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Chapter 12 Acid & Base
Chapter 12 Acid & Base
ACIDS
1. Taste sour
2. Reach with certain metals (Zn, Fe, etc.) to produce hydrogen gas
3. cause certain organic dyes to change color
4. react with limestone (CaCO3) to produce carbon dioxide
5. React with bases to form salts and water
BASES
1. Taste bitter
2. feel slippery or soapy
3. react with oils and grease
4. cause certain organic dyes to change color
5. react with acids to form salts and water
Define:
o Acid - a substance that produces protons, H+
o Base - a substance that produces hydroxide ions, OH -
SALT - a salt is formed from the anion of the acid and the cation of the base - usually
present as spectator ions. - not always NaCl
Monoprotic - a solution that produces one mole of H+ ions per mole of acid
HCl , HNO3
Diprotic - a solution that produces two moles of H+ ions per mole of acid
H2SO4
Triprotic - a solution that produces three moles of H+ ions per mole of acid
H3PO4
Polyprotic - two ore more H+ per mole of acid
V. Polyprotic acids:
STRONG ACIDS
o Acids that are essentially 100% ionized in aqueous solutions
o ex: HCl, HNO3, HClO4
o produce the maximum concentration of H+
o [acid] = [H+]
WEAK ACIDS
o Acids that are partially ionized ( usually less than 5%) in equilibrium.
o HF + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + F-(aq)
o The forward and the reverse reaction are occurring simultaneously most found as HF.
STRONG BASES
o those compounds that completely ionize in water to produce OH- ions
o NaOH(s) Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)
o Concentration of base = concentration of hydroxide ions
WEAK BASES
o NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)
o equilibrium lies far to the left (mostly reactants present)
1. The number of sig figs to the right of decimal in pH equals the number of total sig.
figs. in the concentration.
2. The total number of sig. figs. in the concentration equals the number of sig. figs. to the
right of the decimal in the pH.
pOH = -log[OH-]
pOH = 1.00 [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-1M
pOH = 7.00 [OH -] = 1.0 x 10-7M
pH + pOH = 14.000
Neutral pH = 7 pOH = 7
Hydrolysis - the reaction of an anion with water to produce OH- or the reaction of a cation
to produce H3O+ .
Neutral solutions of salts: Cation does not undergo hydrolysis
Anion does not undergo hydrolysis
Basic solutions of salts: Cation same as above
Anion undergoes some hydrolysis
Acidic solutions of salts: Cation undergoes some hydrolysis
Anion does not
Complex solutions: Cation and anion undergoes hydrolysis
Then you need to know the relative strength of each.
Buffer solution - resists changes in pH caused by the addition of limited amounts of a strong
acid or a strong base.
A buffer solution must contain:
A weak acid + its conjugate base
or A weak base + its conjugate acid