Semiconductor

types

Intrinsic Extrinsic
pure Doped
semiconductor semiconductor

N-type P-type

Dr. Shery Asaad EPM 105 Lecture 2 1

Intrinsic semiconductor (Bond model) at 0 K

 Each atom is surrounded by four equidistant neighbors

 The bond between two nearest neighbors is formed by
two electrons
 This type of bonding, strengthened by the sharing of
electrons called covalent
Dr. Shery Asaad EPM 105 Lecture 2 2
Intrinsic semiconductor (Bond model) above
0K

𝑛=𝑝

n: electron density (concentration)

No. of free electrons per unit volume [/𝑐𝑚3 ]
p: hole density (concentration)
No. of holes per unit volume 3]
Dr. Shery Asaad EPM[/𝑐𝑚
105 Lecture 2 3
N-type semiconductor (Bond model) at 0 K

We doped the
semiconductor material
with atoms of group 5
(donor atoms) as phosphors
atoms

Dr. Shery Asaad EPM 105 Lecture 2 4

N-type semiconductor (Bond model) above
0K

𝑛 = 𝑝 + 𝑁𝐷+

𝑁𝐷+ : donor atoms density (concentration)

No. of donor atoms per unit volume [/𝑐𝑚3 ]
Dr. Shery Asaad EPM 105 Lecture 2 5
P-type semiconductor (Bond model) at 0 K

We doped the
semiconductor material
with atoms of group 3
(acceptor atoms) as
aluminum atoms

Dr. Shery Asaad EPM 105 Lecture 2 6

P-type semiconductor (Bond model) above
0K

𝑝 = 𝑛 + 𝑁𝐴−

𝑁𝐴− : acceptor atoms density (concentration)

No. of acceptor atoms per unit volume [/𝑐𝑚3 ]
Dr. Shery Asaad EPM 105 Lecture 2 7
 Energy Band Diagram

𝐸𝑔 : energy gap
𝐸𝑐 :conduction band edge
𝐸𝑣 : valence band edge
Dr. Shery Asaad EPM 105 Lecture 2 8
Energy Band Diagram of intrinsic semiconductor

𝐸𝐹 : Fermi- level

Dr. Shery Asaad EPM 105 Lecture 2 9

Energy Band Diagram of N-type semiconductor

Dr. Shery Asaad EPM 105 Lecture 2 10

Energy Band Diagram of P-type semiconductor

Dr. Shery Asaad EPM 105 Lecture 2 11

Difference between Energy Band Diagram of Metal,
Semiconductor and Insulators

Dr. Shery Asaad EPM 105 Lecture 2 12

 General relations of semiconductor at thermal
equilibrium

𝐸𝐶 −𝐸𝐹
−
𝑛 = 𝑁𝑐 𝑒 𝐾𝑇

𝑁𝑐
𝑜𝑟 𝐸𝐶 − 𝐸𝐹 = 𝐾𝑇 ln
𝑛

𝐸𝐹 −𝐸𝑉
−
𝑝 = 𝑁𝑉 𝑒 𝐾𝑇

𝑁𝑉
𝑜𝑟 𝐸𝐹 − 𝐸𝑉 = 𝐾𝑇 ln
𝑝
Dr. Shery Asaad EPM 105 Lecture 2 13
 General relations of semiconductor at thermal
equilibrium

𝑛𝑝 = 𝑛𝑖2 Mass action law

𝑛 + 𝑁𝐴− = 𝑃 + 𝑁𝐷+ Charge neutrality

Where:
n: electron density (concentration)
No. of free electrons per unit volume [/𝑐𝑚3 ]
p: hole density (concentration)
No. of holes per unit volume [/𝑐𝑚3 ]

Dr. Shery Asaad EPM 105 Lecture 2 14

𝑛𝑖 : electron density (concentration) in intrinsic semiconductor
[/𝑐𝑚3 ]

𝑁𝐶 : effective density of states in C.B.[/𝑐𝑚3 ]

𝑁𝑉 : effective density of states in V.B.[/𝑐𝑚3 ]

K: Boltzman const.=1.38 × 10−23 J/K

T: Temperature in Kelvin

Default temperature =300 K

Dr. Shery Asaad EPM 105 Lecture 2 15
For N-type semiconductor

𝑛 = 𝑁𝐷+

𝑛𝑖2
𝑝=
𝑛

𝑁𝑐
𝐸𝐶 − 𝐸𝐹 = 𝐾𝑇 ln
𝑛

𝑁𝑉
𝐸𝐹 − 𝐸𝑉 = 𝐾𝑇 ln
𝑝

Dr. Shery Asaad EPM 105 Lecture 2 16

For p-type semiconductor

𝑝 = 𝑁𝐴−

𝑛𝑖2
𝑛=
𝑝

𝑁𝑐
𝐸𝐶 − 𝐸𝐹 = 𝐾𝑇 ln
𝑛

𝑁𝑉
𝐸𝐹 − 𝐸𝑉 = 𝐾𝑇 ln
𝑝
Dr. Shery Asaad EPM 105 Lecture 2 17
 Example 1
For an N-type semiconductor having 𝑁𝐷 = 1016 /𝑐𝑚3
𝑛𝑖 = 1.5 × 1010 /𝑐𝑚3 , 𝑁𝑐 = 2.8 × 1019 /𝑐𝑚3

Determine the electron and hole densities and the position of

Fermi-Level W.R.T. 𝐸𝑐
[K=1.38 × 10−23 J/K]

Sol.
It is an N- type
𝑛 = 𝑁𝐷 = 1016 /𝑐𝑚3

𝑛𝑖2 1.5 × 1010 2 3

𝑝= = = 22500 /𝑐𝑚
𝑛 1016 Dr. Shery Asaad EPM 105 Lecture 2 18
Sol.
𝑁𝑐
𝐸𝐶 − 𝐸𝐹 = 𝐾𝑇 ln
𝑛

2.8 × 1019
𝐸𝐶 − 𝐸𝐹 = 1.38 × 10−23 × 300 ln
1016

𝐸𝐶 − 𝐸𝐹 = 3.28 × 10−20 𝐽

1 𝑒𝑉 = 1.6 × 10−19 𝐽

Dr. Shery Asaad EPM 105 Lecture 2 19

 Sol.

𝐸𝐶 − 𝐸𝐹 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑉

𝐾𝑇 𝑁𝑐
𝐸𝐶 − 𝐸𝐹 = ln 𝑒𝑉
𝑞 𝑛

1.38 × 10−23 × 300 2.8 × 1019

𝐸𝐶 − 𝐸𝐹 = −19
ln 𝑒𝑉
1.6 × 10 1016

2.8 × 1019
𝐸𝐶 − 𝐸𝐹 = 0.025 ln = 0.2 eV
1016

Dr. Shery Asaad EPM 105 Lecture 2 20

 Example 2
For an P-type semiconductor having 𝑁𝐴 = 1016 /𝑐𝑚3 ,
𝑛𝑖 = 1.5 × 1010 /𝑐𝑚3 , 𝑁𝑐 = 2.8 × 1019 /𝑐𝑚3

Determine the electron and hole densities and the position of

Fermi-Level W.R.T. 𝐸𝑐
[K=1.38 × 10−23 J/K]

Sol.
It is an P- type
𝑝 = 𝑁𝐴 = 1016 /𝑐𝑚3

𝑛𝑖2 1.5 × 1010 2 3

𝑛= = = 22500 /𝑐𝑚
𝑝 1016 Dr. Shery Asaad EPM 105 Lecture 2 21
Sol.
𝑁𝑐
𝐸𝐶 − 𝐸𝐹 = 𝐾𝑇 ln
𝑛

2.8 × 1019
𝐸𝐶 − 𝐸𝐹 = 0.025 ln 𝑒𝑉
22500

𝐸𝐶 − 𝐸𝐹 = 0.8 𝑒𝑉

Dr. Shery Asaad EPM 105 Lecture 2 22