effective in number of countries like Germany, France & Japan etc. which
control the train . The project when used with an improved sensitivity. The train is
programmed for the specific path. Every station on the path is defined; stoppage
timing of the train & distance between the two stations is predefined.
The circuit diagram is shown in the figure. Here LCD display is connected with the
P1 of the MC. Control lines are connected with port 3 of the microcontroller. The
contrast of the LCD is controlled by 10K variable resistor.
Unipolar Stepper motor is used for running of the train. This motor has 5 wires, which
are named as A1, B1, B2, and COM. Common line is given at +5V. The other lines
can be connected with port 2 of microcontroller. The stepper motor is derived by the
ULN 2003 chip. This Chip includes Darlington pairs, so that motor can get enough
current to for its running. This chip required pull ups at inputs.
FUTURE SCOPE
This Project is useful in dveloping conturies & this project has a bright future as it is
being used in countries like Germany, France & Japan. This project helps us to
control train without a driver and the stations are shown on the LCD so the passenger
doesnt has any difficulty. This project will lead to increase in technological trends &
this will help the people in many ways.
47
REFRENCES
1. Collins, J.; Pymm, P, Replacement of the station data logger at Hunterston B
nuclear power station, Retrofit and Upgrading of Computer Equipment in
Nuclear Power Stations, IEE Colloquium on 11 Mar 1991 Page(s):11 - 15.
2. Engel berg, S.; Kaminsky, T.; Horesh, M.; Instrumentation notes - A USBEnabled, FLASH-Disk-Based DAS, Instrumentation & Measurement
Magazine, IEEE,
Vol. 10, Issue 2, April 2007 Page(s):63 66.
3. Erdem, H, Design and implementation of data acquisition for fuzzy logic
controller
Industrial Technology, 2002. IEEE ICIT '02. 2002 IEEE International
Conference on 11-14 Dec. 2002 Page(s):199 - 204 vol.1.
4. Kuchta, R.; Stefan, P.; Barton, Z.; Vrba, R.; Sveda, M, Wireless temperature
data logger, Sensors and the International Conference on new Techniques in
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research, 2005 Asian Conference on 5-7
Sept. 2005 Page(s):208 212.
5. Lee Tat Man, Recording power demand characteristics and harmonic

pollution by a general-purpose data logger, Advances in Power System
Control, Operation and Management, 1991. APSCOM-91., 1991 International
Conference on 5-8 Nov 1991 Page(s):737 - 743 vol.2.
6. Luharuka, E.; GAO, R.X., A microcontroller-based data acquisition for
physiological sensing, Instrumentation and Measurement Technology
Conference, 2002. IMTC/2002. Proceedings of the 19th IEEE, 21-23 May
2002 Page(s):175 - 180 vol.1.
48
WEBSITES
www.atmel.com
www.seimens.com
www.philipsemiconductors.com
www.howstuffworks.com
www.alldatasheets.com
www.efyprojects.com
www.thomson.com/learning
www.google.com
49
APPENDIX
CODING
;Program for a stepper having connected & to show message on the LCD
$mod51
data equ p1 ;p0
busy equ p0.7 ;p0.7
rs equ p3.2
rw equ p3.1
en equ p3.0
org 400h
show0: db 'Welcome To All','0'
show1: db 'Current Station','0'
show2: db 'Next Station','0'
show3: db 'Aligarh','0'
show4: db 'Ghaziabad','0'
Show5: db 'New Delhi','0'
org 0000h
here:
mov p2,#00h
acall ini
mov dptr,#show0
acall read
clr p3.3
;p1.0
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MINOR PROJECT REPORT: METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE

acall delay
mov a,#01h
acall command; Now make memory clear cursor home
mov dptr,#show1
acall read
mov a,#0c0h
acall command
mov dptr,#show3
acall read
acall delay ;Stopage1 time 3 sec new delhi
acall delay
acall delay
mov a,#01h
acall command
mov dptr,#show2
acall read
mov a,#0c0h
acall command
mov dptr,#show4
acall read
; acall delay ;Stopage1 time 3 sec new delhi
acall stepperf
mov a,#01h
acall command
mov dptr,#show1
51

acall read mov
a,#0c0h acall
command
mov dptr,#show4
acall read
acall delay ;Stopage2 time 3 sec noida
acall delay
acall delay
mov a,#01h
acall command
mov dptr,#show2 ;display ne
acall read
mov a,#0c0h
acall command
mov dptr,#show5
acall read
;acall delay
acall stepperf
mov a,#01h
acall command
mov dptr,#show1
acall read
mov a,#0c0h
acall command
mov dptr,#show5
acall read
52
acall delay ;Stopage2 time 3 sec greater noida

acall delay
acall delay
setb p3.3
; p1.0 ;off led at p1.0 for forward journey
clr p3.4 ;
p1.1 ; 0n Led for back ward journey
mov a,#01h
acall command
mov dptr,#show2 ;display ne noida
acall read
mov a,#0c0h
acall command
mov dptr,#show4
acall read
acall stepperb
mov a,#01h acall
command mov
dptr,#show1 acall
read
mov a,#0c0h
acall command
mov dptr,#show4
acall read
acall delay ;Stopage2 time 3 sec noida
acall delay
acall delay
53

mov a,#01h
acall command
mov dptr,#show2 ;display ne new delhi
acall read
mov a,#0c0h
acall command
mov dptr,#show3
acall read
; acall delay
acall stepperb
mov a,#01h
acall command
mov dptr,#show1
acall read
mov a,#0c0h
acall command
mov dptr,#show3
acall read
setb p3.4
;p1.1
ljmp here
;routine for stepper motor
; Delay Routine
delay:
push acc
push 00h
54

push 01h
push p0
push p1
mov r0,#0eh
loopr:
mov a,#0ffh
loopb:
mov b,#0ffh
loopa: djnz b,loopa
djnz 0e0h,loopb
djnz r0,loopr
pop p1
pop p0
pop 01h
pop 00h
pop acc
ret
;dlay stepper
delays:
push acc
push 00h
push 01h
push p0
push p1
mov a,#0ffh
55

loopa1:
mov b,#0ffh
loopb1:
djnz b,loopb1
djnz 0e0h,loopa1
pop p1
pop p0
pop 01h
pop 00h
pop acc
ret
;++++++++++++Routine to read data from prog mem
read:
nex: clr a
movc a,@a+dptr
cjne a,#'0',aga
sjmp down aga:
acall display
;acall delay
inc dptr
sjmp nex
down: ;acall delay
ret
;================ stepper routine
stepperf:
56

push acc
push p1
mov a,#88h
; mov p2,a
mov r0,#0e0h
mov r1,#01h
loop:
mov p2,a
acall delays
rr a
dec r0
cjne r0,#00h,loop
dec r1
cjne r1,#00h,loop
pop p1
pop acc
ret
stepperb:
push acc
push p1
mov a,#88h
; mov p2,a
mov r0,#0e0h
mov r1,#01h
loop1:
57

mov p2,a
acall delays
rl a
dec r0
cjne r0,#00h,loop1
dec r1
cjne r1,#00h,loop1
pop p1
pop acc
ret
end
58
DATASHEETS
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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUICATION ENGG.
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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUICATION ENGG.

HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT
KAITHAL
77

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A

MINOR PROJECT REPORT

METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.

ABHINAV VIRAT BHAGAT (3207101)

DEEVISH ARORA (3207113)

MINOR PROJECT INCHARGE:-

GAZAL GOYAL (3207117)

GANPATI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT,BILASPUR,

& Communication Engg.) submitted in the Department of Electronics &

MANAGEMENT, BILASPUR under Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra is carried out

December2010 under the supervision of

ER.BHARAT RAWAT Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering,

Maximum Rating of ULN

Pin Diagram of 8051

Block Diagram of 8051

Voltage Regulator 7805

12V 75 Unipolar Stepper Motor

Basic Stepper Motor

Schematic Diagram of LCD

Carbon Film Resistance

Capacitor & Battery Connection

LED & LED Symbol

Detailed Diagram of LED

Problem Faced & Troubleshooting

MINOR PROJECT: METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE

MINOR PROJECT: METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE

WHAT IS EMBEDDED TECHNOLOGY

MINOR PROJECT: METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE

MINOR PROJECT: METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE

Voltage Regulator 7805

2 line LCD display

MINOR PROJECT: METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE

Figure No. 1.1: Pin Diagram of 8051

MINOR PROJECT: METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE

MINOR PROJECT: METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE

HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE

MINOR PROJECT: METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE

Connected to VCC for on chip ROM

Program Store Enable: PSEN 29

In case of external ROM with code it is connected to the OE pin of the

Address Latch Enable: ALE 30

Output Pin. Active high

In case of external ROM ,ALE is used to de multiplex (PORT 0) the

I/O Port Pins and their Functions:

Four ports P0,P1,P2,P3 with 8 pins each, making a total of 32

On RESET all ports are configured as output. They need to be

Can be used as both Input or Output

External pull up resistors of 10K need to be connected

ALE is used to de multiplex data and address bu

Both input or output

Internal pull up registers

On RESET configured as output

No external pull up resistor required

Both input or output

for external memory. It provides higher address A8-A16

No external pull up resistors required

MINOR PROJECT: METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE

Figure No. 1.3: Block Diagram of Microcontroller

MINOR PROJECT: METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE

MINOR PROJECT: METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE

MINOR PROJECT: METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE

Processor buses are of three types: