NAME

CLASS
I/C NUMBER
TEACHER
SCHOOL

:
:
:
:
:

AMIRUL NAQIB BIN RAZAK

5 ST 1
PUAN NURUL IDZWATY BT MOHD NAZIR
SMK BANDAR BARU SALAK TINGGI

Objectives
The aims of carrying out this project work are:
I.

To apply and adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies to solve

problems

II.

To improve thinking skills

III.

To promote effective mathematical communication

IV.

To develop mathematical knowledge through problem solving in a way

that increases students interest and confidence

V.

To use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas

precisely

VI.

To provide learning environment that stimulates and enhances

effective learning

VII.

To develop positive attitude towards mathematics

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 1/2012 2

First and foremost, I would like to thank God that finally, I have succeeded in
finishing this project work. I would like to thank my beloved Additional
Mathematics teacher, Pn. Nurul Idzwaty Bt. Mohd Nazir for all the guidance
she had provided me during the process in finishing this project work. I also
appreciate her patience in guiding me completing this project work. I would
like to give a thousand thanks to my father and mother, Razak bin Mohd
Mazlan and Zalina binti Abdul Rahman, for giving me their full support in this
project work, financially and mentally. They gave me moral support when I
needed it. Who am I without their love and support? I would also like to give
my thanks to my fellow friends who had helped me in finding the information
that Im clueless of, and the time we spent together in study groups on
finishing this project work. Last but not least, I would like to express my
highest gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this
coursework. I really appreciate all the help I got.
Again, thank you very much.

CONTENTS

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 1/2012 3

NO CONTENT

PAGE

OBJECTIVES

ACKNOWLEDGEMET

INTRODUCTION

PART 1
Part 1 (a)
Part 1 (b)
Part 1 (c)

6
7
10
11

PART 2
Part 2 (a)
Part 2 (b)
Part 2 (c)
Part 2 (d)(i)
Part 2 (d)(ii)
Part 2 (d)(iii)

13
14
14
14
14
14
14

PART 3
Part 3 (a)
Part 3 (b)(i)
Part 3 (b)(ii)

15
16
18
21

REFLECTION

22

REFERENCES

23

INTRODUCTION
A polygon is a flat shape consisting of straight lines that are joined to form a
closed chain or circuit.

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 1/2012 4

A polygon is traditionally a plane figure that is bounded by a closed path,

composed of a finite sequence of straight line segments (i.e., by a closed
polygonal chain). These segments are called its edges or sides, and the
points where two edges meet are the polygon's vertices (singular: vertex) or
corners. An n-gon is a polygon with n sides. The interior of the polygon is
sometimes called its body. A polygon is a 2-dimensional example of the more
general polytope in any number of dimensions.
The word "polygon" derives from the Greek (pols) "much", "many" and
(gna) "corner" or "angle". (The word gnu, with a short o, is
unrelated and means "knee".) Today a polygon is more usually understood in
terms of sides.
The basic geometrical notion has been adapted in various ways to suit
particular purposes. Mathematicians are often concerned only with the closed
polygonal chain and with simple polygons which do not self-intersect, and
may define a polygon accordingly. Geometrically two edges meeting at a
corner are required to form an angle that is not straight (180); otherwise, the
line segments will be considered parts of a single edge however
mathematically, such corners may sometimes be allowed. In fields relating to
computation, the term polygon has taken on a slightly altered meaning
derived from the way the shape is stored and manipulated in computer
graphics (image generation)

Polygons have been known since ancient times. The regular polygons
were known to the ancient Greeks, and the pentagram, a non-convex
regular polygon (star polygon), appears on the vase of Aristophonus,
Caere, dated to the 7th century B.C. Non-convex polygons in general
were not systematically studied until the 14th century by Thomas
Bredwardine. In 1952, Shephard generalized the idea of polygons to the
complex plane, where each real dimension is accompanied by an
imaginary one, to create complex polygons.

SELANGOR EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 1/2012

PART 1
Polygons are evident in all architecture. They provide variation and charm in
buildings. When applied to manufactured articles such as printed fabrics,
ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 1/2012 5

wallpapers, and tile flooring, polygons enhance the beauty of the structure
itself.
(a)

Collect six such pictures. You may use a camera to take the pictures
or get them from magazines, newspapers, internet or any other
resources.

(b)

Give the definition of polygon and write a brief history of it.

(c)

There are various methods of finding the area of a triangle.

State four different methods.

a)

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 1/2012 6

The Kaaba is a cuboid-shaped building in Mecca, Saudi Arabia

The Egyptian pyramids are ancient pyramid-shaped masonry

structures located in Egypt.

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 1/2012 7

Contemporary Home Design in Polygon Shape with Marvelous Panorama at

the Pittman Dowell Residence

Rectangular shaped bricks

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 1/2012 8

Pentagon-shaped tiles

Trapezium-shaped house

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 1/2012 9

b) Definition and History of Polygon :

In geometry a polygon is a flat shape consisting of straight lines that are
joined to form a closed chain or circuit.
A polygon is traditionally a plane figure that is bounded by a closed path,
composed of a finite sequence of straight line segments (i.e., by a closed
polygonal chain). These segments are called its edges or sides, and the
points where two edges meet are the polygon's vertices (singular: vertex) or
corners. An n-gon is a polygon with n sides. The interior of the polygon is
sometimes called its body. A polygon is a 2-dimensional example of the more
general polytope in any number of dimensions.
The word "polygon" derives from the Greek (pols) "much", "many" and
(gna) "corner" or "angle". (The word gnu, with a short o, is
unrelated and means "knee".) Today a polygon is more usually understood in
terms of sides

History.
Polygons have been known since ancient times. The regular polygons were
known to the ancient Greeks, and the pentagram, a non-convex regular
polygon (star polygon), appears on the vase of Aristophonus, Caere, dated to
the 7th century B.C Non-convex polygons in general were not systematically
studied until the 14th century by Thomas Bredwardine.
In 1952, Shephard generalized the idea of polygons to the complex plane,
where each real dimension is accompanied by an imaginary one, to create
complex polygons.

C) Area of Triangle :

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 1/2012 10

Method 1

Method 2

Method 3

Method 4

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 1/2012 11

Area =

1
2

|(

)(

)|

PART 2

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 1/2012 12

A farmer wishes to build a herb garden on a piece of land. Diagram 1 shows

the shape of that garden, where one of its sides is 100 m in length. The
garden has to be fenced with a 300 m fence. The cost of fencing the garden is
RM 20 per metre.
(The diagram below is not drawn to scale)

p m

q m
mm
100 m
c 1
Diagram

(a)

Calculate the cost needed to fence the herb garden.

(b)

Complete table 1 by using various values of p, the corresponding

values of q and .
p (m)

q (m)

(degree)

Area (m2)

Table 1

(c)

Based on your findings in (b), state the dimension of the herb

garden so that the enclosed area is maximum.

(d)(i) Only certain values of p and of q are applicable in this case.

State the range of values of p and of q.
(ii) By comparing the lengths of p, q and the given side, determine
the relation between them.
(iii) Make generalisation about the lengths of sides of a triangle.
State the name of the relevant theorem.
(a)

Cost = RM 20 300 = RM 6000.

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 1/2012 13

p ( m)

q ( m)

Area (m2 )

(b)

50
60
65
70
80
85
90
95
99
100

p m

150
140
135
130
120
q m
115
mm
110
105
100
101 Diagram
mc 1
100

Using cosine rule, cos

0
38.2145
44.8137
49.5826
55.7711
57.6881
58.9924
59.7510
59.9901
60

a 2 b2 c2
2ab

0
2598.15
3092.33
3464.10
3968.63
4130.68
4242.64
4308.42
4329.26
4330.13
1
Area = ab sin
2

(c)
The herb garden is an equilateral triangle of sides 100 m with a
maximum area of 4330.13 m 2 .
(d)(i) 50 < p < 150, 50 < q < 150
(ii) p + q 100
(iii) The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater than
the length of the third side. Triangle Inequality Theorem.

In this case, p + q > 100.

For the relevant theorem the length of sides can be related to the
according to cosinus rule. In order to find , we can refer to :
cos =
=

1002 +2 + 2

2
2
2
2
-1 100 + +
(
)
cos
2

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 1/2012 14

PART 3
If the length of the fence remains the same 300m, as stated in part2 :
(a) Explore and sugest at least 5 various other shapes of the garden that
can be constructed so that the enclosed area is maximum.
(b) Draw a conclusion from your exploration in (a) if :

(i)
The demand of herbs in the market has been increasing
nowadays. Suggest three types of local herbs with their scientific
names that the farmer can plant in the herb garden to meet the
demand. Collect pictures and information of these herbs.
(ii)
These herbs will be processed for marketing by a company. The
design of the packaging plays an important role in attracting customers.
The company wishes to design an innovative and creative logo for the
packaging. You are given the task of designing a logo to promote the
product. Draw the logo on a piece of A4 paper. You must include at
least one polygon shape in the logo.

(a)

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 1/2012 15

(a)

Quadrilateral

ym

2x + 2y = 300 m2
x + y = 150 m2
Area = x y

xm
x
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
75

y
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
75

Area = x y
1400
2600
3600
4400
5000
5400
5600
5625

The maximum area is 5625 m2.

(b)

Regular Pentagon
a

5a = 300
a = 60

t
30
t 30 tan 54 41.2915 m
1
Area (41.2915 60) 5 6193.73 m 2
2

tan 54

(c)

54o

a
54o

A Semicircle

rm

(d)

72o
t

A Circle

rm

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 1/2012 16

(e)

A Regular Hexagon
a
a

60

6a = 300
a = 50

Area =
a

50 m
a

Conclusion:
Circle is the best shape to use for the garden as it gives a maximum enclosed
area among the other shapes.

2r 300
150
r

1 150
2
Area
(2 ) 7161.97m
2

(b) FURTHER EXPLORATION

(i)

3 Suggested types of herbs:

(i)

Cymbopogon

Cymbopogon (lemongrass) is a genus of about 55 species of

grasses, (of which the type species is Cymbopogon citratus)
ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 1/2012 17

native to warm temperate and tropical regions of the Old World

and Oceania. It is a tall perennial grass. Common names include
lemon grass, lemongrass, barbed wire grass, silky heads,
citronella grass,cha de Dartigalongue, fever grass, tanglad,
hierba Luisa or gavati chaha amongst many others.
Uses:

Lemongrass is native to India and tropical Asia. It is widely used as a

herb in Asian cuisine. It has a subtle citrus flavor and can be dried and
powdered, or used fresh.
Lemongrass is commonly used in teas, soups, and curries. It is also
suitable for poultry, fish, beef, and seafood. It is often used as a tea in
African countries such as Togo and the Democratic Republic of the
Congo and Latin American countries such as Mexico.Lemongrass oil is
used as a pesticide and a preservative. Research shows that
lemongrass oil has anti-fungal properties.

(ii)

Orthosiphon stamineus (misai kucing)

Orthosiphon stamineus is a traditional herb that is widely grown in

tropical areas. The two general species, Orthosiphon stamineus
"purple" and Orthosiphon stamineus "white" are traditionally used to
treat diabetes, kidney and urinary disorders, high blood pressure and
bone or muscular pain.
Also known as Java tea, it was possibly introduced to the west in the
early 20th century. Misai Kucing is popularly consumed as a herbal tea.
ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 1/2012 18

The brewing of Java tea is similar to that for other teas. It is soaked in
hot boiling water for about three minutes, and honey or milk is then
added. It can be easily prepared as garden tea from the dried leaves.
There are quite a number of commercial products derived from Misai
Kucing.Sinensetin is a polyphenol found in O. stamineus.
.

(iii)

Ficus deltoidea (Mas Cotek)

Mas Cotek (Ficus deltoidea) (in Thai Language) is a tree species

native to Malaysia.
Malaysia's tropical rainforest is unique, with a large biodiversity of valuable
plants and animals. The discovery of herbal plants in these jungles, and in
particular Mas Cotek (Ficus deltoidea), is slowly receiving international
recognition for its medicinal values and health benefits. Based on traditional
knowledge, the leaves, fruits, stems and roots of Mas Cotek display healing,
palliative and preventative properties
ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 1/2012 19

Mas Cotek, also known as "mistletoe fig", has been scientifically

researched by various institutions, including University of Malaya,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, the Forest
Research Institute of Malaysia, the Malaysian Agriculture Research
And Development Institute (MARDI). Research results show that Mas
Cotek possesses five classes of chemicals, namely flavonoids, tannins,
triterpenoids, proanthocyanins and phenols
Traditionally used as a postpartum treatment to help in contracting the
muscles of the uterus and in the healing of the uterus and vaginal
canal, it is also used as a libido booster by both men and women.The
leaves of male and female plants are mixed in specific proportions to be
taken as an aphrodisiac.[ Among the traditional practices, Mas Cotek
has been used for regulating blood pressure, increasing and recovering
sexual desire, womb contraction after delivery, reducing cholesterol,
reducing blood sugar level, treatment of migraines, toxin removal, delay
menopause, nausea, joints pains, piles pain and improving blood
circulation.
Mas Cotek products are formulated and sold in the form of extracts,
herbal drinks, coffee drinks, capsules, and massage oil.

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 1/2012 20

b) Godiva Lemongrass package

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 1/2012 21

REFLECTION

While I conducting this project, a lot of information that I found.I have

learnt the uses of polygons. I also learned some moral values that I practice.
This project had taught me to be responsible on the works that are given to
me to be completed. This project also made me felt more confidence to do
works and not to give up easily when we could not find the solution for the
question. I also learned to be more discipline on time, which I was given about
three weeks to complete these project and pass up to my teacher just in time.
I also enjoyed doing this project during my school holiday as I spent my time
with friends to complete this project and it had tighten our friendship

REFERENCES
ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 1/2012 22

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon

http://www.scribd.com/

https://www.facebook.com/

Additional Mathematics Text Book

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 1/2012 23