ENCODING,

STORAGE &
RETRIEVAL
KULIAH 9
Ayu Riana Sari, M.Si, Psi

ENCODING

the process by which information gets into

memory storage.
Automatic Encoding: Some encoding occurs
effortlessly, automatically, without us having to think
about it.
Personal experiences
Information of high interest
Some types of basic learning (conditioning, motor
learning)
Effortful Encoding requires special attention,
thought and practice. You have to WORK to get the
info in.

Includes ,,,
1. ATTENTION
Selective attention involves focusing on a
specific aspect of experience while ignoring
others.
Divided attention involves concentrating
on more than one activity at the same time.
Sustained attention is the ability to
maintain attention to a selected stimulus for
a prolonged period of time.

2. LEVELS OF PROCESSING
- refers to a continuum from shallow to intermediate
to deep, with deeper processing producing better
memory

3. ELABORATION
- refers to the formation of a number of
different connections around a stimulus at
any given level of memory encoding.

Self-reference relating material to your

own experienceis another effective way
to elaborate on information, drawing
mental links between aspects of your own
life and new information (Hunt & Ellis, 2004)

4. IMAGERY
- dual-code hypothesis (verbal & image codes)
claims that memory for pictures is better than
memory for words because picturesat least those
that can be namedare stored as both image codes
and verbal codes (Allan Paivio).

STORAGE

Storage - encompasses how information is

retained over time and how it is represented
in memory

Atkinson and ShiffrinsTheory of Memory

sensory input goes into sensory memory. Through
the process of attention, information moves into
short-term memory, where it remains for 30
seconds or less unless it is rehearsed. When the
information goes into long-term memory storage,
it can be retrieved over a lifetime.

1. Sensory Memory

Memory system that involves holding information from

the world in its original sensory form for only an
instant, not much longer than the brief time it is
exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses.
very rich and detailed
Echoic memory (from the word echo ) refers to auditory
sensory memory, which is retained for up to several
seconds.
Iconic memory (from the word icon, which means
image) refers to visual sensory memory, which is
retained only for about 1/4 of a second

2. Short-Term Memory (STM)

Is a limited-capacity memory system in
which information is usually retained for
only as long as 30 seconds unless we use
strategies to retain it longer.
George Miller (1956) : The Magical
Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two. 7+ 2
Attention is important
Two ways to improve short-term memory
are chunking and rehearsal.

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Chunking : grouping or packing information

that exceeds the 7 2 memory span into higherorder units that can be remembered as single
units.

Rehearsal : the conscious repetition of

information.
- rehearsal often involves just mechanically
repeating information, without imparting meaning
to it.

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MUMUGIKOPSILO

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PSIKOLOGI UMUM

Working Memory

A three-part system that allows us to hold information

temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks; a kind of
mental workbench on which the brain manipulates and
assembles information to help us understand, make
decisions, and solve problems.

Working memory is not a passive storehouse with

shelves to store information until it moves to longterm memory; rather, it is an active memory
system
is merely a conceptual model describing
processes in memory.

Components
1. The phonological loop is specialized to
briefly store speech-based information about
the sounds of language.
The phonological loop contains two
separate components : an acoustic code
(the sounds we heard), which decays in a
few seconds, and rehearsal, which allows
us to repeat the words in the phonological
store.

2. Visuospatial working memory stores visual

and spatial information, including visual
imagery.
The phonological loop and visuospatial
memory function independently.

3. The central executive integrates

information not only from the phonological loop
and visuospatial working memory but also from
long-term memory.
plays important roles in attention, planning,
and organizing.