BOYLES LAW

HISTORY:
This relationship between pressure and volume was first noted by
two amateur scientists, Richard Towneley and Henry Power. Boyle
confirmed their discovery through experiments and published the
results. According to Robert Gunther and other authorities, it was
Boyle's assistant Robert Hooke, who built the experimental
apparatus. Boyle's law is based on experiments with air, which he
considered to be a fluid of particles at rest, with in between small
invisible springs. At that time air was still seen as one of the four
elements, but Boyle didn't agree. Probably Boyle's interest was to
understand air as an essential element of life;he published e.g. the
growth of plants without air. The French physicist Edme
Mariotte (1620-1684) discovered the same law independently of
Boyle in 1676, but Boyle had already published it in 1662, so this
law
may, improperly, be referred to as Mariotte's or the Boyle-Mariotte
law. Later (1687) in thePhilosophi Naturalis Principia
Mathematica Newton showed mathematically that if an elastic
fluid consisting of particles at rest, between which are repulsive forces inversely proportional to their
distance , the density would be proportional to the pressure ,but this mathematical treatise is not the
physical explanation for the observed relationship. Instead of a static theory a kinetic theory is needed,
which was provided two centuries later by Maxwell and Boltzmann.

STATEMENT OF THE LAW:

The absolute pressure exerted by a given mass of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to the
volume it occupies if the temperature and amount of gas remain unchanged within a closed
system.

FORMULA:
OR
where P is the pressure of the gas, V is the volume of the gas, and k is a constant.
The equation states that product of pressure and volume is a constant for a given mass of confined
gas as long as the temperature is constant. For comparing the same substance under two different
sets of condition, the law can be usefully expressed as
The equation shows that, as volume increases, the pressure of the gas decreases
in proportion. Similarly, as volume decreases, the pressure of the gas increases.

SAMPLE PROBLEMS WITH

SOLUTIONS:
1) A gas tank holds 2785 L of propane, C3H8, at 830. mm Hg. What is the volume of the propane
at standard pressure?
P1 = 830. mm Hg
P2 = 760 mm Hg
V1 = 2785 L
V2 = ?
P1V1 = P2V2
V2 = P1V1/P2
V2 = 830. mm x 2785 L/ 760 mm = 3040 L C3H8
2) A balloon contains 7.2 L of He. The pressure is reduced to 2.00 atm and the balloon expands
to occupy a volume of 25.1 L. What was the initial pressure exerted on the balloon?
P1 = ? P2 = 2.00 atm
V1 = 7.2 L V2 = 25.1 L
P1V1 = P2V2
P1 = P2V2/V1
P1 = 2.00 atm x 25.1 L/7.2 L = 7.0 atm

TRIVIAS:
-His scientist friends, like John Wallis, were always interested in setting him up for a
marriage but he was too busy with his scientific researches and writings that he never
found any time or inclination for it.
-Boyle, towards the end of his life, saw his friends, students and other people less and
less for his health did not allow him to socialize very much. He used to see people on
Tuesday and Friday forenoon, and Wednesday and Saturday afternoon.
-He was buried in the churchyard of St Martin-in-the-Fields and in his will Boyle gifted a
series of lectures which came to be known as the Boyle Lectures. These lectures
defended the Christian religion against infidels, atheists, deists, pagans, Jews and
Muslims.
References:
http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/robert-boyle-5101.php
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyle%27s_law

Gay-lussacs LAW
HISTORY:
Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac found that 2 volumes of Hydrogen
and 1 volume of Oxygen would react to form 2 volumes of
gaseous water. Based on Gay-Lussac's results, Amedeo
Avogadro theorized that, at the same temperature and
pressure, equal volumes of gas contain equal numbers of
molecules (Avogadro's law). This hypothesis meant that the
previously stated result2 volumes of Hydrogen + 1 volume
Oxygen = 2 volumes of gaseous water could also be
expressed as 2 molecules of Hydrogen + 1 molecule of
Oxygen = 2 molecule of water. The law of combining gases
was made public by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1808

of

STATEMENT OF THE LAW:

The pressure of a gas of fixed mass and fixed volume is directly proportional to the gas's absolute
temperature.

FORMULA:
Where:
P is the pressure of the gas
T is the temperature of the gas
Gay-Lussac's Law states that if the mass and volume of a gas are held constant then gas
pressure increases linearly as the temperature rises.

SAMPLE PROBLEMS WITH

SOLUTIONS:
1) 10.0 L of a gas is found to exert 97.0 kPa at 25.0C. What would be the required
temperature to change the pressure to standard pressure?
Given:
P1 = 97 kPa
T1 = 25C+273 = 298 K
P2 = 101.325 kPa
T2 = ?
Solution: 97 kPa/298 K = 101.325 kPa / x
x = ( 101.325 kPa)(298 K) / 97 kPa
x = 311.3 K ; Therefore the answer is 311.3 K
2) A sample of gas at 3000mm Hg inside a steel tank is cooled from 500C to 0C. What
is the final pressure of the gas inside the steel tank?
Given:
P1 = 3000 mmHg
T1 = 500C+273 = 773 K
P2 = ?
T2 = 0C+273 = 273 K
Solution: (3000 mmHg) / 773 K = x / 273 K
x = (3000 mmHg) (273 K) / 773 K
x = 1,059.51 mmHg; Therefore the answer is 1,059.51 mmHg

TRIVIAS:
-His scientist friends, like John Wallis, were always interested in setting him up for a
marriage but he was too busy with his scientific researches and writings that he never
found any time or inclination for it.
-Boyle, towards the end of his life, saw his friends, students and other people less and
less for his health did not allow him to socialize very much. He used to see people on
Tuesday and Friday forenoon, and Wednesday and Saturday afternoon.
-He was buried in the churchyard of St Martin-in-the-Fields and in his will Boyle gifted a
series of lectures which came to be known as the Boyle Lectures. These lectures
defended the Christian religion against infidels, atheists, deists, pagans, Jews and
Muslims.

References:
http://www.anesthesia2000.com/physics/Chemistry_Physics/gas_law_problems1.htm
http://chemnotesofteacherzane.blogspot.com/2009/02/gay-lussacs-law.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay%E2%80%93Lussac_law
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac

IDEAL GAS LAW

HISTORY:
The

ideal gas law was derived by mile Claperyon in 1834. It was developed

as

a synthesis of Boyles Law, Charles Law, and Avogadros Law.

The

ideal gas law is the equation of state of a hypothetical ideal gas. It is a

good approximation to the behavior of many gases under many
conditions, although it has several limitations.

STATEMENT OF THE
LAW:
Pressure is directly proportional to number of molecule and temperature. (Since P is on the
opposite side of the equation to n and T)
Pressure, however, is indirectly proportional to volume. (Since P is on the same side of the
equation
with
V)

FORMULA:
The most frequently introduced form is

where:
P is the pressure of the gas
V is the volume of the gas
n is the amount of substance of gas (also known as number of moles)
R is the ideal, or universal, gas constant, equal to the product of the Boltzmann constant and
the Avogadro constant.
T is the temperature of the gas
In SI units, P is measured in pascals, V is measured in cubic metres, n is measured in moles,
and T in Kelvin (The Kelvin scale is a shifted Celsius scale where 0.00 Kelvin = -273.15 degrees Celsius,

the lowest possible temperature). R has the value 8.314 JK1mol1 or 0.08206 Latmmol1K1or 2
calories if using pressure in standard atmospheres (atm) instead of pascals, and volume
in litres instead of cubic metres.

SAMPLE PROBLEMS WITH

SOLUTIONS:
TRIVIAS:
-His scientist friends, like John Wallis, were always interested in setting him up for a
marriage but he was too busy with his scientific researches and writings that he never
found any time or inclination for it.
-Boyle, towards the end of his life, saw his friends, students and other people less and
less for his health did not allow him to socialize very much. He used to see people on
Tuesday and Friday forenoon, and Wednesday and Saturday afternoon.
-He was buried in the churchyard of St Martin-in-the-Fields and in his will Boyle gifted a
series of lectures which came to be known as the Boyle Lectures. These lectures
defended the Christian religion against infidels, atheists, deists, pagans, Jews and
Muslims.
References:
http://www.anesthesia2000.com/physics/Chemistry_Physics/gas_law_problems1.htm
http://chemnotesofteacherzane.blogspot.com/2009/02/gay-lussacs-law.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay%E2%80%93Lussac_law
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac