Rwa Method

Chapter 5
Determination of Rw
Lecture notes for PET 370

Spring 2012
Prepared by: Thomas W. Engler,
Ph.D., P.E.
Determination of Rw
Name Five Methods to determine Rw.
1.
Archies Equation
a. if water zone is present.
b. Rwa Approach
c. Resistivity - Porosity Crossplots
2.
3.
4.
5.
Laboratory
a. Direct measurement of representative
water sample.
b. Chemical analysis of water sample.
Databases
a. Published regional water catalogs
b. online:http://octane.nmt.edu/waterquality/
SP log
SSP
k
Rwe Rmfe *10
Guess?
Determination of Rw
Preliminary Concepts
Total conductivity is influenced by:
porosity
water saturation
salinity
salt composition
temperature
Water
conductivity
shale content
metallic minerals; e.g., pyrite
Ct
C w Snw
F
X sh X met
Which directly related to water conductivity?
Determination of Rw
Preliminary Concepts
Temperature Effects
ionic conductivity - as temp. increases the
conductivity increases. True or False?
True
Salinity Effects
As salinity increases the conductivity will
increase. True or False?
Solution
ppm NaCl resistivity,-m
oil or gas
1.0 E6
Potable water
500
10.0
Fresh mud filtrate
< 5,000
1.0 - 5.0
Sea water
35,000
0.2
Salt mud filtrate
75,000
0.1
Saturated salt water 250,000
0.04
Determination of Rw
How to determine formation temperature?
The formation of interest is at 6500 ft. What is the formation
temperature?
Tf = 112 F
What is the geothermal gradient, (gG), in {deg.F/100 ft}?
gG = 0.80 F/100 ft
Lea County ,NM
Determination of Rw
Near surface temperature, (To), is given regionally by:
Gulf Coast
80 deg. F
Oklahoma
60
California
60
Permian Basin
60
Rocky Mtns.
50
Alberta
35
Determination of Rw
Location
Ankara, Turkey
Aswan, Egypt
Aberdeen, Scotland
Bogota, Columbia
Bombay, India
Calgary, Alberta
Caracas, Venezuela
Changha, China
Gabon, Africa
Great Yarmouth, England
To, C
6.7
26.7
8.9
14.3
27.1
5.4
20.5
18.0
26.0
8.9
Location
Jakarta, Indonesia
Lima, Peru
Mendoza, Argentina
Natal, Brazil
Perth, Australia
Prince George, B.C.
Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
Santa Cruz, Bolivia
Siberia (west), Russia
Trinidad, W.I.
To, C
26.7
20.0
16.0
23.0
18.0
3.6
23.0
15.0
-4.0
29.7
Determination of Rw
How to determine resistivity at Tf?
Courtesy of Schlumberger
Given a Resistivity = 0.1 ohmm at 75F what is

The resistivity at 125 ?
Determination of Rw
How to determine resistivity at Tf?
Courtesy of Schlumberger
Given a mud resistivity = 1.1 ohmm at 66F

what is the resistivity at 140 ?
Determination of Rw
Methods
1.
Archies Equation
Ro
a. if water zone is present. R
w
F
b. Rwa Approach
2.
5.
Laboratory
water sample.
3. Databases
4. SP log
SSP
k
Rwe Rmfe *10
Guess?
Determination of Rw
How to determine resistivity if a chemical
composition is available?
When drilling in evaporite and carbonate formations, the
following type of problem can occur. A recovered water
sample is classified as 200,000 ppm of saturated brine;
i.e., only NaCl ions are present. At a formation
temperature of 275 F what is the Rw?
Rw = 0.013 ohmm
Using this Rw in log evaluations indicated the presence

of oil; however, numerous production tests produced
only water!
Determination of Rw
Consider the effect of Mg++ and Ca++ ions, which are common
in carbonates, on the computed values of Rw. Assuming a
concentration of 50,000 ppm of Mg++ and Ca++ ions and
100,000 ppm of Na Cl what is the Rw?
Ion
Na+ and ClCa++
Mg++
Total
Ion
Na+ and ClCa++
Mg++
Total
Concentration
Multiplier
Equiv NaCl
conc.
Concentration
Multiplier
100,000
50,000
50,000
200,000
1.00
0.35
-0.50
Equiv NaCl
conc.
100,000
17,500
-25,000
92,500
100,000
50,000
50,000
200,000
Rw = 0.024 ohmm
What is the increase in water saturation due to this variation in

Rw?
If n=2 in the Archie saturation equation, then
1/ 2
R
w
2
S w2 S w1 *
R
w1
Therefore for this example Sw2 = 1.36*Sw1 or a 36% increase in water saturation.
Determination of Rw
Empirical Ion Multiplier Chart

Schlumberger
Determination of Rw
Methods
1.
Archies Equation
Ro
w
F
b. Rwa Approach
2.
5.
Laboratory
water sample.
3. Databases
4. SP log
SSP
k
Rwe Rmfe *10
Guess?
Determination of Rw
Rwa Technique
Requirements:
1. Rw is constant
2. Lithology is constant
3. A water zone exists and is identifiable
Procedure:
Rearrange Archie' s Equation :
S2
R
Rw w t
F
If in a water zone (Sw = 100%), then
R t (orR o )
Rw
F
If in a HC zone, the F relationship is the same
but the Rt will increase; thus
Rt
R wa =
F
Calculate for a series of zones, find :
R w R wa ( minimum )
Determine water saturation by :
Sw
Rw
R wa
Determination of Rw
Rwa Technique Example
A
B
= 30.3%
Ct = 2000
= 28%
A
B
C
D
E
30.3
30.3
26.4
28.0
32.8
Ct = 3800
= 32.8%
Zone
Ct = 3000
= 26.4%
Ct,
Problem 2.13
millimhos/m
8.82
2000
8.82
2000
11.62
3000
10.33
3800
7.53
2400
Ct = 2400
Rt, ohm-m
0.50
0.50
0.33
0.25
0.42
Rwa,ohm-m
Sw, %
0.057
0.057
0.028
0.024
0.056
65
65
92
100
65
Determination of Rw
Rwa Technique Example
A
B
= 30.3%
Ct = 2000
= 28%
A
B
C
D
E
30.3
30.3
26.4
28.0
32.8
Ct = 3800
= 32.8%
Zone
Ct = 3000
= 26.4%
Ct,
Problem 2.13
millimhos/m
8.82
2000
8.82
2000
11.62
3000
10.33
3800
7.53
2400
Ct = 2400
Rt, ohm-m
0.50
0.50
0.33
0.25
0.42
Rwa,ohm-m
Sw, %
0.057
0.057
0.028
0.024
0.056
65
65
92
100
65
Determination of Rw
Methods
1.
Archies Equation
Ro
w
F
b. Rwa Approach
2.
5.
Laboratory
water sample.
3. Databases
4. SP log
SSP
k
Rwe Rmfe *10
Guess?
Determination of Rw
Resistivity Porosity Crossplots
Pickett Plot
Rearrange Archies Equation:
log R t m log log(aR w ) n log Sw
Determination of Rw
Pickett Plot Example

Pickett Plot
1.00
Sw=50%
Porosity
aRw=0.10
Rw=0.12
0.10
m=1/.5267=1.90
y = 0.3007x-0.5267
R2 = 0.7674
0.01
0.10
1.00
10.00
Rt,ohm-m
Results:
m = 1.90
Rw = 0.12 ohm-m
100.00
Determination of Rw
Hingle Plot
Rearrange Archies Equation
1/ m
n
1 / m S w
[R t ]
aR
w
Determination of Rw
Hingle Plot Example

Hingle Plot, m=1.90
0.7
y = 3.4858x
R2 = 0.9836
0.6
Rt-1/m
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
Sw = 50%
0.1
0.0
0.00
0.05
0.10
Porosity
At= 10%
y=
Ro =
F=
Rw =
0.35
7.4 ohmm
64
0.115 ohmm
OOIP = 118 Mstb
0.15
0.20
Determination of Rw
Determination of Rw
References
Bassiouni, Z: Theory, Measurement, and Interpretation of

Well Logs, SPE Textbook Series, Vol. 4, (1994)
Chapter 4, Sec 4.5-4.6
Chapter 12, Sec 12.2
Chapter 13
Schlumberger, Log Interpretation Chartbook, (1995)
Determination of Rw
During logging operations record the maximum temperature
(TTD) at the bottom of the well (DTD).
Assume a linear geothermal gradient, (gG), {deg.F/100 ft}
TEMPERATURE
Ta To
Region of Diurnal and
Annual Variations
100
DEPTH
gG
{F/100}
Tf, Df
Df
Tf (TTD To )
D
TD
To
TTD, DTD

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Chapter 5

Lecture notes for PET 370

metallic minerals; e.g., pyrite

Which directly related to water conductivity?

Lea County ,NM

Given a Resistivity = 0.1 ohmm at 75F what is

Given a mud resistivity = 1.1 ohmm at 66F

Using this Rw in log evaluations indicated the presence

What is the increase in water saturation due to this variation in

Empirical Ion Multiplier Chart

Pickett Plot Example

Hingle Plot Example

OOIP = 118 Mstb

Bassiouni, Z: Theory, Measurement, and Interpretation of

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